Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T05:00:09.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evaluation of a Common Method of Convulsion Therapy in Bantu Schizophrenics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2018

J. S. Du T. De Wet
J. S. Du T. De Wet*
Affiliation:
Sterkfontein Hospital, South Africa
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

There seems little reason to believe that schizophrenia in the Bantu differs materially from the disease in other races, and no one thus far has produced conclusive evidence of fundamental differences between the symptoms of African and European schizophrenics. Nevertheless, certain diseases common in Europeans, are rare in Africans, others tend a different course, and the latter condition may perhaps apply to a somewhat variable disease like schizophrenia, especially considering the existence of certain factors which will be discussed.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Journal of Mental Science , Volume 103 , Issue 433 , October 1957 , pp. 739 - 757
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1957 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Cox, A., Proc. Tvl. Mine Med. Off. Assn., 1945, 29, 316, 82.Google Scholar
2 Lamont, A., and Blignault, W., S.A. med. Jour., 1953, 27, 31.Google Scholar
3 Carothers, J. C., J. Ment. Sci., 1947, 93, 392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 Idem , ibid., 1951, 97, 406.Google Scholar
5 Moffson, A., S.A. med. Jour., 1954, 28, 32.Google Scholar
6 Davidson, L. S. P., Lancet, 1954, i, 614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 Arens, L., and Brock, J. F., S.A. Jour. Clin. Sci., 1954, 5, 1.Google Scholar
8 Mayer-Gross, W., Slater, E., and Roth, M., Clinical Psychiatry, 1954. London: Cassell & Co., p. 261.Google Scholar
9 Gillies, I., Rec. Progr. in Psychiat., 2, 370. Ed. by Fleming, G. W. T. H. Google Scholar
10 Annual Report, Commissioner for Mental Hygiene, Union S.A., 1951.Google Scholar
11 Vint, F. W., E.A. med. Jour., 1932, 9, 30.Google Scholar
12 Weyers, S. S., et al., S.A. med. Jour., 1957, 31, 9.Google Scholar
13 Mears, A. R., S.A. med. Jour., 1942, 16, 385.Google Scholar
14 Gelfand, M., The Sick African, 1947. Cape Town: Stewart Printing Co.Google Scholar
15 Squires, B. T., S.A. med. Jour., 1941, 15, 449.Google Scholar
16 de Wet, J. S. du T., S.A. Jour. Clin. Sci., 1954, 5, 2, 97.Google Scholar
de Wet, J. S. du T. Idem, Clin. Proc., 1946, 5, 46.Google Scholar
17 Oliver, R. A. C., E.A. med. Jour., 1932, 9, 160.Google Scholar
18 Biesheuvel, S., African Intelligence, 1943.Google Scholar
19 Marais, B. J., Colour, the Unsolved Problem of the West, 1952. Howard Timmins.Google Scholar
20 Mayer-Gross, W., Slater, E., and Roth, M., Clinical Psychiatry, 1954. London: Cassell & Co., p. 228.Google Scholar
21 Shelley, H. M., and Watson, W. H., J. Ment. Sci., 1936, 82, November.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Gordon, H. L., E. Afr. med. Jour., 1935, 12, 327.Google Scholar
23 Slater, E., J. Ment. Sci., 1953, 99, 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24 Gillies, H., Rec. Progr. in Psychiat., 1950, 2, 351. Quoting Malamud and Malamud.Google Scholar
25 Rees, L., J. Ment. Sci., 1949, 95, 625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26 Mayer-Gross, W., et al., J. Ment. Sci., 1951, 97, 133.Google Scholar
27 Rees, L., Rec. Progr. in Psychiat., 1950, 2, 653.Google Scholar
28 Idem , J. Ment. Sci., 1951, 97, 407.Google Scholar
29 Shepley, W. H., and McGregor, J. G., Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1939, 33, 267.Google Scholar
30 Gold, L., and Chiarello, C. J., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1944, 100, 577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31 Alexander, G. H., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1945, 102, 221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32 Zubin, J., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1953, 117, 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33 Gillies, I., Rec. Progr. in Psychiat., 1950, 2, 369, 371. Ed. by Fleming, G. W. T. H. Google Scholar
34 Cook, L. C., Rec. Progr. in Psychiat., 1944, 1, 436, 451-457. Ed. by Fleming, G. W. T. H. Google Scholar
35 Muller, M., Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr., 1939, 11, 417. Quoted by Cook, L. C., loc. cit., 34.Google Scholar
36 Mayer-Gross, W., J. Ment. Sci., 1947, 93, 26.Google Scholar
37 Hill, A. B., Principles of Medical Statistics, 1949. London: The Lancet Ltd.Google Scholar
38 Bourne, H., Lancet, 1953, ii, 19.Google Scholar
39 Hill, H., Histamine and Insulin in Schizophrenia, 1940. Baillière, Tindall & Cox, p. 9.Google Scholar
40 von Meduna, L., “Experimental Camphor Epilepsy,” Arch. f. Psychiat., 1934, 102, 333–339. Quoted by Jessner, and Ryan, , Shock Treatment in Psychiatry. Google Scholar
41 Golla, F., Grey, Walter W., and Fleming, G. W. T. H., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1940, 33, 31.Google Scholar
42 Penrose, L. S., “Further report on Shock Treated Cases in Ontario Hospitals”, 1938-41.Google Scholar
Ontario Department of Mental Health (1943), Rec. Progr. in Psychiat., 1950, 2. Quoted by Rees, L. Google Scholar
43 Wilson, I. G. H., A Study of Hypoglycaemic Shock Treatment in Schizophrenia, 1937. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
44 Sakel, M., Neue Behandelingsmethode der Schizophrenie, 1935. Wien.Google Scholar
45 History of Fort Beaufort, presented to F.B. Public Library by Rev. Hopkins.Google Scholar
46 Annual Report, 1952. Phys. Supt. Tower Hospital, F.B. Google Scholar
47 Annual Report, 1942. Phys. Supt. Tower Hospital, F.B. Google Scholar
48 Beaufort, Fort Advocate. 31 December, 1892.Google Scholar
49 Cushny, A. R., Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1928. J. & A. Churchill, pp. 59–70, 300-301.Google Scholar
50 Kennedy, A., “Critical review: the treatment of Mental Disorders by induced convulsions,” J. Neurol. and Psychiat., 1940, 3, 49–82. Quoted by Jessner, and Ryan, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51 Sargant, W., and Slater, E., Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry, 1946. Livingstone, pp. 52–53, 64.Google Scholar
52 Muller, G., “Anfälle bei Schizophrenen Erkrankungen”, Allg. Ztschr. f. Psychiat., 1930, 93, 235–240. Quoted by Jessner, and Ryan, .Google Scholar
53 Annual Report, 1945. Phys. Supts. Tower Hospital, F.B. Google Scholar
54 Henderson, D. K., and Gillespie, R. D., Textbook of Psychiatry, 1946. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
55 von Meduna, L., “Die Konvulsionstherapie der Schizophrenie,” 1937. Halle. Quoted by Jessner and Ryan, Shock Treatment in Psychiatry. Heinemann.Google Scholar
56 Steiner, and Strauss, A., “Die Korperlichen Erscheinungen.” In Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten V. IX., 1932. Berlin, p. 264. Quoted by Jessner and Ryan.Google Scholar
57 Palmer, H., Modern Trends in Psychological Medicine, 1948, p. 251. Butterworth.Google Scholar
58 Dax, E. C., Modern Practice in Psychological Medicine, 1949. Ed. Rees, J. R. Butterworth, p. 366.Google Scholar
59 von Meduna, L., “Convulsion Therapy,” J. Amer. med. Ass., 1939, 122.Google Scholar
60 Cerletti, V., and Bini, L., Boll. Accad. Med. Roma., 1938, 64, 36.Google Scholar
61 Jessner, L., and Ryan, V. G., Shock Treatment in Psychiatry, 1943. Heinemann.Google Scholar
62 Neustatter, W. L., The Early Treatment of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 1940. Churchill, p. 137.Google Scholar
63 Fleming, G. W. T. H., Golla, F. L., and Walter, W. G., Lancet, 1939, ii, 1353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64 Shepley, W. H., and McGregor, J., Brit. med. J., 1939, ii, 1269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65 Kalinowsky, L. B. J., Lancet, 1939, ii, 1332.Google Scholar
66 Golla, F., Walter, W. G., and Fleming, G. W. T. H., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1940, 22, 261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67 Sogliani, G., Rass Studi. Psychiat., 1939, 28, 4. Quoted by Kalinowsky, , loc. cit., 65.Google Scholar
68 Cerletti, V., and Bini, L., Arch. di Neurol. Psychiat. Psicoanal., 1938, 19, 266–268.Google Scholar
Quoted by Jessner, and Ryan, , Shock Treatment in Psychiatry. Heinemann.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69 Spiegel, E. A., J. Lab. and Clin. Med., 1937, 22, 1274–1276.Google Scholar
70 Bennett, A. E., Amer. J. Psychiat., 1941, 97, 1040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71 Lancet, 1950, i, 1043.Google Scholar
72 Monro, A. B., et al., J. Ment. Sci., 1953, 99, 415.Google Scholar
73 Strauss, E. B., and MacPhail, A., Brit. med. J., 1940, ii, 779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74 Hemphill, R. E., and Grey Walter, W., J. Ment. Sci., 1941, 87, 256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75 Tredgold, R. F., Brit. med. J., 1941, ii, 109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76 Caplan, G., J. Ment. Sci., 1945, 91, 200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77 Grinker, R., and McLean, , Psychosom. Med., 1940, 2, No. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78 Idem, and Levy, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1943, 97, 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79 Bennett, , Amer. J. Med. Sci., 1938 and 1939. Quoted by Grinker and McLean, Ref. 30 above. Google Scholar
80 Kalinowsky, L. B., et al., Arch. Neur. Psychiat., 1944, 52, 498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81 Wilcox, P. H., Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 1948. New York: Grune & Stratton.Google Scholar
82 Hamilton, D. M., Amer. J. Psychiat., 1947, 103, 665–668. Quoted by Wilcox, , loc. cit., 81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83 Kaufman, M. R., et al., “Shock Therapy. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry.” Report No. 1, 15 September, 1947.Google Scholar
84 Milligan, W. R., Lancet, 1946, ii, 516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85 Prestwich, J. C., Lancet, 1946, ii, 695.Google Scholar
86 Tietz, E. B., et al., Amer. J. Psychiat., 1945, 101, 821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87 Idem , J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1946, 103, 144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88 Idem , J. Ment. Sci., 1946, 93, 627.Google Scholar
89 Blignault, A. P., S.A. med. Jour., 1954, 28, 20.Google Scholar
90 Annual Report, 1945. Phys. Supt. Tower Hospital, F.B. Google Scholar
91 Personal communication by Mr. Naude, Location Superintendent, Port Alfred, C.P. Google Scholar
92“Primitive Levels in Schizophrenia,” Lancet, 1953, ii, 1301, annot.Google Scholar
93 Potter, H. W., “Schizophrenia in children,” Amer. J. Psychiat., May, 1933, 1253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94 Gordon, L. H., “The International Improvement of Backward Tribes,” S.A. med. Jour., 1934, 11, 143.Google Scholar
95 Appel, K. E., et al., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1953, 117, 95. Quoted by Hoch, P. N. and Lewis, N. D., Amer. J. Psych., 1954, 110, 7.Google Scholar
96 Sargant, W., J. Ment. Sci., 1951, 97, 406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97 Dax, E. C., J. Ment. Sci., 1951, 97, 406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98 Finiefs, L. A., J. Ment. Sci., 1948, 94, 396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99 Wyllie, A. M., Lancet, 1941, ii, 71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100 Gutman, S. W., and Parfitt, D. N., Brit. med. J., 1938, ii, 16.Google Scholar
101 Palmer, H., Modern Trends in Psychological Medicine, 1948, Butterworth, p. 254.Google Scholar
102 Russel, and Page, , Lancet, 1948. April.Google Scholar
103 Sargant, W., and Slater, E., Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry, 1946. Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
104 James, G. W. B., Freudenberg, R., and Cannon, A. T., Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1938, 31, 567.Google Scholar
105 Dhunjibhoy, J. E., Lancet, 1938, i, 370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
106 Hemphill, R. E., and Grey Walter, W., J. Ment. Sci., 1941, 87, 256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107 Katzenelbogen, S., et al., Arch. Nerv. and Psychiat., 1944, 52, 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108 Wyllie, A. M., J. Ment. Sci., 1940, 86, 248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109 Fox, F. E., Brit. med. J., 1940, i, 807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110 Cook, L. C., Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1938, 31, 567.Google Scholar
111 Zubin, J., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1953, 117, 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112 Russel, R. J., and Page, , Lancet, 1953, ii, 23.Google Scholar
113 Lancet, 1953, i 22.—Correspondence, Sargant, W. Mayer-Gross and Rees, L. Google Scholar
114 Coleman, J. C., Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, 1950. New York: Scott, Foresman & Co., p. 266. Quoted by Moffson, A., loc. cit., 5, p. 665.Google Scholar
115 Rees, L., and King, G. M., J. Ment. Sci., 1951, 97, 407.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.