Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T12:56:22.602Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Psycho-Pharmacological Study of Schizophrenia, with Particular Reference to the Mode of Action of Cardiazol, Sodium Amytal and Alcohol in Schizophrenic Stupor

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2018

W. P. Berrington*
Affiliation:
West Park Hospital (L.C.C.), Surrey

Extract

There is already a comprehensive literature on the convulsion treatment of schizophrenia, and it is not the purpose of this paper either to attempt to assess these results, or to claim therapeutic success, or failure, in the cases mentioned here.

Type
Part I.—Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1939 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography.

(1) McCartan, W.—“Sulfosin Therapy of Schizophrenia,” Lancet, 1932, i, pp. 340341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2) Cook, L. C.—“Cardiazol Convulsion Therapy in Schizophrenia,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1938, xxxi, 6, p. 574.Google Scholar
(3) von Angyal, L., and Gyarfas, K.—“Ueber die Kardiazolkrampfbehandlung der Schizophrenie,” Arch. f. Psychiat., 1936, cvi, p. 1.Google Scholar
(4) Brousseau, A.—“La Thérapeutique Convulsante de la Schizophrénie,” Encéphale, 1937, xxxii, p. 287.Google Scholar
(5) Sorger, E., and Hofmann, E.—“Beobachtungen bei der Cardiazol-Krampfbehandlung der Schizophrenie,” Psychiat. Neur. Wochenschr., 1937, xxxix, p. 473.Google Scholar
(6) Strecker, H. P.—“A Comparison of Insulin and Cardiazol Therapies in the Treatment of Schizophrenia,” Lancet, 1938, i, p. 321.Google Scholar
(7) Harris, A.—“Cardiazol Treatment of Schizophrenia,” Journ. Ment. Sci., 1938, lxxxiv, No. 352, p. 765.Google Scholar
(8) Finkleman, I., Steinberg, L., and Liebert, E.—“The Treatment of Schizophrenia with Metrazol by the Production of Convulsions,” Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1938, cx, p. 706.Google Scholar
(9) Kennedy, A.—“Convulsion Therapy in Schizophrenia,” Journ. Ment. Sci., 1937, lxxxiii, p. 609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(10) Reese, H. H., Vanderveer, A. H., and Wedge, A. H.—“The Effect of Induced Metrazol Convulsions on Schizophrenic Patients,” Journ. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 1938, lxxxvii, No. 5, p. 576.Google Scholar
(11) Briner, O.—“Results of the Convulsion Therapy in the Psychiatric Clinic in Berne,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat., 1938, xciv, p. 169.Google Scholar
(12) Phillips, S. J.New Orleans Med. and Surg. Journ., 1938, xci, p. 135.Google Scholar
(13) Nightingale, G. S.—“Six Months' Experience with Cardiazol Therapy,” Journ. Ment. Sci., 1938, lxxxiv, pp. 574580.Google Scholar
(14) von Meduna, .—“Die Konvulsionstherapie der Schizophrenie,” Psych. Neur. Wochenschr., 1935, No. 27.Google Scholar
(15) Idem. —“Die Krampfbehandlung der Schizophrenie,” Gyogysz∗∗∗ t., 1936, No. 15, p. 225.Google Scholar
(16) Harris, J. S., and Birnie, C. R.—“Cardiazol Therapy in Stupor,” Brit. Med. Journ., 1938, ii, p. 449.Google Scholar
(17) Thorner, M. W.—“The Psycho-Pharmacology of Sodium Amytal,” Journ. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 1935, lxxxi, pp. 161167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(18) Idem .—Ibid., 1935, lxxxii, pp. 299303.Google Scholar
(19) Shonle, and Moment, .—“Some New Hypnotics of the Barbituric Acid Series,” Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1923, xlv, 243 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(20) Page, and Coryllos, .—“Iso-amyl-ethyl-barbituric Acid: Its Use as an Intravenous Anæsthetic,” Journ. Pharm. and Exper. Ther., 1926, xxvii, p. 189.Google Scholar
(21) Macmillan, D.—“Nembutal in Mental Hospital Practice,” Journ. Ment. Sci., 1932, lxxviii, p. 892.Google Scholar
(22) Zerfas, L. G.—“Sodium Amytal and other Derivatives of Barbituric Acid,” Brit. Med. Journ., 1930, ii, p. 899.Google Scholar
(23) Clarke, A. J.Applied Pharmacology, fourth edition, pp. 176177.Google Scholar
(24) Broder, S. B.—“Sleep Induced by Sodium Amytal: An Abridged Method for Use in Mental Illness,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat., 1936, xvi, p. 58.Google Scholar
(25) Henwick, R. F.—“A Study of Barbiturate Excretion,” Journ. Pharmacol. and Exper. Ther., 1930, xxxix, p. 267.Google Scholar
(26) Koppanyi, T., and Krop, S.Ibid., 1934, lii, p. 87.Google Scholar
(27) Zerfas, L. G., and McCallum, .—“Amytal,” Journ. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1929, xxii, p. 47.Google Scholar
(28) Sollman, .—Manual of Pharmacology, fourth edition.Google Scholar
(29) Garry, R. C.Brit. Med. Journ., 1932, i, 421 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(30) Dameshek, , Myerson, and Loman, .—Amer. Journ. Psychiat., xci, pp. 118134.Google Scholar
(31) Meerloo, A. M.—“On the Action of Barbituric CompoundsJourn. Ment. Sci., 1933, lxxix, p. 336.Google Scholar
(32) Masserman, J. H.—“Effects of Sodium Amytal and Other Drugs on the Reactivity of the Hypothalamus of the Cat,” Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat., 1937, xxxvii, p. 617.Google Scholar
(33) Idem. —“Destruction of the Hypothalamus in Cats; Effects on Activity of the Central Nervous System and its Reaction to Sodium Amytal,” ibid., xxxix, No. 6, pp. 1250–1271.Google Scholar
(34) Keeser, E., and Keeser, J.—“Studies in Barbiturates: Distribution of Barbiturates in the Brain,” Journ. Pharmacol. and Exper. Ther., 1935, liii, p. 137.Google Scholar
(35) Koppanyi, T., Dille, J. M., and Krop, S.Ibid., 1934, lii, p. 121.Google Scholar
(36) Koppanyi, T., and Dille, J. M.Ibid., 1935, liv, p. 84.Google Scholar
(37) Hoff, and Kauders, .—Zeitschr. Neur., p. 103.Google Scholar
(38) Pick, E.Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1927, xl, p. 1.Google Scholar
(39) Idem. —“Ueber Schlaf und Schlafmittel” (abridged), ibid., 1927, xl, p. 634.Google Scholar
(40) Spielmeyer, and Weimann, .—“Anatomy of Psychoses” in Bumke's, Handbuch der Psychiatrie. Google Scholar
(41) Van der Horst, .—Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Geneesk., 1931.Google Scholar
(42) Demole, V.-Rev. Neurol., 1927, xxxiv, No. 1, p. 850.Google Scholar
(43) Bleckwenn, W. J.—“Production of Sleep and Rest in Psychotic Cases,” Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat., 1930, xxiv, p. 365.Google Scholar
(44) Idem. —“The Use of Sodium Amytal in Catatonia,” Assoc. Research Nerv. Ment. Dis. Schizophrenia, x, p. 12.Google Scholar
(45) Loevenhart, A. S., Lorenz, W. F., Martin, H. G., and Malone, J. V.—“Stimulation of the Respiration by Sodium Cyanide and its Clinical Applications,” Arch. Int. Med., 1918, xxi, pp. 109129.Google Scholar
(46) Loevenhart, A. S., Lorenz, W. F., and Waters, R. M.—“Cerebral Stimulation,” Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1929, xcii, pp. 880883.Google Scholar
(47) Lorenz, W. F.—“Some Observations on Catatonia,” Psychiat. Quart., 1930, iv, pp. 95102.Google Scholar
(48) Lindeman, E.—“Psychological Changes in Normal and Abnormal Individuals under the Influence of Sodium Amytal,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat., 1932, xi, p. 1083.Google Scholar
(40) Idem and Malamud, W.—“Experimental Analysis of the Psycho-pathological Effects of Intoxicating Drugs,” ibid., 1934, xiii, p. 853.Google Scholar
(50) Bancroft, and Rutzler, .— “The Colloid Chemistry of the Nervous System,” Journ. Phys. Chem., 1031, xxxv, No. 11, p. 3036.Google Scholar
(51) Bancroft, and Richter, .—“The Colloid Chemistry of Insanity,” ibid., 1931, xxxv, p. 1606.Google Scholar
(52) Bancroft, and Rutzler, .—Ibid., 1931, xxxv, p. 3452.Google Scholar
(53) Lang, .—“A Note on the Use of Sodium Amytal and Sodium Rhodanate in the Psychoses,” Psychiat. Quart., 1932, vi, p. 380.Google Scholar
(54) Henderson, V. E.—“On ∗∗∗Baneroft's Theory of Anæsthesia, Sleep and Insanity,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat., 1933, xiii, p. 319.Google Scholar
(55) Gildea, , Himwick, , Hubbard, and Fazekas, .—“Comparative Study of Some of the Changes Produced by Various Types of Drugs in Schizophrenic Patients,” ibid., xci, pp. 1289–1307.Google Scholar
(56) Harris, M. H., and Katz, S. E.Ibid., 1933, xii, p. 1083.Google Scholar
(57) Wolff, H. G., and Horsley Gantt, W.—“Caffeine Sodiobenzoate, Sodium Iso-amylethyl Barbiturate, Sodium Bromide and Chloral Hydrate: Effect on the Highest Integrative Functions,” Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat., 1935, xxxiii, No. 5, pp. 10301057.Google Scholar
(58) Palmer, and Paine, .—“Prolonged Narcosis as Therapy in Psychoses,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat., 1932, xii, p. 143.Google Scholar
(59) Hermann, M.—“The Use of Intravenous Sodium Amytal in Psychogenic Amnesic States,” Psychiat. Quart., 1938, xii, p. 4.Google Scholar
(60) Bleckwenn, W. J.—“Sodium Amytal in Certain Nervous and Mental Conditions,” Wisc. Med. Journ., 1930, xxix, p. 693.Google Scholar
(61) Kantorovitch, N. V., and Constantinovitch, S. K.—“The Effect of Alcohol in Catatonic Syndromes,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat., 1935–36, p. 651.Google Scholar
(62) Samson Wright, .—Applied Physiology, fourth edition, p. 16.Google Scholar
(63) Alcohol: Its Action on the Human Organism, H.M. Stationery Office, London, second edition, 1923.Google Scholar
(64) Clarke, A. J.-Applied Pharmacology, fourth edition, pp. 127131.Google Scholar
(65) Lovatt Evans, .—Pharmacology of Conditioned Reflexes: Recent Advances in Physiology, second edition, p. 366.Google Scholar
(66) Starling, E.Principles of Human Physiology, fourth edition, p. 567.Google Scholar
(67) Lindeman, E.—“Psychopathological Effects of Sodium Amytal,” Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., 1930–31, xxviii, p. 864.Google Scholar
(68) Masserman, J. H., and Carmichael, H. T.—“Diagnosis and Prognosis in Psychiatry,” Journ. Ment. Sci., 1938, lxxxiv, p. 353.Google Scholar
(69) Reichardt, M.—“Hernstamm und Psychiatrie,” Monatsschr. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol., 1928, lxviii, p. 470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(70) Kleist, K.—“Die Psychomotorischen Störungen und ihr Verhältniss zu den Motilitätsstörungen bei Erkrankungen der Stamganglien,” ibid., 1923, lii, p. 253.Google Scholar
(71) Finkleman, and Haffron, .—Elgin Papers, 1936, ii.Google Scholar
(72) Finkleman, and Stephens, .—Ibid., 1936, ii.Google Scholar
(73) Blalock, J. R.—“Personality and Catatonic Dementia Præcox,” Psychiat. Quart., 1932, vi, p. 640.Google Scholar
(74) Faver, H. E.—“A Study of the Personality in Persons Developing Catatonic Dementia Præcox,” ibid., 1932, vi, p. 503.Google Scholar
(75) Hinsie, L. E.—“The Catatonic Syndrome in Dementia Præcox,” ibid., 1932, vi, p. 459.Google Scholar
(76) Henderson, and Gillespie, .—Text-book of Psychiatry, third edition, pp. 221222.Google Scholar
(77) Ferraro, A.Discussion of Dr. Henry's paper “Catatonia in Animals,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat., 1931–32, xi.Google Scholar
(78) Bleuler, E. P.—“The Physiogenic and Psychogenic in Schizophrenia,” ibid., 1930–31, x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(79) Jelliffe, S. E.—“The Mental Pictures in Schizophrenia and in Epidemic Encephalitis,” ibid., vi.Google Scholar
(80) von Medusa, L.Zeitschr. j. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat., 1935, clii, p. 235.Google Scholar
(81) Idem .—Amer. Journ. Psychiat, May, 1938, xciv, p. 44.Google Scholar
(82) Stief, A.—“Der Wirkungsmechanismus der sogenannten Konvulsionstherapien mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Insulinschockbehandlung,” Psychiat. Neur. Wochenschr., 1937, xxxix, p. 225.Google Scholar
(83) Pfister, H. O.Amer. Journ. Psychiat, May, 1938, xciv, p. 117.Google Scholar
(84) Wilmanns, K.Ibid, May, 1938, xciv, pp. 337338.Google Scholar
(85) Gillies, H.—“Convulsive Therapy in Schizophrenia,” Lancet, 1937, ii, p. 131.Google Scholar
(86) Rees Thomas, W., and Wilson, I. G. H.—“Report on Cardiazol Treatment and on the Present Application of Hypoglycæmic Shock Treatment in Schizophrenia,” Board of Control Special Report, 1938.Google Scholar
(87) Humbert, F., and Friedemann, A.Amer. Journ. Psychiat, May, 1938, xciv, pp. 174183.Google Scholar
(88) Rees Thomas, W., and Wilson, I. G. H.—“Report on Cardiazol Treatment and on the Present Application of Hypoglycæmic Shock Treatment in Schizophrenia,” Board of Control Report, 1938, p. 33.Google Scholar
(89) Walk, A., and Mayer-Gross, W.—“Observations on Convulsion Therapy with Triazol 156,” Journ. Ment. Sci., 1938, lxxxiv, No. 352, p. 661.Google Scholar
(90) Briner, O.—“Results of the Convulsion Therapy in the Psychiatric Clinic in Berne,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat, May, 1938, xciv, pp. 167172.Google Scholar
(91) Ellery, R. S.—“Schizophrenia and its Treatment by Insulin and Cardiazol,” Med. Journ. Austral., October, 1937, pp. 552564.Google Scholar
(92) Gower, Sir W. R.Epilepsy, second edition, 1901, pp. 9192.Google Scholar
(93) Frisch, F., and Fried, E.—“Zur Frage der engeblichen Alkalose bei Epilepsie,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Exper. Med., 1926, xlix, p. 462.Google Scholar
(94) von Meduna, L.Amer. Journ. Psychiat, May, 1938, xciv, p. 46.Google Scholar
(95) Wichmann, B.—“Results and Remarks on the Problem of the Epileptiform Fits Artificially Produced by Cardiazol,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psychiat., 1937, clix, p. 582.Google Scholar
(96) Schmidt, K. F., Hildebrandt, F., and Krehl, E.—“Über ‘Cardiazol’, ein in wasseriger Lösung subcutan injizierbares neues Analepticum,” Klin. Wochenschr., 1925, iv, p. 1678.Google Scholar
(97) Kennedy, F.—“The Nature of Fits: Epilepsy and the Convulsive State,” Assoc. Research in Nerv. and Ment. Dis., vii, p. 34.Google Scholar
(98) Cobb, S.—“Causes of Epilepsy,” Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat., xxvii, p. 1254.Google Scholar
(99) Kost, .—Psych. Neur. Wochenschr., 1938, xiv, p. 156.Google Scholar
(100) Denyssen, J. A. F., and Watterson, D. J.—“On the Mechanism of the Cardiazol Convulsion,” Journ. Ment. Sci, November, 1938, lxxxiv, No. 353, pp. 10021007.Google Scholar
(101) Hildebrandt, .—Handbuch der exp. Pharmakol., 1937, v, p. 102.Google Scholar
(102) Blume, .—Arch. f. Exp. Path., 1926, cxvi, p. 234.Google Scholar
(103) Pike, F. H., Elsberg, C A., McCullough, W. S., and Chappell, M. N.—“The Problem of Localization in Experimentally Induced Convulsions: Epilepsy and the Convulsive State,” Assoc. Research Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 1931, vii, pp. 203230.Google Scholar
(104) Lennox, W. G., and Cobb, S.—“Epilepsy,” Medicine Monographs, 1938, xiv.Google Scholar
(105) Forbes, H. S., and Wolff, H. G.—“Vasomotor Control of Cerebral Vessels,” Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat., 1928, xix, pp. 10571086.Google Scholar
(106) Forbes, H. S., and Cobb, S.Brain, 1938, lxi, p. 221.Google Scholar
(107) Stöhr, P.Zeitschr. ges. Anat, Abt. 1, 1922, lxiii, pp. 562607.Google Scholar
(108) Idem .—Zeitschr. Wissensch., Biol. Abt., 1926, iii, pp. 431448.Google Scholar
(109) Hassin, G. B.—“Vegetative Nervous System,” Assoc. Research Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 1930, ix, pp. 437455.Google Scholar
(110) Penfield, W.—“Intracerebral Vascular Nerves,” Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat., 1932, xxvii, p. 30.Google Scholar
(111) Jackson, J. H.Selected Writings of, ed. Taylor, London, 1931.Google Scholar
(112) Kennedy, F.—“Epilepsy and the Convulsive State,” Assoc. Research Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 1931, vii, p. 34.Google Scholar
(113) Foerster, O.—“Die Pathogenese des Epileptischer Krampfanfalles,” Deutsch. Zeitschr. f. Nervenh., 1926, xciv, pp. 1553.Google Scholar
(114) Dandy, W. E.—“Impressions of the Pathology of Epilepsy from Operations,” Amer. Journ. Psychiat.,∗∗∗ 927, vi, pp. 519522.Google Scholar
(115) Leriche, R.—“Recherches sur le mécanisme de l'hypotension et de l'hypertension du liquide céphalo-rachidien chez les jacksoniens de guerre: déductions thérapeutiques,” Rev. Chir., Paris, 1920, lviii, pp. 669679.Google Scholar
(116) Penfield, W.—“The Evidence for a Cerebral Vascular Mechanism in Epilepsy,” Ann. Int. Med., 1933, vii, No. 3, pp. 303310.Google Scholar
(117) Spielmeyer, W.—“Epilepsy and the Convulsive State,” Assoc. Research Nerv. and Ment., Dis., vii, pp. 491501.Google Scholar
(118) Gowers, Sir W. R.Epilepsy, second edition, 1901, p. 214.Google Scholar
(119) Cobb, S.—“Causes of Epilepsy,” Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat, May, 1932, xxvii, pp. 12451263.Google Scholar
(120) Penfield, W.—“The Cerebral Cortex in Man,” ibid., 1938, xl, No. 3, pp. 417442.Google Scholar
(121) Idem and Gage, L.— “Cerebral Localization of Epileptic Manifestations,” Assoc. Research Nerv. and Ment. Dis., xiii, chap. 20.Google Scholar
(122) Southard, E. E.—“On the Mechanism of Gliosis in Acquired Epilepsy,” Amer. Journ. of Insan., 1907–1908, lxiv, pp. 607644.Google Scholar
(123) Hartenberg, P.—“L'habitude épileptique,” Presse Méd., 1926, xxxiv, pp. 627628.Google Scholar
(124) Jackson, J. H.Selected Writings, ii, p. 16, ed. by Taylor, J. Google Scholar
(125) Starks, H. A.Psychiat. Quart, October, 1938, xii, No. 4, p. 706.Google Scholar
(126) Gibbs, F. A., Davis, H., and Lennox, W. G.—“The Electro-Encephalogram in Epilepsy and in Conditions of Impaired Consciousness,” Arch. of Neur. and Psychiat, December, 1935, xxxiv, p. 1133.Google Scholar
(127) Cook, L. C., and Walter, W. Grey.—“The Electro-encephalogram in Convulsions Induced by Cardiazol,” Journ. Neurol. and Psychiat, July, 1938, i, p. 180.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.