Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T13:42:39.618Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Morale and Flying Experience: Results of a Wartime Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2018

Extract

Comparable with the misconceived diagnoses of shell shock (1) and D.A.H. (2) which were current in Army practice in the World War of 1914–18 were the terms Flying Stress (3), Aviators Fatigue (4), Aviator's Neurasthenia and the American Aeroneurosis (5), of aviation medicine. With all, a convenient label covered unjustified assumptions about pathogenesis.

Type
Part I.—Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1949 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

1 Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into Shell Shock (1922). H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
2 Da Costa, J. M. (1871), “On Irritable Heart,” Am. J. Med. Science, n.s., 41, 253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 Flack, M. (1918), “Flying Stress.Med. Res. Council (G.B.) Rep. Air Med. Invest. Com., No. 3, 343.Google Scholar
4 Dill, D. B., and Ivy, A. C. (1941), Nat. Res. Council U.S.A. Div. of Med. Sciences, Committee on Aviation Med., Rep. 29.Google Scholar
5 Armstrong, H. G. (1936), “A Special Form of Functional Neuroses appearing in Airplane Pilots,” J.A.M.A., 106, 1347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6 Symonds, Charles P. Sir (1942), “Use and Abuse of the term ‘Flying Stress.’F.P.R.C. Reports, 412. Published in Air Publication 3139, January. H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
7 Stafford-Clark, D., and Marris, C. W. (1941), Report to F.P.R.C.Google Scholar
8 Symonds, Charles P. Sir (1943), “Human Response to Flying Stress” (based on Croonian Lecture and Dunham Lecture). Brit. Med. J., 2, 703706, 740–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9 Armstrong, H. G. (1939), Principles and Practice of Aviation Medicine. W. Wilkins and Co., Baltimore, 496.Google Scholar
10 Symonds, Charles P. Sir, and Williams, D. J. (1947), F.P.R.C. 412 (9) included in Air Publication 3139. H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
11 Moran, Lord (1945), The Anatomy of Courage. London: Constable, p. 37.Google Scholar
12 Symonds, Charles P. Sir, Personal Communication.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Adams, J. C. (Cpt. M.C., U.S.N.) (1941), “Aviation Medicine and New Stresses in Flying,” J. Tennessee State Med. Assoc., 34, No. 11, November.Google Scholar
Adams, J. C. (1943), “Comments on Aviation Medicine for the Navy for 1942,” J. Aviation Med., 14, No. 2, April.Google Scholar
Adams, J. C. (1941), “Psychiatry in Aviation,” U.S. Naval Med. Bull., 39, No. 4, October.Google Scholar
Air Ministry (1940), Manual for Medical and Dental Officers, R.A.F. H.M. Stationery Office, vii, pp. 408.Google Scholar
Anderson, H. G. (1919), Medical and Surgical Aspects of Aviation. Google Scholar
Anderson, H. G. (1918), “The Medical Aspects of Aeroplane Accidents.Brit. Med. J., 1, 7376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, H. G., Textbook of Aviation Medicine, 2nd edition, London. Chapters I, II, III, IX, X, XII, XIV, XV, XXV.Google Scholar
Armstrong, H. G., (1936), “Special Form of Functional Psychoneuroses Appearing in Airplane Pilots,” J. Am. Med. Assoc., 106, 13471354, April 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, W. A. (1943), “Statistical Analysis of Traumatic War Neuroses in Merchant Seamen,” Am. J. Psychiat., 100, No. 1, July.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigelow, R. B. (1942), “Psychiatric Problems in Military Aviation,” War Medicine, 2, 34.Google Scholar
Birley, J. L. (1918), “Temperament and Service Flying,” Med. Res. Com. (G.B.) Rep. Air Med. Invest. Com., No. 4, 347.Google Scholar
Birley, J. L. (1920), Med. Res. Council Spec. Report. Series No. 53, 104202.Google Scholar
Birley, J. L. (1920), Goulstonian Lectures: “The Principles of Medical Science as Applied to Military Aviation.” Lancet, 1, 1147–51.Google Scholar
Blair, Donald (1943), “Group Psychotherapy for War Neuroses,” Lancet, 13 February.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckle, D. F. (1943), “The Prevention of Psychiatric Disorders in Flying Personnel,” Med. J. Australia, 2, No. 7, 14 August.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, H. L., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 25. United Services Section.Google Scholar
Conn, J. H. (1938), “Psychiatric Study of Car Sickness in Children,” Am. J. Orthopsychiat., 8, 130141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, E. L., and Sinclair, A. J. M. (1942), “War Neuroses in Tobruk,” Med. J. Australia, 1, 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craigie, H. B. (1942), “Importance of Immediate Treatment in Early Cases of Reactive Anxiety,” Brit. Med. J., 2, 675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowhurst Archer, B. (1939); “The Emotional Factor in Service Aviation,” J. Roy. Nav. Med. Serv., 25, No. 2.Google Scholar
Curran, D., and Mallison, W. P. (1941), “Depressive States in War,” Brit. Med. J., 1, 305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curran, D., and Mallison, W. P. (1940), “War-time Psychiatry and Economy in Man-Power,” Lancet, 2, 738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curran, D., and Guttman, E. (1943), Psychological Medicine, with an Appendix on War-time Psychiatry. E. & S. Livingstone.Google Scholar
Cutler, E. C. (1941), “What Physicians Expect from Psychiatry,” War Medicine, 1, 352.Google Scholar
Da Costa, J. M. (1871), “On Irritable Heart,” Am. J. Med. Sci., n.s. 41, 253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, W. S. (1941). “The Prevention of War Neuroses,” Med. J. Australia, 2, 375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, F. (1940), Treatment of Neuroses in the Field. “The Neuroses in War.” Ed. Emman. Miller. Macmillan & Co.Google Scholar
Dunn, W. H. (1941), “War Neuroses,” Psych. Bull., 38, No. 6, June.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebaugh, F. G. (1941), “Role of Psychiatry in National Defence,” J. Am. Med. Assoc., 117, 260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1943), “The War Neuroses, Their Nature and Significance,” Brit. Med. J., 1, 183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flack, M. (1918), “Flying Stress.Med. Res. Coram. (G.B.) Rep. Air Med. Invest. Comm., No. 3, 343.Google Scholar
Flack, M. (1920), “Tests for Flying Efficiency and Flying Strain.” M.R.C. Spec. Rep. Series No. 53, 93140.Google Scholar
Flack, M. (1920–21), “Medical Requirements for Air Navigation,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 14 (3), War Sect., 1–16. Lancet (1920), 2, 838–42.Google Scholar
Garmany, G. (1944), “Reactive Anxiety and its Treatment,” Lancet, 1, 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, R. D. (1942), Psychological Effect of War on Citizen and Soldier. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, R. D. (1945), “War Neuroses after Psychological Trauma,” Brit. Med. J., 12 May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Kurt (1943), “On So-called War Neuroses,” Psychosom. Med., 5, No. 4, October.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grace, R., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 25 (United Services Sect.).Google Scholar
Grinker, R. R., and Spiegel, J. P., War Neuroses in North Africa: The Tunisian Campaign. Google Scholar
Grinker, R. R., and Spiegel, J. P., (1944), “Narcosynthesis: a Psychotherapeutic Method for Acute War Neuroses,” Air Surg. Bull., 1 (2), 15.Google Scholar
Grinker, R. R., and Spiegel, J. P., (1944), “Brief Psychotherapy in War Neuroses,” Psychosom. Med., 6, No. 2, April.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grow, M. C. (1936), “A Study of Fatigue,” Mil. Surg. 78, 103–19, February.Google Scholar
Helgesson, U. H. (1942), “The Scope of Psychiatry in Military Medicine with Special Reference to the Navy,” U.S. Nav. Med. Bull., 40, 1.Google Scholar
Hogan, B. W. (1943), “Psychiatric Observations on board Aircraft Carrier U.S.S. Wasp,” Am. J. Psych., 100, 1, July.Google Scholar
James, J. W. B., Psychiatric Casualties in the Middle East. W.O. Publication.Google Scholar
Jensen, W. S. (1936), “The Psychological Care of the Pilot,” J. Aviation Med., 7, 70.Google Scholar
Kardiner, A. (1941), “The Traumatic Neuroses of War,” N.Y. Psychosom. Med. and Koeber Washing. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellum, W. E. (1943), “Recent Developments in the Selection of Candidates for Aviation Training,” Am. J. Psychiat., 100, No. 1, July.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, R. P. (1943), “Review of Value of Early Treatment,” Bull. of Menninger Clinic, 7, No. 4, July.Google Scholar
Leighton, A. H. (1943), “A Working Concept of Morale for Flight Surgeons,” Mil. Surg., 92, No. 6, June.Google Scholar
Lewis, Aubrey (1942), “Incidence of Neurosis in England under War Conditions,” Lancet, 15 August.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Thomas Sir (1940), The Soldier's Heart and the Effort Syndrome. London: Shaw & Sons.Google Scholar
Love, H. R. (1942), “Neurotic Casualties in the Field,” Med. J. Australia, 137, 22 August.Google Scholar
Maskin, M. A. (1941), “Psychodynamic Aspects of the War Neuroses: A Survey of the Literature,” Psychiatry, 4, No. 1, February.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maskin, M. A., and Altman, L. L. (1943), “Military Psychodynamics: Psychological Factors in Transition from Civilian to Soldier,” Psychiatry, 6, No. 3, August.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCurdy, J. T. (1918), War Neuroses. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarland, R. A. (1941), “Fatigue in Aircraft Pilots,” The New England J. of Med., 225, No. 22, November.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mira, E. (1939), “Psychiatric Experiences during the Spanish War,” Brit. Med. J., 1, 12171220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, J. M. (1944), “Psychiatric Aspects of Aviation Medicine,” Psychiatry, 7, No. 1, February.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, J. M. (1943), “Psychiatry in Army Air Forces,” Am. J. Psychiat., 100, No. 1, July.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, J. M. (1944), “Some Special Aspects of Psychotherapy in the Army Air Forces,” Psychosom. Med., 6, No. 2, April.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, Lord (1945), The Anatomy of Courage. London: Constable.Google Scholar
Porter, H. B., Fatigue Factors in Special Reaction to Flying. Google Scholar
Porter, W. C. (1942), “Military Psychiatry and Selective Service,” War Med., 1, 364.Google Scholar
Porter, W. C. (1943), “What has Psychiatry Learned during the Present War?,” Am. J. Psychiat., 99, No. 6, May.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raines, G. N., and Kolb, L. C. (1943), “Combat Fatigue and War Neurosis,” U.S. Naval Med. Bull., No. 41, 9231299, July.Google Scholar
Rees, J. R. (1943), “Three Years Military Psychiatry in the United Kingdom,” Brit. Med. J., 1, 1. 2 January.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinartz, E. G. (1932), “Some Neuropsychiatric Problems of the Flight Surgeon,” J. Am. Aviation Med., 3, 137.Google Scholar
Reinartz, E. G. (1943) “Some Mental Aspects of Aviation Medicine,” J. Aviation Med., 14, No. 2, April.Google Scholar
Rivers, W. H., and Rippon, T. S. (1920), “Mental Aptitude for Aviation.M.R.C. Spec. Rep., Series No. 53, 257264.Google Scholar
Rogers-Smith, E. (1943), “Neuroses Resulting from Combat,” Am. J. Psychiat., 100, No. 1, July.Google Scholar
Ross, T. A. (1914), “Anxiety Neuroses of Warin Medical Diseases of War. Editor: Hurst, A. Sir. Publishers: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Ross, T. A. (1937), The Common Neuroses. Second edition. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Sargant, W. W., Debenham, G., Hill, D., and Slater, E. (1941), “Treatment of War Neuroses,” Lancet, 107, 25 January.Google Scholar
Sargant, W. W., and Slater, E. (1940), “Acute War Neuroses,” Lancet, 2, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillman, R. (1943), “Morale,” N. Y. War Med., 3, 25 May.Google Scholar
Snowden, E. N. (1940), “Mass Psychotherapy,” Lancet, 21 December.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford-Clark, D., and Marris, C. W. (1941), Report to F.P.R.C.Google Scholar
Stafford-Clark, D., (1941), Autumn Shadow, p. 54. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stafford-Clark, D., (1943), “Aspects of War Medicine in the R.A.F.,” Brit. Med. J., 1, 139, 30 January.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stafford-Clark, D., (1944), Sound in the Sky. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 2528.Google Scholar
Stephenson, G. V., and Cameron, K. (1943), “Anxiety States in the Navy,” Brit. Med. J., 13 November.Google Scholar
Symonds, C. P. (1943), “Human Response to Flying Stress: Neurosis in Flying Personnel” (based on Dunham Lectures and Croonian Lectures), Brit. Med. J., 2, 703706, 4 December.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symonds, C. P. (1943), “Human Response to Flying Stress; II. The. Foundations of Confidence,” Brit. Med. J., 2, 740744, 11 December.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symonds, C. P. and Williams, D. J., F.P.R.C. Reports and Personnel Communications.Google Scholar
Walsh, M. N. (1941), “The Importance of the Nervous Energy Reserve in Aviation,” Proc. Staff Meetings, Mayo Clinic, 16, No. 5, November.Google Scholar
Walshe, F. M. R., Revision of Chapter on Sea Sickness by J. Collier, in Price's Text-book of the Practice of Medicine. 6th edition. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
War Office Committee (1922), War Office Committee on Shell-Shock: Report. H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.