Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T12:19:29.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On the fatigue properties of metals manufactured by selective laser melting – The role of ductility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 July 2014

Stefan Leuders ,
Tobias Lieneke ,
Stefan Lammers ,
Thomas Tröster  and
Thomas Niendorf
Stefan Leuders*
Affiliation:
DMRC (Direct Manufacturing Research Center), Paderborn 33098, Germany; and Lehrstuhl für Leichtbau im Automobil (Automotive Lightweight Construction), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Paderborn, Paderborn 33098, Germany
Tobias Lieneke
Affiliation:
Lehrstuhl für Leichtbau im Automobil (Automotive Lightweight Construction), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Paderborn, Paderborn 33098, Germany
Stefan Lammers
Affiliation:
Lehrstuhl für Leichtbau im Automobil (Automotive Lightweight Construction), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Paderborn, Paderborn 33098, Germany
Thomas Tröster
Affiliation:
DMRC (Direct Manufacturing Research Center), Paderborn 33098, Germany; and Lehrstuhl für Leichtbau im Automobil (Automotive Lightweight Construction), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Paderborn, Paderborn 33098, Germany
Thomas Niendorf
Affiliation:
Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Paderborn, Paderborn 33098, Germany
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The selective-laser-melting (SLM) technique is an outstanding new production technology that allows for time-efficient fabrication of highly complex components from various metals. SLM processing leads to the evolution of numerous microstructural features strongly affecting the mechanical properties. For enabling application in envisaged fields the development of a robust production process for components subjected to different loadings is crucially needed. With regard to the behavior of SLM components subjected to cyclic loadings, the damage evolution can be significantly different depending on the raw material that is used, which is, in this case, highly ductile austenitic stainless steel 316L and high-strength titanium alloy TiAl6V4. By means of a thorough set of experiments, including postprocessing, mechanical testing focusing on high-cycle fatigue and microstructure analyses, it could be shown that the behavior of TiAl6V4 under cyclic loading is dominated by the process-induced pores. The fatigue behavior of 316L, in contrast, is strongly affected by its monotonic strength.

Keywords

fatiguemicrostructuredefects
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 29 , Issue 17: Focus Issue: The Materials Science of Additive Manufacturing , 14 September 2014 , pp. 1911 - 1919
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Murr, L.E., Martinez, E., Amato, K.N., Gaytan, S.M., Hernandez, J., Ramirez, D.A., Shindo, P.W., Medina, F.R., and Wicker, R.B.: Fabrication of metal and alloy components by additive manufacturing: Examples of 3d materials science. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 1, 42 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, D.D., Meiners, W., Wissenbach, K., and Poprawe, R.: Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: Materials, processes and mechanisms. Int. Mater. Rev. 57, 133 (2012).Google Scholar
Wong, K.V. and Hernandez, A.: A review of additive manufacturing. ISRN Mech. Eng. 2012, 208760 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niendorf, T. and Brenne, F.: Steel showing twinning-induced plasticity processed by selective laser melting - An additively manufactured high performance material. Mater. Charact. 85, 57 (2013).Google Scholar
Murr, L.E., Gaytan, S.M., Ramirez, D.A., Martinaz, E., Hernandez, J., Amato, K.N., Shindo, P.W., Medina, F.R., and Wicker, R.B.: Metal fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 28, 1 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riemer, A., Leuders, S., Thöne, M., Richard, H.A., Tröster, T., and Niendorf, T.: On the fatigue crack growth behavior in 316L stainless steel manufactured by selective laser melting. Eng. Fract. Mech. 120, 15 (2014).Google Scholar
Leuders, S., Thöne, M., Riemer, A., Niendorf, T., Tröster, T., Richard, H.A., and Maier, H.J.: On the mechanical behaviour of titanium alloy TiAl6V4 manufactured by selective laser melting: Fatigue resistance and crack growth performance. Int. J. Fatigue 48, 300 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z., Zhang, D., Sing, S., and Chua, C.: Interfacial characterisation of SLM parts in multi material processing: Metallurgical diffusion between 316 L stainless steel and C18400 copper alloy. Mater. Charact. 94, 116 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrancken, B., Thijs, L., Kruth, J., and Van Humbeeck, J.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel β titanium metallic composite by selective laser melting. Acta Mater. 68, 150 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharowsky, T., Osmanlic, F., Singer, R.F., and Körner, C.: Melt pool dynamics during selective electron beam melting. Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 114, 1303 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmelmann, C., Scheinemann, P., Munsch, M., and Seyda, V.: Laser additive manufacturing of modified implant surfaces with osseointegrative characteristics. Phys. Procedia 12, 375 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, C., Hao, L., Hussein, A., Young, P., and Raymont, D.: Advanced lightweight 316L stainless steel cellular lattice structures fabricated via selective laser melting. Mater. Des. 55, 533 (2014).Google Scholar
Brenne, F., Niendorf, T., and Maier, H.J.: Additively manufactured cellular structures: Impact of microstructure and local strains on the monotonic and cyclic behavior under uniaxial and bending load. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 213, 1558 (2013).Google Scholar
Murr, L.E., Amato, K.N., Li, S.J., Tian, Y.X., Cheng, X.Y., Gaytan, S.M., Martinez, E., Shindo, P.W., Medina, F., and Wicker, R.B.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cellular biomaterials prototypes for total knee replacement implants fabricated by electron beam melting. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4, 1396 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habijan, T., Haberland, C., Meier, H., Frenzel, J., Wittsiepe, J., Wuwer, C., Greulich, C., Schildhauer, T.A., and Köller, M.: The biocompatibility of dense and porous Nickel–Titanium produced by selective laser melting. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 33, 419 (2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinl, P., Müller, L., Körner, C., Singer, R.F., and Müller, F.A.: Cellular Ti–6Al–4V structures with interconnected macro porosity for bone implants fabricated by selective electron beam melting. Acta Biomater. 4, 1536 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, G.N., Schindel, R., and Kruth, J.: Rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling with layer manufacturing (LM) technologies, state of the art and future perspectives. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 52, 589 (2003).Google Scholar
Niendorf, T., Leuders, S., Riemer, A., Richard, H.A., Tröster, T., and Schwarze, D.: Highly anisotropic steel processed by selective laser melting. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 44B, 794 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanagarajah, P., Brenne, F., Niendorf, T., and Maier, H.J.: Inconel 939 processed by selective laser melting: Effect of microstructure and temperature on the mechanical properties under static and cyclic loading. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 588, 188 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandl, E., Heckenberger, U., Holzinger, V., and Buchbinder, D.: Additive manufactured AlSi10Mg samples using selective laser melting (SLM): Microstructure, high cycle fatigue, and fracture behavior. Mater. Des. 34, 159 (2012).Google Scholar
Edwards, P. and Ramulu, M.: Fatigue performance evaluation of selective laser melted Ti–6Al–4V. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 598, 327 (2014).Google Scholar
Murr, L.E., Quinones, S.A., Gaytan, S.M., Lopez, M.I., Rodela, A., Martinez, E.Y., Hernandez, D.H., Martinez, E., Medina, F., and Wicker, R.B.: Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V produced by rapid-layer manufacturing, for biomedical applications. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2, 20 (2009).Google Scholar
Kashyap, B.P. and Tangri, K.: On the hall-petch relationship and substructural evolution in type 316L stainless steel. Acta Metall. Mater. 43, 3971 (1995).Google Scholar
Murr, L.E., Martinez, E., Hernandez, J., Collins, S., Amato, K.N., Gaytan, S.M., and Shindo, P.W.: Microstructures and properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 1, 167 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eylon, D. and Strope, B.: Fatigue crack initiation in Ti-6wt % Al-4wt % V castings. J. Mater. Sci. 14, 345 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivanova, S.G., Biedeman, R.R., and Sisson, R.D. Jr.: Investigation of fatigue crack initiation in Ti-6Al-4V during tensile-tensile fatigue. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 11, 226 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saitova, L.R., Höppel, H.W., Göken, M., Semenova, I.P., and Valiev, R.Z.: Cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue lives of ultrafine-grained Ti-6AL-4V. Int. J. Fatigue 31, 322 (2009).Google Scholar