Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T02:46:36.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Processing and functionalization of conductive substoichiometric TiO2 catalyst supports for PEM fuel cell applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2012

Richard Phillips*
Affiliation:
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, The University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, New York 12203
Alexander O’Toole
Affiliation:
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, The University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, New York 12203
Xiaoli He
Affiliation:
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, The University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, New York 12203
Robin Hansen
Affiliation:
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, The University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, New York 12203
Robert Geer
Affiliation:
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, The University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, New York 12203
Eric Eisenbraun
Affiliation:
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, The University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, New York 12203
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The development of substoichiometric TiO2-based nanostructured materials with high aspect ratios for future proton exchange membrane fuel cells is investigated. Nanostructures were manufactured using atomic layer deposition of TiO2 over both anodic aluminum oxide templates and silicon nanowires. It was observed in this work that nanostructures with aspect ratios of 100:1 can be fabricated using both methods. The conductivity of TiO2 films was enhanced following a postdeposition reducing anneal (at 450 °C in H2). Liquid phase-deposited Pt and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of Pt were both found to be appropriate suited for metallization of TiO2 structures.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Wang, J., Yin, G., Shao, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, Z., and Gao, Y.: Effect of carbon black support corrosion on the durability of Pt/C catalyst. J. Power Sources 171, 331339 (2007).Google Scholar
Ioroi, T., Senoh, H., Yamazaki, S., Siroma, Z., Fujiwara, N., and Yasuda, K.: Stability of corrosion-resistant Magneli-phase Ti4O7-supported PEMFC catalysts at high potentials. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, B321B326 (2008).Google Scholar
Li, H., Tang, Y., Wang, Z., Shi, Z., Wu, S., Song, D., Zhang, J., Fatih, K., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Abouatallah, R., and Mazza, A.: A review of water flooding issues in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J. Power Sources 178, 103 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X., Zhu, A.L., Qu, W., Wang, H., Hui, R., Zhang, L., and Zhang, J.: Magneli phase Ti4O7 electrode for oxygen reduction reaction and its implication for zinc-air rechargeable batteries. Electrochim. Acta 55, 5891 (2010).Google Scholar
Ioroi, T., Siroma, Z., Fujiwara, N., Yamazaki, S., and Yasuda, K.: Sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide-supported platinum electrocatalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochem. Commun. 7, 183 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, Y., Wei, Z.D., Chen, S.G., Li, L., Feng, Y.C., Wang, Y.Q., Ma, X.L., Liao, M.J., Shen, P.K., and Jiang, S.P.: Synthesis of Pd/TiO2 nanotubes/Ti for oxygen reduction reaction in acidic solution. J. Power Sources 189, 982 (2009).Google Scholar
Siracusano, S., Baglio, V., D’Urso, C., Antonucci, V., and Arico, A.S.: Preparation and characterization of titanium suboxides as conductive supports of IrO2 electrocatalysts for application in SPE electrolysers. Electrochem. Acta 54, 62926299 (2009).Google Scholar
Antolini, E. and Gonzalez, E.R.: Ceramic materials as supports for low-temperature fuel cell catalysts. Solid State Ionics 180, 746 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paunovic, P., Popovski, O., Fidancevska, E., Ranguelov, B., Gogovska, D.S., Dimitrov, A.T., and Jordanov, S.H.: Co-Magneli phases electrocatalysts for hydrogen/oxygen evolution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 35, 10073 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, D.H., Lee, W.J., Wheldon, J., Macy, N.L., and Smyrl, W.: Electrochemical characterization and durability of sputtered Pt catalysts on TiO2 nanotube arrays as a cathode material for PEFCs. J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, B862 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farndon, E.E. and Pletcher, D.: Studies of platinized Ebonex electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 42, 12811285 (1997).Google Scholar
Hayfield, P.C.S.: Development of a New Material: Monolithic Ebonex Ceramic, 1st ed. (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2002).Google Scholar
Jennison, D.R., Dulub, O., Hebenstreit, W., and Diebold, U.: Structure of an ultrathin TiOx film, formed by the strong metal support interaction (SMSI), on Pt nanocrystals on TiO2(1 1 0). Surf. Sci. 492, L677L687 (2001).Google Scholar
Jaksic, J.M., Krstajic, N.V., Vracar, L.M., Neophytides, S.G., Labou, D., Falaras, P., and Jaksic, M.M.: Spillover of primary oxides as a dynamic catalytic effect of interactive hypo-d-oxide supports. Electrochim. Acta 53, 349 (2007).Google Scholar
Adzic, R.R., Zhang, J., Sasaki, K., Vukmirovic, M.B., Shao, M., Wang, J.X., Nilekar, A.U., Mavrikakis, M., Valerio, J.A., and Uribe, F.: Platinum monolayer fuel cell electrocatalysts. Top. Catal. 46, 249262 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, W.J., Alhosan, M., Yohe, S.L., Macy, N.I., and Smyrl, W.H.: Synthesis of Pt/TiO2 nanotube catalysts for cathodic oxygen reduction. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, B915 (2008).Google Scholar
Diebold, U.: The surface science of titanium dioxide. Surf. Sci. Rep. 48, 53229 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farndon, E.E., Pletcher, D., and Saraby-Reintjes, A.: The electrodeposition of platinum onto a conducting ceramic, Ebonex®. Electrochim. Acta 42, 12691279 (1997).Google Scholar
Wang, M., Guo, D., and Li, H.: High activity of novel Pd/TiO2 nanotube catalysts for methanol electro-oxidation. J. Solid State Chem. 178, 1996 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ono, S., Saito, M., and Asoh, H.: Self-ordering of anodic porous alumina formed in organic acid electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta 51, 827833 (2005).Google Scholar
Saedi, A. and Ghorbani, M.: Electrodeposition of Ni–Fe–Co alloy nanowire in modified AAO template. Mater. Chem. Phys. 91, 417423 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, C.U., Hu, C.C., Bai, A., and Yang, Y.F.: Pore-size dependence of AAO films on surface roughness of Al-1050 sheets controlled by electropolishing coupled with fractional factorial design. Surf. Coat. Technol. 201, 72597265 (2007).Google Scholar
Wagner, R.S. and Ellis, W.C.: Vapor‐liquid‐solid mechanism of single crystal growth. Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 89 (1964).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, V., Wittemann, J.V., Senz, S., and Gosele, U.: Silicon nanowires: A review on aspects of their growth and their electrical properties. Adv. Mater. 21, 2681 (2009).Google Scholar
Whatman Ltd.: Anopore Inorganic Membranes. http://www.whatman.com/PRODAnoporeInorganicMembranes.aspx (accessed May 7, 2012).Google Scholar
Phillips, R., Hansen, P., and Eisenbraun, E.: Atomic layer deposition fabricated substoichiometric TiOx nanorods as fuel cell catalyst supports. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 30(1), 01A125 (2012).Google Scholar
Kinoshita, K.: Particle size effects for oxygen reduction on highly dispersed platinum in acid electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 137(3), 845848 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, P., Joo, J.B., Kim, W., Kim, J., Song, I.K., and Yi, J.: NaBH4-assisted ethylene glycol reduction for preparation of carbon-supported Pt catalyst for methanol electro-oxidation. J. Power Sources 160, 987990 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, R.S.: Theory and application of cyclic voltammetry for measurement of electrode reaction kinetics. Anal. Chem. 37(11), 1351 (1965).Google Scholar
Compton, R.G., Laing, M.E., Mason, D., Northing, R.J., and Unwin, P.R.: Rotating disc electrodes: The theory of chronoamperometry and its use in mechanistic investigations. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 418, 113154 (1988).Google Scholar
Garsany, Y., Baturina, O.A., Swider-Lyons, K.E., and Kocha, S.S.: Experimental methods for quantifying the activity of platinum electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Anal. Chem. 82, 63216328 (2010).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Strmcnik, D., Blizanac, B.B., Stamenkovic, V., Arenz, M., and Markovic, N.M.: Measurement of oxygen reduction activities via the rotating disc electrode method: From Pt model surfaces to carbon-supported high surface area catalysts. Electrochim. Acta 53, 31813188 (2008).Google Scholar
Maiyalagan, T., Viswanathan, B., and Varadaraju, U.V.: Electro-oxidation of methanol on TiO2 nanotube supported platinum electrodes. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6, 20672071 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed