Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T22:50:28.892Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Post-Hypoglycaemic Encephalopathy in Sakel's Insulin Treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2018

A. M. Spencer
A. M. Spencer*
Affiliation:
Joint Counties Mental Hospital, Carmarthen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Introduced in 1933, Sakel's pharmacological shock treatment [Sakel (1935a, 1935b, 1938)] is now regarded as a valuable method of treatment in schizophrenia. The complications which may ensue during the treatment are, however, both numerous and dangerous, and may be classified according to the system predominantly affected as follows:

  1. (1) The Respiratory System.

  2. (2) The Cardiovascular System.

  3. (3) The Nervous System.

Type
Part I.—Original Articles
Information
Journal of Mental Science , Volume 94 , Issue 396 , July 1948 , pp. 513 - 554
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1948 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abely, F. and Feuillet, G. (1941) Presse Méd., 29–30, 350.Google Scholar
Idem (1942) Ann. Méd.-Psychol., 100 (ii), 53.Google Scholar
Accornero, F. (1938) Am. J. Psychiat., 94, 130.Google Scholar
Akos, V. (1939) Wien. klin. Wchschr., 52, 39.Google Scholar
Appel, K. E., Alpers, Hastings, D. W., and Hughes, J. (1939) Am. J. Psychiat., 96, 397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baganz, C. N., and Laxon, G. O. (1938) Med. Bull. Vet. Adm., 14, 301.Google Scholar
Baker, A. B. (1938) Arch. Pathol., 26, 765.Google Scholar
Idem (1939) Am. J. Psychiat., 96, 109.Google Scholar
Idem and Lufkin, N. H. (1937) Arch. Pathol., 23, 190.Google Scholar
Billig, O., and Sullivan, D. J. (1942) Psychiat. Quart., 16, 549.Google Scholar
Binzley, R. F., and Anderson, J. L. (1938) ibid., 12, 477.Google Scholar
Bond, E. D., Hughes, J., and Flaherty, J. A. (1939) Am. J. Psychiat., 96, 316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braestrup, (1939) Nord. Med., 1, 902.Google Scholar
British Medical Journal (Annotation), (1940) 2, 601.Google Scholar
Cammermayer, J. (1938) Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 168, 617.Google Scholar
Cleckley, H., and Templeton, C. M. (1941) Am. J. Psychiat., 97, 844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corwin, W. C. (1939) Am. J. Med. Sci., 196, 724.Google Scholar
Coyne, A. R. (1940) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 92, 309.Google Scholar
Damashek, W., Myerson, A., and Stephenson, C. (1935) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 33, 1.Google Scholar
Day, W. G., and Niver, E. O. (1937) Texas State J. Med., 33, 236.Google Scholar
Idem , Niver, E. O., and Greenberg, M. M. (1938) Am. J. Clin. Path., 8, 206.Google Scholar
De Morsier, G., and Mozer, J. J. (1936) Ann. Med., 39, 474.Google Scholar
Doring, G. (1938) Deutsche Atschr. F. Nervh., 147, 217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drabkin, D. L., and Ravdin, I. S. (1930) J. Biol. Chem., 87, 3.Google Scholar
Idem and Ravdin, I. S., (1937) Am. J. Physiol., 118, 174.Google Scholar
Idem and Shilkret, H. (1927–28) ibid., 83, 141.Google Scholar
Dunner, L., Ostertag, B., and Thanhauser, S. (1933) Klin. Wchschr., 12, 1054.Google Scholar
Dussik, K. T. (1936) Rocznik Psychiat., 28, 125.Google Scholar
Idem (1938) Am. J. Psychiat., 94, (Suppl.) 269.Google Scholar
Easton, N. L. (1938) ibid., 94, 853.Google Scholar
Ernstene, A. C., and Altschule, M. D., (1931) J. Clin. Investig., 10, 521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , Riseman, J. E. F., Stein, B., and Alexander, B. (1935) Am. J. Physiol., 3, 440.Google Scholar
Ferraro, A., and Jervis, G. A. (1939a) Am. J. Psychiat., 96, 103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem and Jervis, G. A. (1939b) Psychiat. Quart., 13, 207.Google Scholar
Finiefs, L. A. (1938a) J. Ment. Sci., 84, 678.Google Scholar
Idem (1938b) Lancet, 1, 776.Google Scholar
Finley, K. H., and Brenner, C. (1940) Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 181, and (1940) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 92, 379.Google Scholar
Franke, G. (1937) Dtsch. med. Wehschr., 63, 1728.Google Scholar
Fraser, R., and Sargant, W. (1940) J. Ment. Sci., 86, 969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freed, H., and Saxe, E. (1939) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 90, 216.Google Scholar
Gellhorn, E. (1938) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 40, 125.Google Scholar
Idem , Darrow, C. W., and Yesinick, L. (1939) ibid., 42, 826.Google Scholar
Idem , Ingraham, R. C., and Moldawsky, L. (1938a) ibid., 40, 125.Google Scholar
Idem , Ingraham, R. C., and Moldawsky, L. (1938b) J. Neurophysiol., 1, 301.Google Scholar
Idem , Packer, A., and Feldman, J. (1940) Am. J. Physiol., 130, 261.Google Scholar
Gibbs, F. A., Gibbs, E. L., and Lennox, W. G. (1935) ibid., 111, 557.Google Scholar
Idem , Williams, D., and Gibbs, E. L. (1940) J. Neurophysiol., 3, 49.Google Scholar
Gillies, H. (1937) Brit. Med. J., 1, 1254.Google Scholar
Gillmab, S. W., and Parfitt, D. N. (1938) J. Ment. Sci., 84, 718.Google Scholar
Golden, L. A. (1937) Ann. Int. Med., 821.Google Scholar
Goldfarb, W., and Bowman, K. M. (1941) Am. J. Psychiat., 98, 393.Google Scholar
Goldman, D. (1940) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 92, 157.Google Scholar
Gralnick, A. (1941) Am. J. Opthal., 24, 1174.Google Scholar
Hall, E. G. (1938) Am. J. Psychiat., 95, 3.Google Scholar
Himsworth, H. P. (1939) Lancet, 2, 1, 65, 118, 171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Himwich, H. E., Bowman, K. M., and Fazekas, J. F. (1940) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 44, 1098.Google Scholar
Idem , Bowman, K. M., Wortis, J., and Fazekas, J. F. (1937) Science, 86, 271.Google Scholar
Idem , Bowman, K. M., Wortis, J., and Fazekas, J. F. (1939a) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 89, 273.Google Scholar
Idem , Bowman, K. M., Wortis, J., and Fazekas, J. F. (1939b) J. Am. Med. Ass., 112, 1572.Google Scholar
Idem and Fazekas, J. F. (1937a) Am. J. Physiol., 119, 335.Google Scholar
Idem and Fazekas, J. F. (1937b) Endocrinology, 21, 800.Google Scholar
Idem , Frostig, J. P., Fazekas, J. F., and Hadidian, Z. (1939) Am. J. Psychiat., 96, 371.Google Scholar
Idem , Frostig, J. P., Fazekas, J. F., Hoagland, H., and Hadidian, Z. (1939) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 40, 401.Google Scholar
Idem , Hadidian, Z., Fazekas, J. F., and Hoagland, H. (1939) Am. J. Physiol., 125, 578.Google Scholar
Idem , Martin, S. J., Alexander, F. A. D., and Fazekas, J. F. (1939) Endocrinology, 24, 536.Google Scholar
Idem , Spies, T. D., Fazekas, J. F., and Nesin, S. (1940) Am. J. Med. Sci., 199, 849.Google Scholar
Holmes, E. O. (1930) Biochem. J., 24, 914.Google Scholar
Horwitz, W. A., Blalock, J. R., and Harris, M. M. (1938) Psychiat. Quart., 12, 466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hrubetz, M. C. (1938) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol., 38, 300.Google Scholar
Jacob, H. (1939) Nervenarzt., 12, 302.Google Scholar
James, G. W. B., Freudenberg, R., and Cannon, A. T. (1938) Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 31, 578.Google Scholar
Jansen, J., and Waaler, E. (1940) Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr., 111, 62.Google Scholar
Jones, M. (1940) Lancet, 2, 361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorgensen, J. V. (1940) Nord. Med., 5, 217.Google Scholar
Kant, F. (1940). J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 91, 712.Google Scholar
Kastein, G. W. (1938a) Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 163, 322.Google Scholar
Idem (1938b) ibid., 163, 342.Google Scholar
Idem (1938c) Ned. Tijdschr. Geneesk., 82, 5106.Google Scholar
Katzenelbogen, S. (1939) Psychiat., 2, 493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem , Harms, H. E., Williams, Ruth, Barkoff, S., Morris, W., Brody, M., and Hayman, M. (1939) Am. J. Psychiat., 95, 793.Google Scholar
Klein, F., and Ligterink, J. A. (1940) Arch. Int. Med., 65, 1085.Google Scholar
Kobler, F. (1938) Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr., 107, 688.Google Scholar
Kraulis, W. (1937) Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 39, 219, and (1938) Am. J. Psychiat., 94 (Suppl.), 324.Google Scholar
Idem (1938) Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 164, 36.Google Scholar
Kubo, K. (1937) Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 39, 194.Google Scholar
Lawrence, R. D., Meyer, A., and Nevin, S. (1942) Quart. J. Med., 44, 181.Google Scholar
Lazell, E. W. (1938) M. Bull. Vet. Administ., 14, 365.Google Scholar
Leibel, B. S., and Hall, G. E. (1938) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 38, 894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lennox, W. G., and Gibbs, E. L. (1932) J. Clin. Invest., 11, 1155.Google Scholar
Idem , Gibbs, F. A., and Gibbs, E. L. (1938) J. Neurol. Psychiat., 1, 211.Google Scholar
Leppien, R., and Peters, G. (1937) Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 160, 444.Google Scholar
Lester, D. (1938–39) Am. J. Psychiat., 95, 1083.Google Scholar
Liebert, D., and Heilbrunn, G. (1940) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 43, 463.Google Scholar
Loman, J. (1940) Trans. Am. Neurol. Ass., 83.Google Scholar
Idem (1941) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 45, 282.Google Scholar
MacKeith, S. A., and Meyer, A. (1939) J. Ment. Sci., 85, 96.Google Scholar
McKendree, O. J. (1938) Psychiat. Quart., 12, 448.Google Scholar
Marshall, C., McCulloch, W. S., and Nims, L. F. (1939) Am. J. Physiol., 125, 689.Google Scholar
Massazza, A. (1938) Riv. Patol. Nerv. Ment., 51, 408.Google Scholar
Milch, E. C., and Bolles, M. M. (1938) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 88, 817.Google Scholar
Molony, C. B., and Honan, M. S. (1937) J. Ment. Sci., 83, 630.Google Scholar
Morrow, J. K. (1938) Delaware St. Med. J., 10, 33, 86.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M. (1939) Psychiat. Quart., 13, 361.Google Scholar
Olmsted, J. M. D., and Taylor, A. C. (1924) Am. J. Physiol., 69, 142.Google Scholar
O'Neill, F. J. (1938) Psychiat. Quart., 12, 461.Google Scholar
Palisa, C. (1938) Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr., 108, 633.Google Scholar
Parker, C. S. (1940) J. Ment. Sci., 86, 645.Google Scholar
Plattner, P. (1938) Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 162, 728.Google Scholar
Polatin, P., and Spotnitz, H. (1942) Am. J. Psychiat., 99, 394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idem and Spotnitz, H. (1943) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 97, 567.Google Scholar
Idem , Strauss, H., and Altman, L. L. (1940) Psychiat. Quart., 14, 450, and (1940) Neurol. Psychiat. and Endocrinol., Yr. Bk., 388.Google Scholar
Proctor, L. D., and Easton, N. L. (1942) Am. J. Psychiat., 99, 203.Google Scholar
Read, U. F., Heilbrunn, G., and Liebert, E. (1939) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 90, No. 6.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, R., and di Lascio, A. (1939) Neurolbiologia, 2, 47.Google Scholar
Rivers, T. D. (1941) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 44, 910.Google Scholar
Idem and Rome, H. P. (1944) ibid., 51, 550.Google Scholar
Robinson, G. W., and Robinson, G. W. Jr. (1940) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 91, 625.Google Scholar
Roizin, L. (1939) Riv. Patol. Nerv. Ment., 53, 491.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, E. F. (1939) J. Lab. and Clin. Med., 24, 809.Google Scholar
Rossman, I. M., and Cline, W. B. Jr. (1937–38) Am. J. Psychiat., 94, 1323.Google Scholar
Ruslander, D. (1937–38) ibid., 94, 1344.Google Scholar
Sakel, M. (1935a) Neue Behandlungmethode der Schizophrenie (Vienna).Google Scholar
Idem (1935b) The Pharmacological Shock Treatment of Schizophrenia. New York.Google Scholar
Idem (1938) ibid. Revised Eng. trans. New York.Google Scholar
Salm, H. (1937) Münch. med. Wschr., 84, 1046.Google Scholar
Sandison, R. A., and McGregor, J. S. (1942) J. Ment. Sci., 88, 387.Google Scholar
Schatner, M., and O'Neill, F. J. (1938) Psychiat. Quart., 12, 11.Google Scholar
Schereschewsky, N. A., Mogilnitsky, B. M., and Gorjaewa, A. W. (1929) Endokrinologie, 5, 204.Google Scholar
Schmid, H. (1936) Ann. Med.-Psychol., 94 (pt. 2), 658.Google Scholar
Schou, H. I. (1942) Acta Psychiat. Neurol. Kbh., 17, 277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyley, H., and Dosne, C. (1939) Proc. Soc. Biol. Med., 42, 580.Google Scholar
Scherb, R. F., and Stone, C. W. (1938) Ohio State Med. J., 34, 1120.Google Scholar
Sherman, I. C., Mergener, J. C., and Low, A. A. (1941) Am. J. Psychiat., 98, 77.Google Scholar
Sherril, J. W., and McKay, E. M. (1937) Proc. Soc. Biol. Med., 36, 515.Google Scholar
Skaug, O. E., and Hellem, A. J. (1939) Nord. Med., 3, 2785.Google Scholar
Somerfeld-Ziskind, E., Ziskind, E., Dalton, L., and Buck, V. (1942) Am. J. Med. Sci., 203, 110.Google Scholar
Spencer, A. M. (1947) J. Ment. Sci., 93, 483.Google Scholar
Spiegel, E. A., and Spiegel-Adolph, M. (1939) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 42, 834.Google Scholar
Stief, A., and Tokay, L. (1932) Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 139, 434.Google Scholar
Idem and Tokay, (1935) ibid., 153, 561.Google Scholar
Strecker, H. P. (1938) J. Ment. Sci., 84, 146.Google Scholar
Tani, N. (1935) Psychiat. et Neurol. Jap., 39, Heft 2.Google Scholar
Tannenberg, J. (1939) Am. J. Path., 15, 25.Google Scholar
Telatin, L. (1938) Riv. Sper. Freniat., 62, 163.Google Scholar
Terron, C., and Malesani, S. (1939) ibid., 53, 409.Google Scholar
Theato, L. (1939) Psychiat. Neurol. Wschr., 41, 91.Google Scholar
Timmer, A. P. (1938) Ned. Tijdschr. Geneesk., 82, 3088.Google Scholar
Tyler, D. B. (1940) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 45, 117.Google Scholar
Idem , Greeley, O. P., and Drury, D. R. (1939) ibid., 42, 393.Google Scholar
Idem , and Ziskind, E. (1940) ibid., 44, 622.Google Scholar
Vie, M. J., and Opolon, M. (1940) Ann. med.-Psychol., 98 (i), 337.Google Scholar
von Angyl, L. (1937) Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 157, 35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wechsler, Z. (1944) Med. J. Aust., 2, 616.Google Scholar
Weil, A., Liebert, E., and Heilbrunn, G. (1938) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 39, 467.Google Scholar
Wespi, H. (1938) Am. J. Psychiat., 94, (Suppl.) 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, I. G. H. (1937) A Study of Hypoglycacmic Shock Treatment in Schizophrenia. H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Winkelman, N. W., and Moore, M. T. (1940) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 43, 1108.Google Scholar
Wortis, J. (1937) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 85, 565.Google Scholar
Idem , Bowman, K. M., Fazekas, J. F., and Himwich, H. E. (1941) J. Neurophysiol., 4, 243.Google Scholar
Idem , Bowman, K. M., Orenstein, L. L., and Rosenbaum, I. J. (1937) Am. J. Psychiat., 94, 153.Google Scholar
Idem and Goldfarb, W. (1940a) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 44, 382.Google Scholar
Idem and Goldfarb, W. (1940b) Science, 91, 271.Google Scholar
Idem and Goldfarb, W. (1942) N.Y. State J. Med., 42, 1053.Google Scholar
Idem and Lambert, R. H. (1939) Am. J. Psychiat., 96, 335.Google Scholar
Idem , Terris, M., and Korr, I. M. (1942) ibid., 99, 391.Google Scholar
Wortis, S. B. (1935) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 33, 1022.Google Scholar
Idem , Shaskan, D., Impastato, D., and Almansi, R. (1941) Am. J. Psychiat., 98, 354.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1945) Applied Physiology. Eighth edition. London.Google Scholar
Yahn, M., and da Silva, N. T. (1939) Arc. Serv. assist. São Paolo, 4, 183.Google Scholar
Yannet, H. (1939) Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 42, 237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yesinick, L., and Gellhorn, E. (1939–40) Am. J. Physiol., 128, 185.Google Scholar
Young, A. G., Young, R. H., and Roucek, L. (1937) Am. J. Psychiat., 94, 162.Google Scholar
Ziskind, E., and Tyler, D. S. (1940) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 44, 734.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.