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Research opportunities on clusters and cluster-assembled materials—A Department of Energy, Council on Materials Science Panel Report*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

R. P. Andres ,
R. S. Averback ,
W. L. Brown ,
L. E. Brus ,
W. A. Goddard III ,
A. Kaldor ,
S. G. Louie ,
M. Moscovits ,
P. S. Peercy  and
S. J. Riley
...Show all authors
R. P. Andres
Affiliation:
School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
R. S. Averback
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
W. L. Brown
Affiliation:
AT & T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
L. E. Brus
Affiliation:
AT & T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
W. A. Goddard III
Affiliation:
Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
A. Kaldor
Affiliation:
Resource Chemistry Laboratory, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
S. G. Louie
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
M. Moscovits
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A1, Canada
P. S. Peercy
Affiliation:
Compound Semiconductor and Device Research Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
S. J. Riley
Affiliation:
Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
R. W. Siegel
Affiliation:
Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
F. Spaepen
Affiliation:
Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Y. Wang
Affiliation:
Central Research Department, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware 19898
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Abstract

The Panel was charged with assessing the present scientific understanding of the size-dependent physical and chemical properties of clusters, the methods of synthesis of macroscopic amounts of size-selected clusters with desired properties, and most importantly, the possibility of their controlled assembly into new materials with novel properties. The Panel was composed of both academic and industrial scientists from the physics, chemistry, and materials science communities, and met in January 1988.

In materials (insulators, semiconductors, and metals) with strong chemical bonding, there is extensive spatial delocalization of valence electrons, and therefore the bulk physical properties which depend upon these electrons develop only gradually with cluster size. Recent research using supersonic-jet, gas-aggregation, colloidal, and chemical-synthetic methods indeed clearly establishes that intermediate size clusters have novel and hybrid properties, between the molecular and bulk solid-state limits. A scientific understanding of these transitions in properties has only been partially achieved, and the Panel believes that this interdisciplinary area of science is at the very heart of the basic nature of materials. In Sec. V (Future Challenges and Opportunities), a series of basic questions for future research are detailed. Each question has an obvious impact on our potential ability to create new materials.

Present methods for the synthesis of useful amounts of size-selected clusters, with surface chemical properties purposefully controlled and/or modified, are almost nonexistent, and these fundamentally limit our ability to explore the assembly of clusters into potentially novel materials. While elegant spectroscopic and chemisorption studies of size-selected clusters have been carried out using molecular-beam technologies, there are no demonstrated methods for recovery and accumulation of such samples. Within the past year, the first reports of the chemical synthesis of clusters with surfaces chemically modified have been reported for limited classes of materials. Apparatus for the accumulation and consolidation of nanophase materials have been developed, and the first promising studies of their physical properties are appearing. In both the chemical and nanophase synthesis areas, clusters with a distribution of sizes and shapes are being studied. Progress on macroscopic synthetic methods for size-selected clusters of controlled surface properties is the most important immediate goal recognized by the Panel. Simultaneous improvement in physical characterization will be necessary to guide synthesis research.

Assuming such progress will occur, the Panel suggests that self-assembly of clusters into new elemental polymorphs and new types of nanoscale heterogeneous materials offers an area of intriguing technological promise. The electrical and optical properties of such heterogeneous materials could be tailored in very specific ways. Such ideas are quite speculative at this time; their implementation critically depends upon controlled modification of cluster surfaces, and upon development of characterization and theoretical tools to guide experiments.

The Panel concluded that a number of genuinely novel ideas had been enunciated, and that in its opinion some would surely lead to exciting new science and important new materials.

Type
Materials Reports
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 4 , Issue 3 , June 1989 , pp. 704 - 736
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1989

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