Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:08:54.188Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Microstructural evolution of cryomilled Ti/Al mixture during high-pressure torsion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2014

Hamed Bahmanpour ,
Yu Sun ,
Tao Hu ,
Dalong Zhang ,
Jittraporn Wongsa-Ngam ,
Terence G. Langdon  and
Enrique J. Lavernia
Hamed Bahmanpour*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Yu Sun
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Tao Hu
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Dalong Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Jittraporn Wongsa-Ngam
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
Terence G. Langdon
Affiliation:
Departments of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1453; and Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
Enrique J. Lavernia
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

To provide insight into the influence of the length scale on the kinetics of phase evolution during severe plastic deformation, we studied the microstructure evolution of cryomilled Al and Ti mixture, which is further subjected to high-pressure torsion (HPT). The cryomilled microstructure consisted of elemental Al and Ti, and the subsequent HPT deformation at ambient temperature led to the solid state formation of Al-rich intermetallics. X-ray diffraction peaks originating from TiAl2 and TiAl3 were observed after one revolution of HPT, suggesting a shear strain-assisted formation of the intermetallics. A high resolution transmission electron microscope confirmed the formation of TiAl2 following HPT for one revolution. Further HPT straining led to microstructure refinement and a mixing of the Ti and Al, as well as of any phases formed initially. The solid state formation of the intermetallics and the overall evolution of the microstructure are discussed based on the generation of a high density of lattice defects that evolve under the strain conditions present during HPT.

Keywords

cryomillingTi and Almicrostructurehigh-pressure torsion
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , 28 February 2014 , pp. 578 - 585
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Farhang, M.R., Kamali, A.R., and Nazarian-Samani, M.: Effects of mechanical alloying on the characteristics of a nanocrystalline Ti-50 at.%Al during hot pressing consolidation. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 168(1–3), 136 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhilyaev, A.P. and Langdon, T.G.: Using high-pressure torsion for metal processing: Fundamentals and applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 53(6), 893 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valiev, R.Z. and Langdon, T.G.: Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement. Prog. Mater. Sci. 51(7), 881 (2006).Google Scholar
Angella, G., Bassani, P., Tuissi, A., and Vedani, M.: Intermetallic particle evolution during ECAP processing of a 6082 alloy. Mater. Trans. 45(7), 2182 (2004).Google Scholar
Edalati, K., Toh, S., Watanabe, M., and Horita, Z.: In situ production of bulk intermetallic-based nanocomposites and nanostructured intermetallics by high-pressure torsion. Scr. Mater. 66(6), 386 (2012).Google Scholar
Edalati, K., Toh, S., Iwaoka, H., Watanabe, M., Horita, Z., Kashioka, D., Kishida, K., and Inui, H.: Ultrahigh strength and high plasticity in TiAl intermetallics with bimodal grain structure and nanotwins. Scr. Mater. 67(10), 814 (2012).Google Scholar
Li, Y., Zhao, Y.H., Liu, W., Xu, C., Horita, Z., Liao, X.Z., Zhu, Y.T., Langdon, T.G., and Lavernia, E.J.: Influence of grain size on the density of deformation twins in Cu–30%Zn alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527(16–17), 3942 (2010).Google Scholar
Wongsa-Ngam, J., Wen, H., and Langdon, T.G.: Microstructural evolution in a Cu–Zr alloy processed by a combination of ECAP and HPT. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 579(0), 126 (2013).Google Scholar
Lui, E.W., Xu, W., Wu, X., and Xia, K.: Multiscale two-phase Ti–Al with high strength and plasticity through consolidation of particles by severe plastic deformation. Scr. Mater. 65(8), 711 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahmanpour, H., Youssef, K.M., Horky, J., Setman, D., Atwater, M.A., Zehetbauer, M.J., Scattergood, R.O., and Koch, C.C.: Deformation twins and related softening behavior in nanocrystalline Cu-30% Zn alloy. Acta Mater. 60(8), 3340 (2012).Google Scholar
Oh-ishi, K., Edalati, K., Kim, H.S., Hono, K., and Horita, Z.: High-pressure torsion for enhanced atomic diffusion and promoting solid-state reactions in the aluminum–copper system. Acta Mater. 61(9), 3482 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figueiredo, R.B., Cetlin, P.R., and Langdon, T.G.: Using finite element modeling to examine the flow processes in quasi-constrained high-pressure torsion. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 528(28), 8198 (2011).Google Scholar
Figueiredo, R.B., Pereira, P.H.R., Aguilar, M.T.P., Cetlin, P.R., and Langdon, T.G.: Using finite element modeling to examine the temperature distribution in quasi-constrained high-pressure torsion. Acta Mater. 60(6–7), 3190 (2012).Google Scholar
Cullity, B.D.: Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd ed. (Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Reading, MA, 1978).Google Scholar
Wilson, A.J.C.: X-Ray Optics; The Diffraction of X-Rays by Finite and Imperfect Crystals (Methuen, London, 1949).Google Scholar
Williamson, G.K. and Smallman, R.E.: Dislocation densities in some annealed and cold-worked metals from measurements on the X-ray Debye-Scherrer spectrum. Philos. Mag. 1(1), 34 (1956).Google Scholar
Ertorer, O., Topping, T., Li, Y., Moss, W., and Lavernia, E.J.: Enhanced tensile strength and high ductility in cryomilled commercially pure titanium. Scr. Mater. 60(7), 586 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witkin, D.B. and Lavernia, E.J.: Synthesis and mechanical behavior of nanostructured materials via cryomilling. Prog. Mater. Sci. 51(1), 1 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oehring, M., Klassen, T., and Bormann, R.: The formation of metastable Ti-Al solid-solutions by mechanical alloying and ball-milling. J. Mater. Res. 8(11), 2819 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumaran, S., Rao, T.S., Subramanian, R., and Angelo, P.: Nanocrystalline and amorphous structure formation in Ti-Al system during high energy ball milling. Powder Metall. 48(4), 354 (2005).Google Scholar
Edalati, K., Horita, Z., Furuta, T., and Kuramoto, S.: Dynamic recrystallization and recovery during high-pressure torsion: Experimental evidence by torque measurement using ring specimens. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 559(0), 506 (2013).Google Scholar
Wang, Y.B., Ho, J.C., Cao, Y., Liao, X.Z., Li, H.Q., Zhao, Y.H., Lavernia, E.J., Ringer, S.P., and Zhu, Y.T.: Dislocation density evolution during high pressure torsion of a nanocrystalline Ni-Fe alloy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(9), 091911 (2009).Google Scholar
Li, L., Ungár, T., Wang, Y.D., Fan, G.J., Yang, Y.L., Jia, N., Ren, Y., Tichy, G., Lendvai, J., Choo, H., and Liaw, P.K.: Simultaneous reductions of dislocation and twin densities with grain growth during cold rolling in a nanocrystalline Ni–Fe alloy. Scr. Mater. 60(5), 317 (2009).Google Scholar
Liao, X.Z., Kilmametov, A.R., Valiev, R.Z., Gao, H., Li, X., Mukherjee, A.K., Bingert, J.F., and Zhu, Y.T.: High-pressure torsion-induced grain growth in electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(2), 021909 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, Y., Zhi-Wei, S., Ju, L., Xiaoxu, H., Lin, X., Jun, S., and Ma, E.: Strong crystal size effect on deformation twinning. Nature 463(7279), 335 (2010).Google Scholar
Suryanarayana, C.: Mechanical alloying and milling. Prog. Mater. Sci. 46(1–2), 1 (2001).Google Scholar
Kirchheim, R.: Reducing grain boundary, dislocation line and vacancy formation energies by solute segregation. I. Theoretical background. Acta Mater. 55(15), 5129 (2007).Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Srolovitz, D.J., Rickman, J.M., and Lesar, R.: Dislocation motion in the presence of diffusing solutes: A computer simulation study. Acta Mater. 48(9), 2163 (2000).Google Scholar
Hu, S.Y., Choi, J., Li, Y.L., and Chen, L.Q.: Dynamic drag of solute atmosphere on moving edge dislocations: Phase-field simulation. J. Appl. Phys. 96(1), 229 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y.C. and Nakata, K.: Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties in friction stir welding of aluminum and titanium dissimilar alloys. Mater. Des. 30(3), 469 (2009).Google Scholar
Wang, G.X. and Dahms, M.: Synthesizing gamma-TiAl alloys by reactive powder processing. JOM 45(5), 52 (1993).Google Scholar
Wang, G.X. and Dahms, M.: TiAl-based alloys prepared by elemental powder-metallurgy-overview. Powder Metall. Int. 24(4), 219 (1992).Google Scholar
Kattner, U.R., Lin, J.C., and Chang, Y.A.: Thermodynamic assessment and calculation of the Ti-Al system. Metall. Trans. A 23(8), 2081 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrer, H.: Diffusion in Solids: Fundamentals, Methods, Materials, Diffusion-controlled Processes (Springer, Berlin, New York, 2007).Google Scholar
Vo, N.Q., Zhou, J., Ashkenazy, Y., Schwen, D., Averback, R.S., and Bellon, P.: Atomic mixing in metals under shear deformation. JOM 65(3), 382 (2013).Google Scholar
Divinski, S.V., Reglitz, G., Rösner, H., Estrin, Y., and Wilde, G.: Ultra-fast diffusion channels in pure Ni severely deformed by equal-channel angular pressing. Acta Mater. 59(5), 1974 (2011).Google Scholar
Divinski, S.V., Ribbe, J., Baither, D., Schmitz, G., Reglitz, G., Rösner, H., Sato, K., Estrin, Y., and Wilde, G.: Nano- and micro-scale free volume in ultrafine grained Cu–1wt.%Pb alloy deformed by equal channel angular pressing. Acta Mater. 57(19), 5706 (2009).Google Scholar
Fujita, T., Horita, Z., and Langdon, T.G.: Using grain boundary engineering to evaluate the diffusion characteristics in ultrafine-grained Al–Mg and Al–Zn alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 371(1–2), 241 (2004).Google Scholar
Hersh, H.N.: The Kirkendall effect in alloy systems. J. Appl. Phys. 23(9), 1055 (1952).Google Scholar