Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T14:49:23.044Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Review on Application of Dynamic Parameters of Journal Bearing for Vibration and Condition Monitoring

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2015

T. Narendiranath Babu ,
T. Manvel Raj  and
T. Lakshmanan
T. Narendiranath Babu*
Affiliation:
Mechanical Engineering Department, Anna University, Chennai, India
T. Manvel Raj
Affiliation:
Sri Krishna Engineering College, Chennai, India
T. Lakshmanan
Affiliation:
Mechanical Engineering Department, R.M.K. Engineering College, Chennai, India
*
* Corresponding author ([email protected])
Get access

Abstract

The journal bearings are used to support high-speed rotors in turbo machinery which often operate above the rotor first bending critical speed. This bearing provide both lateral support and dynamic coefficients: Stiffness, damping, and mass terms, related to machine vibrations. The various methods of identifying journal bearing dynamic characteristics, from measured data, obtained from different measurement systems, are reviewed. The various approaches to the bearing identification problem are discussed. The various data processing methods in the time and frequency domains are presented. Also, vibration and condition monitoring techniques are presented. In this review, the relative strengths and weaknesses of bearing are presented and developments and trends in improving bearing measurements are documented. Future trends of journal bearing are discussed.

Keywords

Journal bearingDynamic characteristicsVibration and condition monitoring
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Mechanics , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , August 2015 , pp. 391 - 416
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, R.O.C. 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.He, M., “Thermoelastohdrodynamic Analysis of Fluid Film Journal bearing,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia U.S. (2003).Google Scholar
2.Childs, D. and Hale, K., “A Test Apparatus and Facility to Identify the Rotor dynamic Coefficients of High-Speed Hydrostatic Bearings,” Journal of Tribology, 116, pp. 337–344 (1994).Google Scholar
3.Kostrzewsky, G. J. and Flack, R. D., “Accuracy Evaluation of Experimentally Derived Dynamic Coefficients of Fluid Film Bearings, Part I. Development of Method,” Tribology Transactions, 33, pp. 105–114 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Allaire, P. E. and Flack, R. D., “Journal Bearing Design for High-Speed Turbomachinery,” Proceedings of International Conference on Bearing Design, Historical Aspects, Present Technology, and Future Problems (1980).Google Scholar
5.Cloud, C. H., “Stability of Rotors Supported by Tilting Pad Journal Bearings,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, U.S. (2007).Google Scholar
6.Ewins, D., Nordmann, R. and Schweitzer, G., Magnetic Bearings: Theory, Design and Applications to rotating Machinery, First Edition, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 1–17 (2009).Google Scholar
7.Burrows, C. R. and Sahinkaya, M. N., “Frequency-Domain Estimation of Linearized Oil-Film Coefficients,” Journal of Lubrication Technology, 104, pp. 210–215 (1982).Google Scholar
8.Tiwari, R., Lees, A. W. and Friswell, M. I., “Identification of Speed-Dependent Bearing Parameters,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 254, pp. 967–986 (2002).Google Scholar
9.Ahmadi, H. and Moosavian, A., “Fault Diagnosis of Journal Bearing of Generator using Power Spectral Density and Fault Probability Distribution Function,” Proceedings of the International Conference of Innovative and Computing Technology, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin (2011).Google Scholar
10.Williams, R. V., Acoustic Emission, 1st Edition, Hilger, Bristol, p. 118 (1980).Google Scholar
11.Yoon, D. J., Kwon, O. Y., Chung, M. H. and Kim, K. W., “Early Detection of Damages in Journal Bearings by Acoustic Emission Monitoring,” Proceedings of International Acoustic Emission Symposium, Japan (1995).Google Scholar
12.Miettinen, J. and Siekkinen, V., “Acoustic Emission in Monitoring Sliding Contact Behaviour,” Wear, 181, pp. 897–900 (1995).Google Scholar
13.Stodola, A., May. “Critical Shaft Perturbations as a Result of the Elasticity of the Oil Cushion in the Bearings,” Schweizerischei Bauzei- tung, 85, pp. 21–25 (1922).Google Scholar
14.Hummel, C., “Kristische Drehzahlen als Folge der Nachgiebigkeit des Schmiermittels im Lager,” VDI-Forschungsheft, 287, pp. 85–90 (1926).Google Scholar
15.Newkirk, B. L., “Shaft Whipping,” General Electric Review, p. 169 (1924).Google Scholar
16.Newkirk, B. L. and Taylor, H. D., “Shaft Whipping due to Oil Action in Journal Bearing,” General Electric Review, pp. 559–568 (1925).Google Scholar
17.Ramsden, P., “Review of Published Data and Their Application to the Design of Large Bearings for Steam Turbines,” Proceedings of Conference in Lubrication and Wear: Fundamentals and Application to Design, IMechE (1968).Google Scholar
18.Downson, D. and Taylor, C. M., “The State of Knowledge in the Field of Bearing-Influenced Rotor Dynamics,” Tribology International, 13, pp. 196–198 (1980).Google Scholar
19.Lund, J. W., “Evaluation of Stiffness and Damping Coefficients for Fluid-Film Bearings,” Shock and Vibration Digest, 11, pp. 5–10 (1979).Google Scholar
20.Lund, J. W., “Review of Analytical Methods in Rotor-Bearing Dynamics,” Tribology International, 13, pp. 233–236 (1980).Google Scholar
21.Someya, T., Journal Bearing Data-Book, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1989).Google Scholar
22.Goodwin, M. J., “Experimental Techniques for Bearing Impedance Measurement,” Journal of Engineering for Industry, 113, pp. 335–342 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Swanson, E. E. and Kirk, R. G., “Survey of Experimental Data for Fixed Geometry Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings,” Journal of Tribology, 119, pp. 704–710 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Tiwari, R., Lees, A. W. and Friswell, M. I., “Identification of Dynamic Bearing Parameters: A Review,” Shock and Vibration Digest, 36, pp. 99–124 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Mitchell, J. R., Holmes, R. and Van Ballegooyeni, H., “Experimental Determination of a Bearing Oil-Film Stiffness,” Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 180, pp. 90–96 (1966).Google Scholar
26.Lee, J., Computer Aided Maintenance: Methodologies and Practices, 2nd Edition, Springer, New York (1999).Google Scholar
27.Myllerup, M., Tonnesen, J. and Lund, J. W., “On the Discrepancies Between Experiment and Theory for a Cylindrical Fluid-Film Journal Bearing Considering Steady-State and Dynamic Characteristics,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, UK (1992).Google Scholar
28.Parkins, D. W. and Horner, D., “Tilting Pad Journal Bearings — Measured and Predicted Stiffness Coefficients,” Tribology Transactions, 36, pp. 359–366 (1993).Google Scholar
29.Kanki, H., Ozawa, Y., Takanobu, O. and Kawakami, T., “Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of a Water-Lubricated Pump Bearing,” Bulletin of Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29, pp. 1824–1829 (1986).Google Scholar
30.Igarishi, T. and Hamada, H., “Studies on Vibration and Sound of Defective Rolling Bearing,” Bulletin Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 25, pp. 994–1001 (1980).Google Scholar
31.Brockwell, K. and Dmochowski, W., “Experimental Determination of the Journal Bearing Oil Film Coefficients by the Method of Selective Vibration Orbits,” Proceedings of ASME Conference on Mechanical Vibration and Noise, Montreal (1989).Google Scholar
32.Brockwell, K., Kleinbub, D. and Dmochowski, W., “Measurement and Calculation of the Dynamic Operating Characteristics of the Five Shoe, Tilting Pad Journal Bearing,” Tribology Transactions, 33, pp. 481–492 (1990).Google Scholar
33.Dmochowski, W. and Brockwell, K., “Dynamic Testing of the Tilting Pad Journal Bearing,” Tribology Transactions, 38, pp. 261–268 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Morton, P. G., “Measurement of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Large Sleeve Bearing,” Journal of Lubrication Technology, 93, pp. 143–150 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Diana, G., Borgese, D. and Dufour, A., “Experimental and Analytical Research on a Full Scale Turbine Journal Bearing,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, Cambridge (1980).Google Scholar
36.Parkins, D. W., “Theoretical and Experimental Determination of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing,” Journal of Lubrication Technology, 101, pp. 129–139 (1979).Google Scholar
37.Parkins, D. W., “Measured Characteristics of a Journal Bearing Oil Film,” Journal of Lubrication Technology, 103, pp. 120–125 (1981).Google Scholar
38.Szeri, A. Z., Raimondi, A. A. and Gironduarte, A., “Linear Force Coefficients for Squeeze-Film Dampers,” Journal of Lubrication Technology, 105, pp. 324–326 (1983).Google Scholar
39.Matsumoto, I., Esaki, J., Furukawa, T. and Taniguchi, S., “Oil Film and Vibration Characteristics of Offset-Halves Journal Bearing,” Proceedings of International Conference on Rotor Dynamics, France (1990).Google Scholar
40.Sakakida, H., Asatsu, S. and Tasaki, S., “The Static and Dynamic Characteristics of 23 Inch (584.2mm) Diameter Journal Bearing,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibration in Rotating Machinery, UK (1992).Google Scholar
41.Xu, S., “Experimental Investigation of Hybrid Bearings,” Tribology Transactions, 37, pp. 285–292 (1994).Google Scholar
42.Zhao, S. X., Zhou, H., Meng, G. and Zhu, J., “Experimental Identification of Linear Oil – Film Coefficients Using Least-Mean-Square Method in Time Domain,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 287, pp. 809–825 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Ha, H. C. and Yang, S. H., “Excitation Frequency Effects on the Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of a Five-Pad Tilting Pad Journal Bearing,” Journal of Tribology, 121, pp. 517–522 (1999).Google Scholar
44.Santos, I., “On the Adjusting of the Dynamic Coefficients of Tilting-Pad Journal – Bearings,” Tribology Transactions, 38, pp. 700–706 (1996).Google Scholar
45.Santos, I. F., “Theoretical and Experimental Identification of the Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of Active Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings,” Proceedings of Identification in Engineered Systems, UK pp. 783–792 (1996).Google Scholar
46.Nicoletti, R. and Santos, I. F., “Frequency Response Analysis of an Actively Lubricated Rotor/Tilting-Pad Bearing System,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 127, pp. 638–645 (2005).Google Scholar
47. SKF. Vibration Diagnostic Guide, 1st Edition, SKF Condition Monitoring (2000).Google Scholar
48.Pushkar, , Venkatesh, , Kulkarni, and Chapkhhane, N. K., “Development and Testing of PTFE Based Composite Bearing Material for Turbine Pump,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 1, pp. 1–6 (2012).Google Scholar
49.Gupta, Richa and Chand, Onkar., “Analysing Chebychev Filter for Displaying Radar Target Track,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2, pp. 326–329 (2012).Google Scholar
50.Robinson, J. C., “Detection and Severity Assessment of Faults in Gearboxes from Stress Wave Capture and Analysis,” Proceedings of Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, MFPT Annual Conference (2001).Google Scholar
51.Liu, Xu Zhe, Chuangwen, and Wencui, L., “Frequency Band Energy Analysis of Vibration Signals for Tool Condition Monitoring,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, U.S.A. (2009).Google Scholar
52.Glienicke, J., “Experimental Investigation of the Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of Turbine Bearings and their Application to Instability Prediction,” Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, UK, 181, pp. 116–129 (1967).Google Scholar
53.Hisa, S., Matsuura, T. and Someya, T., “Experiments on the Dynamic Characteristics of Large Scale Journal Bearings,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, UK, pp. 223–230 (1980).Google Scholar
54.Parkins, D. W., “Measurement of Oil Film Journal Bearing Damping Coefficients — An Extension of the Selected Orbit Technique,” Journal of Tribology, 117, pp. 696–701 (1995).Google Scholar
55.Flack, R. D., Kostzrewsky, G. J. and Taylor, D. V., “A Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Rig with Dynamic Measurement Capabilities,” Tribology Transactions, 36, pp. 497–512 (1993).Google Scholar
56.Kline, S. J. and McClinktock, F. A., “Describing Uncertainties in Single-sample Experiments,” Journal of the ASME Mechanical Engineering, 75, pp. 3–8 (1953).Google Scholar
57.Kostrzewsky, G. J., Flack, R. D. and Barrett, L. E., “Comparison Between Measured and Predicted Performance of a Two-Axial-Groove Journal Bearing,” Tribology Transactions, 39, pp. 571–578 (1996).Google Scholar
58.Kostrzewsky, G. J., Taylor, D. V. and Flack, R. D., “Experimental Determinations of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Two-Axial Groove Journal Bearing,” Tribology Transactions, 37, pp. 534–542 (1994).Google Scholar
59.Pettinato, B., Flack, R. D. and Barret, L. E., “Test Results for a Highly Preloaded Three-Lobe Journal Bearing Effect of Load Orientation on Static and Dynamic Characteristics,” Lubrication Engineering, 57, pp. 23–30 (2001).Google Scholar
60.Pettinato, B., Flack, R. D. and Barret, L. E., “Effects of Excitation Frequency and Orbit Magnitude on Dynamic Characteristics of a Highly Preloaded Three-Lobe Journal Bearing,” Tribology Transactions, 44, pp. 575–582 (2001).Google Scholar
61.Taylor, D. V., Kostrzewsky, G. J., Barrett, L. E. and Flack, R. D., “Measured Performance of a Highly Preloaded Three-Lobe Journal Bearing — Part II: Dynamic Characteristics,” Tribology Transactions, 38, pp. 707–713 (1995).Google Scholar
62.Kostrzwesky, G. J., Flack, R. D. and Barrett, L. E., “Theoretical and Experimental Dynamic Characteristics of a Highly Preloaded Three-Lobe Journal Bearing,” Tribology Transactions, 41, pp. 392–398 (1998).Google Scholar
63.Wygant, K. D., Barrett, L. E. and Flack, R. D., “Influence of Pad Pivot Friction on Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Measurements — Part II: Dynamic Coefficients,” Tribology Transactions, 42, pp. 250–256 (1999).Google Scholar
64.Wygant, K. D., Flack, R. D. and Barrett, L. E., “Measured Performance of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings Over a Range of Preloads — Part II: Dynamic Operating Conditions,” Triboology Transactions, 47, pp. 585–593 (2004).Google Scholar
65.Brechting, R., Prior, R. J., Flack, R. D. and Barrett, L. E., “Load Direction Effects on Measured Static and Dynamic Operating Characteristics of Tilting Pad Journal Bearings,” Proceedings of International Conference on Rotor Dynamics, Australia (2002).Google Scholar
66.Flack, R. D., Wygant, K. D. and Barrett, L. E., “Measured Dynamic Performance of a Tilting Pad Journal Bearing Over a Range of Forcing Frequencies,” Proceedings of International Conference on Rotor Dynamics, Austria (2006).Google Scholar
67.Adams, M. L., Sawicki, J. T. and Capaldi, R. J., “Experimental Determination of Hydrostatic Journal Bearing Rotor Dynamic Coefficients,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, UK (1992).Google Scholar
68.Sawicki, J. T., Capaldi, R. J. and Adams, M. L., “Experimental and Theoretical Rotor Dynamic Characteristics of a Hybrid Journal Bearing,” Journal of Tribology, 119, pp. 132–142 (1997).Google Scholar
69.Qiu, Z. L. and Tieu, A. K., “Experimental Study of Freely Alignable Journal Bearings — Part 2: Dynamic Characteristics,” Journal of Tribology, 118, pp. 503–508 (1996).Google Scholar
70.Dmochowski, W., “Dynamic Properties of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Frequency Effects due to Pivot Flexibility,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 129, pp. 865–869 (2007).Google Scholar
71.Moosavian, A., Ahmadi, H. and Tabatabaeefar, A., “Condition Monitoring of Engine Journal Bearing Using Power Spectral Density and Support Vector Machine,” Elixir International Journal, 43, pp. 6631–6635 (2012).Google Scholar
72.Dogan, I. U., Burdess, J. S. and Hewit, J. R., “Identification of Journal Bearing Coefficients using a Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, UK (1980).Google Scholar
73.Rouvas, C., Murphy, B. T. and Hale, R. K., “Bearing Parameter Identification Using Power Spectral Density Methods,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, UK (1992).Google Scholar
74.Rouvas, C. and Childs, D. W., “A Parameter Identification Method for the Rotordynamic Cofficients of a High Reynolds Number Hydrostatic Bearing,” Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 115, pp. 264–270 (1993).Google Scholar
75.Bhuptani, K. M. and Prajapati, J. M., “Friction and Wear Behaviour Analysis of Different Journal Bearing Materials,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 3, pp. 2141–2146 (2013).Google Scholar
76.Labasova, Eva, “Measurement of Changes of the Surface Roughness in Sliding Area,” American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3, pp. 4–10 (2013).Google Scholar
77.Morton, P. G., “Dynamic Characteristics of Bearings: Measurement Under Opening Conditions,” GEC Journal of Science and Technology, 42, pp. 37–47 (1975).Google Scholar
78.Li, C. J. and Li, S. Y., “Acoustic Emission Analysis for Bearing Condition Monitoring,” Department of Mechanical Engineering (2000).Google Scholar
79.Nordmann, R. and Schollhorn, K., “Identification of Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of Journal Bearings by Means of the Impact Method,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, UK, pp. 231–238 (1980).Google Scholar
80.Chang, C. and Zheng, P., “Experimental Determination of the Stiffness and Damping Coefficients of Fluid Film Bearings by Means of Step Forces,” Tribology International, 18, pp. 81–91 (1985).Google Scholar
81.Kang, W. and Jin, D., “The Application of the Model Reference Adaptive System in the Identification of Dynamic Characteristics of Oil-Film Bearings,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, UK (1988).Google Scholar
82.Chan, S. H. and White, M. F., “Experimental Determination of Dynamic Characteristics of a Full Size Gas Turbine Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing by an Impact Test Method,” American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 38, pp. 291–298 (1991).Google Scholar
83.Scruby, C. B., “An Introduction to Acoustic-Emission,” Journal of Physics Scientific Instruments, 20, pp. 947–953 (1987).Google Scholar
84.Wowk, V., Machinery Vibration: Measurement and Analysis, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, pp. 225–236 (1991).Google Scholar
85.Dimond, T. W., Younan, A. A., Allaire, P. E. and Nicholas, J. C., “Modal Frequency Response of a Four-Pad Tilting Pad Bearing with Spherical Pivots, Finite Pivot Stiffness, and Different Pad Preloads,” Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, New York (2010).Google Scholar
86.Dimond, T. W., Younan, A. A. and Allaire, P. E., “Comparison of Tilting — Pad Journal Bearing Dynamic Full Coefficient and Reduced Order Models using Modal Analysis,” Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, 1, New York (2009).Google Scholar
87.Kocur, J. A., “The State of Rotor Dynamics — Today and the Future,” Proceedings of International Conference on Robust Manufacturing, Virginia (2009).Google Scholar
88.Zhang, Y. Y., Xie, Y. B. and Qiu, D. M., “Identification of Linearized Oil-Film Coefficients in a Flexible Rotor-Bearing System, Part I: Model and Simulation,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 152, pp. 531–547 (1992).Google Scholar
89.Zhang, Y. Y., Xie, Y. B. and Qiu, D. M., “Identification of Linearized Oil-Film Coefficients in a Flexible Rotor-Bearing System, Part II: Experiment,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 152, pp. 549–559 (1992).Google Scholar
90.Qiu, Z. L. and Tieu, A. K., “Identification of Sixteen Force Coefficients of Two Journal Bearings from Impulse Responses,” Wear, 212, pp. 206–212 (1997).Google Scholar
91.Narendiranath Babu, T., Manvel Raj, T. and Lakshmanan, T., “Application of Butterworth Filter for Fault Diagnosis on Journal Bearing,” Journal of VibroEngineering, 16, pp. 1602–1617 (2014).Google Scholar
92.Pan, M. C. and Sas, P., “Transient Analysis on Machinery Condition Monitoring,” Proceedings of International Conference on Signal Processing, Belgium (1996).Google Scholar
93.Kuboyama, K., “Development of Low Speed Bearing Diagnosis Technique,” Proccedings of International Conference on Mechanical Failures, Analysis, Detection and Control, Japan (1997).Google Scholar
94.Isermann, R., “Fault Detection and Fault-Diagnosis Methods,” Control Engineering Practice, 5, pp. 639–652 (1997).Google Scholar
95.Kakishima, H., Nagatomo, T., Ikeda, H., Yoshioka, T. and Korenaga, A., “Measurement of Acoustic Emission and Vibration of Rolling Bearings with an Artificial Defect,” Quarterly Report of Railway Technical Research Institute, 41, pp. 127–130 (2000).Google Scholar
96.Haloui, N., Chikouche, D., Benidir, M. and Bekka, R. E., “Diagnosis of Gear Systems by Spectral Analysis of Vibration Signals using Synchrnous Cepstrum Technique,” ESTS International Transactions on Communication and Signal Processing, 8, pp. 27–36 (2006).Google Scholar
97. ASME PTC, Test Uncertainty, Instruments and Apparatus, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, India, p. 19.1 (1999).Google Scholar
98.Tandon, N. and Yadava, G. S., “A Comparison of Some Condition Monitoring Techniques for the Detection of Defect in Induction Motor Ball Bearings,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 21, pp. 244–256 (2007).Google Scholar
99.Mosher, P. and Childs, D. W., “Theory Versus Experiment for the Effects of Pressure Ratio on the Performance of an Orifice-Compensated Hybrid Bearing,” Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 120, pp. 930–936 (1998).Google Scholar
100.Franchek, N. M., Childs, D. W. and San Andres, L., “Theoretical and Experimental Comparisons for Rotor dynamic Coefficients of a High-Speed, High-Pressure, Orifice- Compensated Hybrid Bearing,” Journal of Tribology, 117, pp. 285–290 (1995).Google Scholar
101.Arumugam, P., Swarnamani, S. and Prabhu, B. S., “Experimental Identification of Linearized Oil Film Coefficients of Cylindrical and Tilting Pad Bearings,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 117, pp. 593–599 (1995).Google Scholar
102.Allaire, P. E. and Flack, R. D., “Journal Bearing Design for High-Speed Turbomachinery,” Proceedings of International Conference on Bearing Design, Historical Aspects, Present Technology, and Future Problems, San Francisco (1980).Google Scholar
103.Laurant, F. and Childs, D. W., “Rotor Dynamic Evaluation of a Near-Tangential-Injection Hybrid Bearing,” Journal of Tribology, 121, pp. 886–891 (1999).Google Scholar
104.Laurant, F. and Childs, D. W., “Measurements of Rotor Dynamic Coefficients of Hybrid Bearings with (A) a Plugged Orifice, and (B) a Worn Land Surface,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 124, pp. 363–368 (2002).Google Scholar
105.San Andres, L. and Childs, D., “Angled Injection — Hydrostatic Bearings Analysis and Comparison to Test Results,” Journal of Tribology, 119, pp. 179–187 (1997).Google Scholar
106.Rodriguez, L. E. and Childs, D. W., “Frequency Dependency of Measured and Predicted Rotor dynamic Coefficients for a Load-on-Pad Flexible-Pivot Tilting-Pad Bearing,” Journal of Tribology, 128, pp. 388–395 (2006).Google Scholar
107. Al ghasem, A. M. and Childs, D. W., “Rotor Dynamic Coefficients Measurements Versus Predictions for a High Speed Flexure-Pivot Tilting-Pad Bearing (Load-Between-pad Configuration),” Journal of Engineering Gas Turbines and Power, 128, pp. 896–906 (2006).Google Scholar
108.Reinhardt, E. and Lund, J. W., “The Influence of Fluid Inertia on the Dynamic Properties of Journal Bearings,” Journal of Lubrication Technology, 97, pp. 159–167 (1975).Google Scholar
109.YanabeI, S., Yamashita, S. and Weyh, B., “A Method for Measuring Oil Film Coefficients of Journal Bearings,” Proceedings of International Conference on Rotor Dynamics, France (1990).Google Scholar
110.Tandon, N. and Choudhury, A., “Review of Vibration and Acoustic Measurement Methods for the Detection of Defects in Rolling Element Bearings,” Tribology International, 32, pp. 469–480 (1999).Google Scholar
111.Richter, J. R., “Acoustic Emission Testing: A Composite Manufacturer’s Experience,” American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 57, pp. 492–493 (1999).Google Scholar
112.Tieu, A. K. and Qiu, Z. L., “Identification of Sixteen Dynamic Coefficients of Two Journal Bearings from Experimental Unbalance Responses,” Wear, 177, pp. 63–69 (1994).Google Scholar
113.Lund, J. W. and Thomsen, K. K., “A Calculation Method and Data for the Dynamic Coefficients of Oil-Lubricated Journal Bearings,” Proceedings of ASME Design Engineering Conference on Fluid Film Bearing and Rotor Bearing System Design and Optimization, Chicago (1978).Google Scholar
114.Ugural, A. C., Mechanical Design: An Integrated Approach, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Professional, Hoboken (2003).Google Scholar
115.Girdhar, P. and Scheffer, C., Practical Machinery Vibration Analysis and Predictive Maintenance, 1st Edition, Elsevier, U.K. (2004).Google Scholar
116.Pettinato, B. and Choudary, P., “Test Results for Key and Spherical Pivot Five-Shoe Tilt Pad Journal Bearings-Part II: Dynamic Measurements,” Tribology Transactions, 42, pp. 675–680 (2001).Google Scholar
117.Tikhonov, A. N. and Arsenin, V. Y., Solutions of IllPosed Problems, Winston, V. H. and Sons, Washington, pp. 90–97 (1997).Google Scholar
118.Carter, C. R. and Childs, D., “Measurements Versus Predictions for the Rotordynamic Characteristics of a 5-pad, Rocker-Pivot, Tilting-Pad Bearing in Load Between Pad Configuration,” Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, New York (2008).Google Scholar
119.Carter, C. R. and Childs, D. W., “Measurements versus Predictions for the Rotor dynamic Characteristics of a Five-Pad Rocker-Pivot Tilting-Pad Bearing in Load-between-Pad Configuration,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131, pp. 500–507 (2009).Google Scholar
120.Childs, D. and Harris, J., “Static Performance Characteristics and Rotor dynamic Coefficients for a Four-Pad Ball-in-Socket Tilting Pad Journal Bearing,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131, pp. 500–502 (2009).Google Scholar
121.Delgado, A., Vannini, G., Ertas, B., Drexel, M. and Naldi, L., “Identification and Predic- tion of Force Coefficients in a Five-Pad and Four-Pad Tilting Pad Bearing for Load- on-Pad and Load-Between-Pad Configurations,” Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, New York (2010).Google Scholar
122.Childs, D. W., “Tilting-Pad Bearings: Measured Frequency Characteristics of their Rotor Dynamic Coefficients,” Proceedings of International Conference on Rotor Dynamics, Seoul (2010).Google Scholar
123.Dimond, T. W., Younan, A. A. and Allaire, P., “The Effect of Tilting Pad Journal Bearing Dynamic Models on the Linear Stability Analysis of an 8-stage Compressor,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 134, pp. 1–7 (2012).Google Scholar
124.Dimond, T. W., Younan, A. A. and Allaire, P. E., “Comparison of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Dynamic Full Coefficient and Reduced Order Models Using Modal Analysis,” Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 132, pp. 1–10 (2010).Google Scholar
125.Ha, D., Stolarski, T. and Yoshimoto, S., “An Aerodynamic Bearing with Adjustable Geometry and Self-Lifting Capacity, Part 1: Self-Lift Capacity by Squeeze Film,” Journal of Engineering Tribology, 219, pp. 33–39 (2005).Google Scholar
126.Arumugam, P., Swarnamani, S. and Prabhu, B. S., “An Experimental Investigation on the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Journal Bearings Under the Influence of Twisting Misalignment,” Journal of Tribology, 119, pp. 188–192 (1997).Google Scholar
127.Arumugam, P., Swarnamani, S. and Prabhu, B. S., “Effects of Journal Misalignment on the Performance Characteristics of Three-Lobe Bearings,” Wear, 206, pp. 122–129 (1997).Google Scholar
128.Fayolle, P. and Childs, D. W., “Rotor Dynamic Evaluation of a Roughened-Land Hybrid Bearing,” Journal of Tribology, 121, pp. 133–138 (1999).Google Scholar
129.Reddy, D. S. K., Swarnamani, S. and Prabhu, B. S., “Experimental Investigation on the Performance Characteristics of Tilting Pad Journal Bearings for Small L/D Ratios,” Wear, 292, pp. 33–40 (1997).Google Scholar
130.Knopf, E. and Nordmann, R., “Identification of the Dynamic Characteristics of Turbulent Journal Bearings Using Active Magnetic Bearings,” Proceedings of International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, UK (2000).Google Scholar
131.Constantinescu, V. N., “On Turbulent Lubrication,” Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineering, London (1959).Google Scholar
132.Bellabarba, E., Diaz, S. and Rastelli, V., “A Test Rig for Air Bearings Rotor dynamic Coefficients Measurement,” Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, Reno-Tahoe (2005).Google Scholar
133.De Castro, H. F., Cavalca, K. L. and Nordmann, R., “Whirl and Whip Instabilities in Rotor-Bearing System Considering a Nonlinear Force Model,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 317, pp. 273–293 (2008).Google Scholar
134.Taylor, I. and Scatchard, D., “More Monitoring — Less Downtime,” World Pumps, 507, pp. 36–37 (2008).Google Scholar
135.Dragan, Banjevic, and Jardine Andrew, K. S., Condition Monitoring, Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment, John Wiley & Sons (2008).Google Scholar
136.Zhao, S. and Wallaschek, J., “Experimental Investigations of Ultrasonic Levitation in a Machine Tool Spindle System,” Proceedings of IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, Italy (2009).Google Scholar
137.Linn, F. C. and Prohl, M. A., “The Effect of Flexibility of Support upon the Critical Speeds of High Speed Rotor,” Transactions Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 59, pp. 536–553 (1951).Google Scholar
138.Simmons, J. E. L. and Advani, S. D., “The Development of Tilting Pad Bearings,” Proceedings of Symposium on Tribology (1987).Google Scholar
139.Hagg, A. C., “The Influence of Oil-Film Journal Bearings on the Stability of Rotating Machines,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, 13, pp. 211–220 (1946).Google Scholar
140.Sternlicht, B., “Elastic and Damping Properties of Cylindrical Journal Bearings,” Journal of Basic Engineering, 81, pp. 101–108 (1959).Google Scholar
141.Lund, J. W., “Spring and Damping Coefficients for the Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing,” ASLE Transactions, 7, pp. 342–352 (1964).Google Scholar
142.Myrick, S. T., “Shaft Vibration Monitoring on a Large Industrial Gas Turbine Detects Problems which Seismic Transducer Do Not,” Bently Nevada Orbit Articles, pp. 1–3 (1988).Google Scholar
143.Yu, Y. and Yang, J., “Vibration Diagnosis of Main Journal Bearings for Diesel Engines,” International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration, 1, pp. 265–286 (2005).Google Scholar
144.Short Time Two-Dimension Holographic Spectrum or Vibration Analysis for Mechanical Rotating Shaft, Delphion Integrated View, 115, pp. 6–10 (2009).Google Scholar
145.Amplitude Spectrum Array Waterfall Plot for Shaft Vibration Analysis of Starting-Stopping Process, Delphion Integrated View, 115, pp. 9–10 (2009).Google Scholar
146.Eftekhari, M., Javadi, M. and Farsani, R. E., “Free Vibration Analysis of Cracked Functionally Graded Material Beam,” World Applied Sciences Journal, 12, pp. 1216–1222 (2011).Google Scholar
147.Sukirno, , Fajar, R., Bismo, S. and Nasikin, M., “Bio Grease Based on Palm Oil and Lithium Soap Thickener: Evaluation of Anti Wear Property,” World Applied Sciences Journal, 6, pp. 401–405 (2009).Google Scholar
148.Azadi, M., Azadi, E. and Roopae, M., “Adaptive Inverse Dynamics Control for Vibration Suppression of Flexible Panel with Piezoelectric Layers,” World Applied Sciences Journal, 12, pp. 2344–2350 (2011).Google Scholar
149.Mollazade, K., Ahmadi, H. and Omid, M., “An Intelligent Combined Method Based on Power Spectral Density, Decision Trees and Fuzzy Logic for Hydraulic Pumps Fault Diagnosis,” International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Technologies, 3, pp. 251–263 (2008).Google Scholar
150.Sun, Q. and Tang, Y., “Singularity Analysis Using Continuous Wavelet Transform for Bearing Fault Diagnosis,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 16, pp. 1025–1041 (2002).Google Scholar
151.Nicholas, J. C. and Wygant, K. D., “Tilting Pad Journal Bearing Pivot Design for High Load Applications,” Proceedings of Turbo Machinery Symposium, Texas (1995).Google Scholar
152.Monmousseau, P. and Fillon, M., “Transient Thermoelastohydrodynamic Analysis for Safe Operating Conditions of a Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing During Start-up,” Tribology International, 33, pp. 225–231 (2000).Google Scholar
153.Monmousseau, P., Fillon, M. and Frêne, J., “Transient Thermoelastohydrodynamic Study of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings–Comparison between Experimental Data and Theoretical Results,” Journal of Tribology, 119, pp. 401–407 (1997).Google Scholar
154.Kim, S. S., Yu, H. N., Hwang, I. U., Lee, D. G., Kim, S. N., Suzuki, K. and Sada, H., “The Sliding Friction of Hybrid Composite Journal Bearing Under Various Test Conditions,” Tribology Letters, 1, pp. 211–219 (2009).Google Scholar
155.Raharjo, P., Al-Thobiani, F. Gu. F. and Ball, A., “Early Failure Detection and Diagnostics of High Speed Self-Aligning Journal Bearing,” Proceedings of International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management, Japan (2010).Google Scholar
156.Rajendran, V., Engineering Physics, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, pp. 51–57 (2009).Google Scholar
157.Jack, L. B. and Nandi, A. K., “Fault Detection using Support Vector Machines and Artificial Neural Network Augmented by Genetic Algorithms,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 16, pp. 373–390 (2002).Google Scholar
158.RamachandranK., P. K., P., Fathi, Khalid. and B. K. N., Rao, “Recent Trends in Systems Performance Monitoring & Failure Diagnosis,” Proceedings of IEEE International conference on industrial engineering & engineering management (2010).Google Scholar
159.Saravana, N., Kumar Siddabattuni, V. N. S., and Ramachandran, K. I., “Fault Diagnosis of Spur Bevel Gear Box Using Artificial Neural Network and Proximal Support Vector Machine,” Journal of Applied Soft Computing, 10, pp. 344–360 (2010).Google Scholar
160.Tse, P. W., Yang, W. X. and Tam, H. Y., “Machine Fault Diagnosis Through an Effective Exact Wavelet Analysis,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 277, pp. 1005–1024 (2004).Google Scholar
161.Barron, F., Industrial Noise Control and Acoustic, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 20–32 (2001).Google Scholar
162.Mignano, F., “Envelope Detection,” Proceedings of Annual Meeting (1996).Google Scholar
163.Darpe, A. K., Gupta, K. and Chawla, A., “Experimental Investigations of the Response of a Cracked Rotor to Periodic Axial Excitation,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 260, pp. 265–286 (2003).Google Scholar
164.Darpe, A. K., Gupta, K. and Chawla, A., “Coupled Bending, Longitudinal and Torsional Vibrations of a Cracked Rotor,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 269, pp. 33–60 (2004).Google Scholar
165.Isermann, R., “Model Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis Methods,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference, U.S.A. (1995).Google Scholar
166.Markert, R., Platz, R. and Seidler, M., “Model Based Fault Identification in Rotor Systems by Least Squares Fitting,” International Journal of Rotating Machinery, 7, pp. 311–321 (2001).Google Scholar
167.Pennacchi, P., Bachschmid, N. and Vania, A., “A Model-Based Identification Method of Transverse Cracks in Rotating Shafts Suitable for Industrial Machines,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 20, pp. 2112–2147 (2006).Google Scholar
168.Chui, C. H. K., Wavelets Analysis and its Applications, 1st Edition, Academic Press, Boston pp. 50–57 (1992).Google Scholar
169.Kateris, D., Moshou, D., Pantazi, X.-E., Gravalos, I., Sawalhi, N. and Loutridis, S., “A Machine Learning Approach for the Condition Monitoring of Rotating Machinery,” Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 28, pp. 61–71 (2014).Google Scholar
170.Oh, S.-D., Kim, Y-J. and Lee, T.-H., “Fast Pattern Recognition Inspection System (FPRIS) For Machine Vibration,” Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 28, pp. 437–444 (2014).Google Scholar
171.Wang, C. C., Yao, Y. D., Liang, K. Y., Huang, C. C. and Chang, Y. C., “Development of a Miniature Fan Motor,” Journal of Applied Physics, 111, pp. 1–3 (2012).Google Scholar
172.Liu, C. S., Lin, P. D. and Tsai, M. C., “A Miniature Spindle Motor with Fluid Dynamic Bearings for Portable Storage Device Applications,” Microsystem Technologies, 15, pp. 1001–1007 (2009).Google Scholar
173.Nes, A. S., Braat, J. J. M. and Pereira, S. F., “High-Density Optical Data Storage,” Reports on Progress in Physics, 69, pp. 2323–2363 (2006).Google Scholar
174.Yen, R. H. and Chen, C. Y., “Enhancement of Reversible Rotation Journal Bearing Performance Using Elliptical Grooves,” Journal of Tribology, 133, pp. 1–9 (2011).Google Scholar
175.Kim, H., Jang, G. and Ha, H., “A Generalized Reynolds Equation and its Perturbation Equations for Fluid Dynamic Bearings with Curved Surfaces,” Tribology International, 50, pp. 6–15 (2012).Google Scholar
176.Chao, P. C. P. and Huang, J. S., “Calculating Rotordynamic Coefficients of a Ferrofluid-Lubricated and Herringbone-Grooved Journal Bearing Via Finite Difference Analysis,” Tribology Letters, 19, pp. 99–109 (2005).Google Scholar
177.Taguchi, G., “Quality Engineering (Taguchi methods) for the Development of Electronic Circuit Technology,” IEEE Transactions Reliability, 44, pp. 225–229 (1995).Google Scholar
178.Chen, C. Y., Liu, C. S. and Li, Y. C., “Design and Characterization of Miniature Fluid Dynamic Bearing Using Novel Multi-Step Elliptical Grooves,” Microsystem Technologies, 1007, pp. 1–5 (2013).Google Scholar
179.Goupillaud, P., Grossmann, A. and Morlet, J., “Cycle-octave and Related Transforms in Seismic Signal Analysis,” Geoexploration, 23, pp. 85–102 (1984).Google Scholar
180.Challis, R. E. and Kitney, R. I., “The Design of Butterworth and Chebychev Filters,” Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 5, pp. 91–102 (1983).Google Scholar
181.Lin, J., “Feature Extraction of Machine Sound Using Wavelet and its Application in Fault Diagnosis,” International Journal of Non-Destructive Testing, 34, pp. 25–30 (2001).Google Scholar