Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:00:01.120Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Relation Between Neurosis and Psychosis an Analysis of Symptoms and Past History of 819 Psychotics and Neurotics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2018

D. S. Trouton
Affiliation:
Maudsley Hospital, London, S.E.5
A. E. Maxwell
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Maudsley Hospital, London, S.E.5

Extract

While it is usual among psychiatrists to express dissatisfaction with psychiatric classification and its problems it is by no means unusual for their psychological colleagues to advocate factor analysis as an effective technique for resolving such problems. For example, Burt (1954) describes factor analysis as “essentially a statistical device for securing the best available scheme of classification”. Yet the problems and the device tend to remain apart, the former becoming intensified, the latter undergoing continued improvements. Twenty-five years ago T. V. Moore (1930) demonstrated that the application of factor analysis to the study of psychiatric disorders was feasible, and more recent work, especially that of Eysenck (e.g. 1947) has impressively shown its fruitfulness. That some clinicians remain sceptical of the claims made for these techniques is, in part, due to the infrequency with which factorial studies bearing on psychiatry have been pursued far enough for their implications to be tested and the findings integrated with those established by other scientific methods. This deficiency may be attributable to the fact that large scale programme research (Eysenck, 1953) is an almost essential condition, if this is to be achieved.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1956 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Appel, J., and Rosen, S. R., “Psychotic Factors in Psychosomatic Illness”, Psychosomat. Med., 1950, 12, 236.Google Scholar
Bond, E., and Partridge, G., “Interpretations of Manic-Depressive Phases”, Amer. J. Psychiat., 1924, 81, 643662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, C., and Kent, G., “Overlapping Symptoms in Catatonic Excitement and Manic Excitement”, Amer. J. Psychiat., 1936, 92, 13111322.Google Scholar
Burt, C. L., “The Assessment of Personality, 26th Maudsley Lecture”, J. Ment. Sci., 1954, 100, 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calman, J. T., The Classification of Animals, 1949. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Cameron, D. E., “Relationships between Excitement, Depression and Anxiety”, Amer. J. Psychiat., 1945, 102, 385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, N., “The Place of Mania among the Depressions from a Biological Point of View”, J. Psychol., 1942, 14, 181195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , Psychology of Behaviour Disorders, 1947. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B., Description and Measurement of Personality, 1946. New York: G. G. Harrap and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Idem and Saunders, D. R., “Interrelation and Matching of Personality Factors from Behaviour Rating, Questionnaire and Objective Test Data”, J. Soc. Psychol., 1950, 31, 243260.Google Scholar
Curran, D., “The Differentiation of Neuroses and Manic-Depressive Psychoses”, J. Ment. Sci., 1937, 83, 156174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem and Malunson, W. P., “Depressive States in War”, Brit. Med. J., 1941, i, 305.Google Scholar
Degan, J. W., “Dimensions of Functional Psychosis”, Psychometric Monogr., 52, no. 6 (pp. 41).Google Scholar
Diethelm, O., “The Fallacy of the Concept Psychosis”, in Current Problems in Psychiatric Diagnosis. Ed.: Hoch, and Zubin, , 1953, pp. 2432. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., “Types of Personality: A Factorial Study of 700 Neurotics”, J. Ment. Sci., 1944, 90, 851861.Google Scholar
Idem , Dimensions of Personality, 1947. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Idem , “Criterion Analysis—an Application of Hypothetico-deductive Method to Factor Analysis”, Psychol. Rev., 1950, 57, 3853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , “Cyclothymia and Schizothymia as a Dimension of Personality, I. Historical Review”, J. Personal., 1950, 19, 123152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , “Cyclothymia and Schizothymia as a Dimension of Personality. II. Experimental”, J. Personal., 1952, 20, 346384.Google Scholar
Idem , The Scientific Study of Personality, 1952. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.Google Scholar
Idem , The Structure of Human Personality, 1953. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Idem , “Psychiatric Diagnosis as a Psychological and Statistical Problem”, Psychological Reports, 1955, 1, 317.Google Scholar
Eysenck, S. B. G., A Dimensional Analysis of Mental Abnormality, 1955. (Ph.D. Thesis, London University.)Google Scholar
Golla, F., “Science and Psychiatry”, 18th Maudsley Lecture, 1938, J. Ment. Sci., 84, 117.Google Scholar
Guertin, W. H., “A Factor Analytic Study of Schizophrenic Symptoms”, J. Consult. Psychol., 1952a, 16, 308312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , “An Inverted Factor-Analytic Study of Schizophrenics”, J. Consult. Psychol., 1952b, 16, 371–5.Google Scholar
Janet, P., “The Relation of the Neuroses to the Psychoses”, 1921 (in “A Psychiatric Milestone”, Bloomingdale Hospital Centenary, N.Y. Soc. of the N.Y. Hospitals).Google Scholar
Klein, M., “Mourning and its Relation to Manic-Depressive States” (in Contributions to Psycho-analysis. London, 1950), 1940. Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Kline, N. S., and Gerard, D. L., “Taxonomy of Mental Disease”, J. Gen. Psychol., 1953, 49, 201–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraepelin, E., Manic-Depressive Insanity (from vols. III and IV of 8th German edition of his textbook. Trans. R. M. Barclay), 1921. Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Lewis, A., “Melancholia: A Clinical Survey of Depressive States”, J. Ment. Sci., 1934, 80, no. 329, pp. 277378.Google Scholar
Lewis, Nolan C., “Criteria for Early Differential Diagnosis of Psychoneurosis and Schizophrenia”, Amer. J. Psychotherapy, 1949, 3, 418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem and Piotrowsky, Z. A., “The Clinical Diagnosis of Manic-Depressive Psychosis”, in Depression, Ed.: Hoch, and Zubin, , 1954. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Lorr, M., Rubinstein, E., and Jenkins, R. L., “A Factor Analysis of Personality Ratings of Outpatients in Psychotherapy”, J. Abn. Soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, no. 4, 511514.Google Scholar
Lorr, M., Shaeffer, Rubinstein, E., and Jenkins, R. L., “Analysis of Outpatient Rating Scale”, J. Clin. Psychol., 1953a, 7, 250–4.Google Scholar
Lorr, M., Jenkins, R. L., and Holsopple, J. Q., “Factors Descriptive of Chronic Schizophrenics Selected for the Operation of Prefrontal Lobotomy”, J. Consult. Psychol., 1954, 18, no. 4, 293–6.Google Scholar
Lubin, A., “Linear and Non-linear Discriminating Functions”, Brit. J. Psychol. (Statist. Sect.), 1950, 3, 90103.Google Scholar
Lubin, A., Some Contributions to the testing of Psychological hypotheses by means of statistical multivariate analysis. (Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of London, 1951.)Google Scholar
Marzolf, S. S., “Symptom and Syndrome Statistically Determined”, Psychol. Bull., 1945, 162176.Google Scholar
Meyer, A., Principles of Grouping Facts in Psychiatry, 1906. (Report of the Pathological Institute, New York, 1904–5.) Google Scholar
Moore, T. V., “The Empirical Determination of Certain Syndromes”, Amer. J. Psychiat., 1930, 9, 719738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , “The Essential Psychoses and their Fundamental Symptoms”, Stud. Psychol. Psychiat. (of Catholic Univ. of America), 1933, 3, 128.Google Scholar
Idem , “The Prepsychotic Personality and the Concept of Mental Disorder”, Character and Personality, 1941, 9, 169187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , The Nature and Treatment of Mental Disorders, 1943. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Muncie, W., Psychobiology and Psychiatry, 1948, 2nd ed. London: Kimpton and Co.Google Scholar
Myerson, A., “Neuroses and Neuropsychoses: the relationship of Symptom Groups”, Amer. J. Psychiat., 1936, 93, 263301.Google Scholar
O'Connor, J. P., The Empirical Determination of Fundamental Neurotic Syndromes, 1951. (Unpub. doc. dissertation, Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D.C.) Google Scholar
Peak, H., Problems of Objective Observation, in Research Methods in the Behavioural Sciences (Festinger, L. and Katz, D., Eds.). 1953. New York: Dryden Press.Google Scholar
Penrose, L. S., “Heredity” (Chap. 16, in Personality and the Behaviour Disorders, Vol. 1. New York, 1944. Ed.: Hunt, J. McV.), Ronald Press.Google Scholar
Pophal, R., “Der Krankheitsbegriff in der Körpermedizin und Psychiatrie” (Abhandlungen aus der Neurologie, Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Ihren Grenzgebicten), Beihefte zur Monatsschrift fur Psychiatrie und Neurologie, 1925, Heft 30, pp. 111.Google Scholar
Rogerson, C. H., “The Differentiation of Neuroses and Psychoses with Special Reference to States of Depression and Anxiety”, J. Ment. Sci., 1940, 86, 632644.Google Scholar
Sandler, J., and Pollock, A. B., “Studies in Psychopathology Using a Self-Assessment Inventory. Appendix to Part II, p. 154”, Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 1954, 27, 3.Google Scholar
Slater, E., “The Neurotic Constitution: A Statistical Study of 2,000 Neurotic Soldiers”, J. Neurol. Psychiat. (N.S.), 1943, 6, 116.Google Scholar
Idem , “Freniatrie Genetics.” In Recent Progress in Psychiatry (Ed. : Fleming, G. W. T. H.), 1950, 100, 125. J. and A. Churchill Ltd. Google Scholar
Stebbing, S., A Modern Introduction to Logic, 1942, 3rd edition. London: Methuen and Co.Google Scholar
Swartz, J. S., and Semrad, E., “Psychosomatic Disorders in Psychoses”, Psychosom. Med., 1951, 13.Google Scholar
Thurstone, L. L., “The Vectors of the Mind”, Psychol. Rev., 1934, 41, 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , Multiple Factor Analysis, 1947. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tredgold, R. F., “Depressive States in the Soldier”, Brit. J. Med., 1941, ii, 109.Google Scholar
Trouton, D. S., Some Aspects of the Psychoanalytical Characterology, 1947. Thesis, London Univ. Library.Google Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., Holzberg, J. D., Simon, B., et al., “Symptom Correlates for Descriptive Diagnosis”, Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1953, 47, 237301.Google Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., and Holzberg, J. D., “The Rorschach and Descriptive Diagnosis”, J. Consult. Psychol., 1951a, 15, 460463.Google Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., and Holzberg, J. D., “The Wechsler Bellevue and Descriptive Diagnosis”, J. Consult. Psychol., 1951b, 15.Google Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., and Mettler, F. A., “Practical Correlates of Psychiatric Symptoms”, J. Consult. Psychol., 1951c, 15, 505510.Google Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., and Lesser, G. S., “Biographical Factors and Psychiatric Symptoms”, J. Clin. Psychol., 1951d, 7, 317322.3.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., Bell, E. G., and Lesser, G. S., “Symptom Patterns among Organic Patients of Advanced Age”, J. Clin. Psychol., 1951e, 46, 548556.Google Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., and Weiss, W., “Patients diagnosed, Manic-Depressive, Manic State”, J. Consult. Psychol., 1952a, 16, 193198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., and Bailey, Clark, “The Symptoms of Involutional Psychosis”, J. Consult. Psychol., 1952b, 16, 1317.Google Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R., Personal communication, 1954.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.