Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T15:16:27.011Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Influence of growth temperature on the structure, composition and bonding character of nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 February 2011

Yu Zhang ,
Lujun Pan ,
Bin Wen ,
Xiaoyang Song ,
Chenguang Liu  and
Tingju Li
Yu Zhang*
Affiliation:
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People’s Republic of China
Lujun Pan
Affiliation:
School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People’s Republic of China
Bin Wen
Affiliation:
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People’s Republic of China
Xiaoyang Song
Affiliation:
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People’s Republic of China
Chenguang Liu
Affiliation:
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People’s Republic of China
Tingju Li*
Affiliation:
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People’s Republic of China
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-doped MWNTs) were synthesized in a large quantity by the pyrolysis of pyridine at various temperatures in the range of 750–950 °C. The influence of temperature on the morphology, composition, thermal stability, and bonding nature of N-doped MWNTs was investigated. It is found that the yield of N-doped MWNTs increases linearly with the increase of the growth temperature. The maximum N content (4.6 at%) in MWNTs was obtained from a sample grown at 900 °C. N-doped MWNTs synthesized at 950 °C possess a unique drumlike morphology with the highest oxidizing temperature (535 °C). It is evidenced that N atoms are incorporated into the graphitic network in three different bonding forms and their relative content is affected by the growth temperature, which shows a clear influence on the morphology of N-doped MWNTs.

Keywords

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) (deposition)Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 26 , Issue 3 , 14 February 2011 , pp. 443 - 448
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Iijima, S.: Helical microtubes of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Cui, Y., Wei, Q., Park, H., and Lieber, C.M.: Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species. Science 293, 1289 (2001).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Wang, Z., Liu, C., Liu, Z., Xiang, H., Li, Z., and Gong, Q.: π-π interaction enhancement on the ultrafast third-order optical nonlinearity of carbon nanotubes/polymer composites. Chem. Phys. Lett. 407, 35 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Crespi, V.H., Cohen, M.L., and Rubio, A.: In situ band gap engineering of carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2093 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Saito, R., Fujita, M., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M.S.: Electronic structure of chiral graphene tubules. Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2204 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Wildoer, J.W.G., Venema, L.C., Rinzler, A.G., Smalley, R.E., and Dekker, C.: Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes. Nature 391, 59 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Odom, T.W., Huang, J.L., Kim, P., and Lieber, C.M.: Structure and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 2794 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Lin, H., Lagoute, J., Chacon, C., Arenal, R., Stéphan, O., Repain, V., Girard, Y., Enouz, S., Bresson, L., Rousset, S., and Loiseau, A.: Combined STM/STS, TEM/EELS investigation of CNx-SWNTs. Phys. Status Solidi B 245, 1986 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Satishkumar, B.C., Govindaraj, A., Harikumar, K.R., Zhang, J.P., Cheetham, A.K., and Rao, C.N.R.: Boron-carbon nanotubes from the pyrolysis of C2H2-B2H6 mixtures. Chem. Phys. Lett. 300, 473 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Sen, R., Satishkumar, B.C., Govindaraj, A., Harikumar, K.R., Raina, G., Zhang, J.P., Cheetham, A.K., and Rao, C.N.R.: B-C-N, C-N and B-N nanotubes produced by the pyrolysis of precursor molecules over Co catalysts. Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 671 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.dos Santos, M.C. and Alvarez, F.: Nitrogen substitution of carbon in graphite: Structure evolution toward molecular forms. Phys. Rev. B 58, 13918 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Ma, X., Wang, E.G., Zhou, W., Jefferson, D.A., Chen, J., Deng, S., Xu, N., and Yuan, J.: Polymerized carbon nanobells and their field-emission properties. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3105 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Ma, X., Wang, E.G., Tilley, R.D., Jefferson, D.A., and Zhou, W.: Size-controlled short nanobells: Growth and formation mechanism. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 4136 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Bai, X.D., Zhong, D., Zhang, G.Y., Ma, X.C., Liu, S., Wang, E.G., Chen, Y., and Shaw, D.T.: Hydrogen storage in carbon nitride nanobells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1552 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Zhong, D.Y., Zhang, G.Y., Liu, S., Wang, E.G., Wang, Q., Li, H., and Huang, X.J.: Lithium storage in polymerized carbon nitride nanobells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3500 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Zhang, G.Y., Ma, X.C., Zhong, D.Y., and Wang, E.G.: Polymerized carbon nitride nanobells. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 9324 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Wang, E.G.: Nitrogen-induced carbon nanobells and their properties. J. Mater. Res. 21, 2767 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Sen, R., Satishkumar, B.C., Govindaraj, A., Harikumar, K.R., Renganathanb, M.K., and Rao, C.N.R.: Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes. J. Mater. Chem. 7, 2335 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Suenaga, K., Johansson, M.P., Hellgren, N., Broitman, E., Wallenberg, L.R., Colliex, C., Sundgren, J.E., and Hultman, L.: Carbon nitride nanotubulite—densely-packed and well-aligned tubular nanostructures. Chem. Phys. Lett. 300, 695 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Maldonado, S., Morin, S., and Stevenson, K.J.: Structure, composition, and chemical reactivity of carbon nanotubes by selective nitrogen doping. Carbon 44, 1429 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Terrones, M., Terrones, H., Grobert, N., Hsu, W.K., Zhu, Y.Q., Hare, J.P., Kroto, H.W., Walton, D.R.M., Kohler-Redlich, P., Ruhle, M., Zhang, J.P., and Cheetham, A.K.: Efficient route to large arrays of CNx nanofibers by pyrolysis of ferrocene/melamine mixtures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3932 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Han, W.Q., Kohler-Redlich, P., Seeger, T., Ernst, F., Ruhle, M., Grobert, N., Hsu, W.K., Chang, B.H., Zhu, Y.Q., Kroto, H.W., Walton, D.R.M., Terrones, M., and Terrones, H.: Aligned CNx nanotubes by pyrolysis of ferrocene/C60 under NH3 atmosphere. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1807 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Wang, X., Liu, Y., Zhu, D., Zhang, L., Ma, H., Yao, N., and Zhang, B.: Controllable growth, structure, and low field emission of well-aligned CNx nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 2186 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Ewels, C.P.: Nitrogen doping in carbon nanotubes. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 5, 1345 (2005).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Lee, C.J., Lyu, S.C., Kim, H.W., Lee, J.H., and Cho, K.I.: Synthesis of bamboo-shaped carbon-nitrogen nanotubes using C2H2-NH3-Fe(CO)5 system. Chem. Phys. Lett. 359, 115 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Liang, E.J., Ding, P., Zhang, H.R., Guo, X.Y., and Du, Z.L.: Synthesis and correlation study on the morphology and Raman spectra of CNx nanotubes by thermal decomposition of ferrocene/ethylenediamine. Diamond Relat. Mater. 13, 69 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Nath, M., Satishkumar, B.C., Govindaraj, A., Vinod, C.P., and Rao, C.N.R.: Production of bundles of aligned carbon and carbon-nitrogen nanotubes by the pyrolysis of precursors on silica-supported iron and cobalt catalysts. Chem. Phys. Lett. 322, 333 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Casanovas, J., Ricart, J.M., Rubio, J., Illas, F., and Jimenez-Mateos, J.M.: Origin of the large N 1s binding energy in x-ray photoelectron spectra of calcined carbonaceous materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 8071 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Terrones, M., Terrones, M., Redlich, P., Grobert, N., Trasobares, S., Hsu, W.K., Terrones, H., Zhu, Y.Q., Hare, J.P., Reeves, C.L., Cheetham, A.K., Rühle, M., Kroto, H.W., and Walton, D.R.M.: Carbon nitride nanocomposites: Formation of aligned CxNy nanofibers. Adv. Mater. 11, 655 (1999).3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Choi, H.C., Park, J., and Kim, B.: Distribution and structure of N atoms in multiwalled carbon nanotubes using variable-energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 4333 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Björnholm, O., Nilsson, A., Sandell, A., Hernnäs, B., and Mrtensson, N.: Determination of time scales for charge-transfer screening in physisorbed molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1892 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Sjöström, H., Stafström, S., Boman, M., and Sundgren, J.E.: Superhard and elastic carbon nitride thin films having fullerenelike microstructure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1336 (1995).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Robertson, J. and Davis, C.A.: Nitrogen doping of tetrahedral amorphous carbon. Diamond Relat. Mater. 4, 441 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Zhong, D., Liu, S., Zhang, G., and Wang, E.G.: Large-scale well aligned carbon nitride nanotube films: Low temperature growth and electron field emission. J. Appl. Phys. 89, 5939 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Lee, Y.T., Kim, N.S., Bae, S.Y., Park, J., Yu, S.C., Ryu, H., and Lee, H.J.: Growth of vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes: Control of the nitrogen content over the temperature range 900–1100 °C. J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 12958 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar