Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T16:05:19.106Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Fullerenes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

M.S. Dresselhaus
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
G. Dresselhaus
Affiliation:
Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
P.C. Eklund
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A review of the structure and properties of fullerenes is presented. Emphasis is given to their behavior as molecular solids. The structure and property modifications produced by alkali-metal doping are summarized, including modification to the electronic structure, lattice modes, transport, and optical properties. Particular emphasis is given to the alkali-metal-doped fullerenes because of their importance as superconductors. A review of the structure and properties of fullerene-based graphene tubules is also given, including a model for their one-dimensional electronic band structure. Potential applications for fullerene-based materials are suggested.

Type
Commentaries and Reviews
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1993

References

REFERENCES

1Tisza, L., Z. Phys. 82, 48 (1933).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Osawa, E., Kagaku (Kyoto) 25, 854863 (1970, in Japanese).Google Scholar
3Bochvar, D. A. and Gal'pern, E. G., Dok. Akad. Nauk SSSR 209, 610615 (1973). English translation: Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR 209, 239–244 (1973).Google Scholar
4Stankevich, I. V., Nikerov, M. V., and Bochvar, D. A., Russ. Chem. Rev. 53, 640 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Kroto, H.W., Heath, J.R., O'Brien, S.C., Curl, R.F., and Smalley, R.E., Nature 318, 162 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Herbig, E., Astrophys. J. 196, 129 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Leger, A. and Puget, J. L., Astr. Astrophys. Lett. 137, L5 (1984).Google Scholar
8Leger, A., d'Hendecourt, L., Verstraete, L., and Schmidt, W., Astr. Astrophys. 203, 145 (1987).Google Scholar
9Hare, J. P. and Kroto, H. W., Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 106 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Fuller, R. Buckminster and Applewhite, E.J., in Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (Garland Publishing, New York, 1975).Google Scholar
11Fuller, R. Buckminster, in The Artifacts of R. Buckminster Fuller: A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs and Drawings, edited by W. Marlin (Garland Publishing, New York, 1984).Google Scholar
12Rohlfing, E.A., Cox, D.M., and Kaldor, A., J. Chem. Phys. 81, 3322 (1984).Google Scholar
13Taylor, R., Hare, J.P., Abdul-Sada, A.K., and Kroto, H.W., J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 20, 1423 (1990).Google Scholar
14Johnson, R. D., Meijer, G., and Bethune, D. S., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 8983 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Tycko, R., Haddon, R. C., Dabbagh, G., Glarum, S.H., Douglass, D.C., and Mujsce, A. M., J. Phys. Chem. 95, 518 (1991).Google Scholar
16Johnson, R.D., Bethune, D. S., and Yannoni, C. S., Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 169 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Kratschmer, W., Lamb, L. D., Fostiropoulos, K., and Huffman, D. R., Nature 347, 354 (1990).Google Scholar
18Curl, R.F. and Smalley, R.E., Science 242, 1017 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Haddon, R. C., Hebard, A. F., Rosseinsky, M. J., Murphy, D. W., Duclos, S.J., Lyons, K.B., Miller, B., Rosamilia, J.M., Fleming, R.H., Kortan, A.R., Glarum, S.H., Makhija, A.V., Muller, A.J., Eick, R. H., Zahurak, S. M., Tycko, R., Dabbah, G., and Thiel, F.A., Nature 350, 320 (1991).Google Scholar
20Hebard, A.F., Rosseinsky, M.J., Haddon, R.C., Murphy, D.W., Glarum, S. H., Palstra, T. T. M., Ramirez, A. P., and Kortan, A. R., Nature 350, 600 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Hebard, A.F., Phys. Today 45 (Nov.), 26 (1992).Google Scholar
22Buseck, P. R., Tsipursky, S. J., and Hettich, R., Science 257, 215 (1992); Science 257, 167 (1992).Google Scholar
23Diederich, F., Ettl, R., Rubin, Y., Whetten, R. L., Beck, R., Alvarez, M., Anz, S., Sensharma, D., Wudl, F., Khemani, K. C., and Koch, A., Science 252, 548 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Chen, C-C., Kelty, S.P., and Lieber, C.M., Science 253, 886 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Meier, M. S. and Selegue, J. P., J. Org. Chem. 57, 1925 (1992).Google Scholar
26Diederich, F. and Whetten, R.L., Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 119 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Smart, G., Eldridge, B., Reuter, W., Zimmerman, J. A., Creasy, W. R., Rivera, N., and Ruoff, R. S., Chem. Phys. Lett. 188, 171 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Ren, S.L., Wang, Y., Rao, A.M., McRae, E., Hager, G.T., Wang, K.A., Lee, W. T., Ni, H. F., Selegue, J., and Eklund, P. C., Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 2678 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Meng, R. L., Ramirez, D., Jiang, X., Chow, P. C., Diaz, C., Matsuishi, K., Moss, S.C., Hor, P.H., and Chu, C.W., Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 3402 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Smalley, R.E., in Large Carbon Clusters, edited by Hammond, G.S. and Kuck, V.J. (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1991), p. 199.Google Scholar
31Smalley, R.E., Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 98 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32David, W. I. F., Ibberson, R. M., Matthewman, J. C., Prassides, K., Dennis, T.J.S., Hare, J.P., Kroto, H.W., Taylor, R., and Walton, D.R.M., Nature 353, 147 (1991).Google Scholar
33Fischer, J. E., Heiney, P. A., McGhie, A. R., Romanow, W. J., Denenstein, A. M., McCauley, J. P. Jr., and Smith, A. B. III , Science 252, 1288 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Fleming, R. M., Siegrist, T., March, P. M., Hessen, B., Kortan, A. R., Murphy, D. W., Haddon, R. C., Tycko, R., Dabbagh, G., Mujsce, A. M., Kaplan, M. L., and Zahurak, S. M., in Clusters and Cluster-Assembled Materials, edited by Averback, R. S., Bernholc, J., and Nelson, D. L. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 206, Pittsburgh, PA, 1991), p. 691.Google Scholar
35David, W.I.F., Ibberson, R.M., Dennis, T.J.S., Hare, J.P., and Prassides, K., Europhys. Lett. 18, 219 (1992); Europhys. Lett. 18, 735 (1992).Google Scholar
36Field, J. E., in Properties of Diamond, edited by Field, J. E. (Academic Press, London, 1979), p. 281.Google Scholar
37Selig, H., Lifshitz, C., Peres, T., Fischer, J. E., McGhie, A. R., Romanow, W. J., McCauley, J.P. Jr., and Smith, A.B. III , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 5475 (1991).Google Scholar
38Holloway, J. H., Hope, E. G., Taylor, R., Langley, G. J., Avent, A. G., Dennis, T. J., Hare, J. P., Kroto, H. W., and Walton, D. R. M., J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 966 (1991).Google Scholar
39Haufler, R. E., Conceicao, J. J., Chibante, L. P. F., Chai, Y., Byrne, N. E., Flanagan, S., Haley, M.M., O'Brien, S.C., Pan, C., Xiao, Z., Billups, W. E., Ciufolini, M. A., Hauge, R. H., Margrave, J. L., Wilson, L. J., Curl, R. F., and Smalley, R. E., J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8634 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40Birkett, P. R., Hitchcock, P. B., Kroto, H. W., Taylor, R., and Walton, D.R.M., Nature 357, 479 (1992).Google Scholar
41Dresselhaus, M.S. and Dresselhaus, G., Adv. Phys. 30, 139 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Rosseinsky, M. J., Murphy, D. W., Fleming, R. M., Tycko, R., Ramirez, A. P., Siegrist, T., Dabbagh, G., and Barrett, S. E., Nature 356, 416 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43Gu, C., Stepniak, F., Poirier, D.M., Jost, M.B., Benning, P.J., Chen, Y., Ohno, T. R., Martins, J. L., Weaver, J. H., Fure, J., and Smalley, R.E., Phys. Rev. B 45, 6348 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Benning, P.J., Poirier, D.M., Ohno, T.R., Chen, Y., Jost, M.B., Stepniak, F., Kroll, G. H., and Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev. B 45, 6899 (1992).Google Scholar
45Tanigaki, K., Ebbesen, T.W., Saito, S., Mizuki, J., Tsai, J.S., Kubo, Y., and Kuroshima, S., Nature 352, 222 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Herold, A., in Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures, edited by Levy, F. (Dordrecht Reidel, New York, 1979), p. 323.Google Scholar
47Xiang, X. D., Vareka, W. A., Zettl, A., Corkill, J. L., Barbee, T. W. III , Cohen, M. L., Kijima, N., and Gronsky, R., Science 254, 1487 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48Xiang, X.D., Zettl, A., Vareka, W.A., Corkill, J.L., Barbee, T.W. III , and Cohen, M. L., Phys. Rev. B 43, 11496 (1991).Google Scholar
49Xiang, X-D., Hou, J. G., Briceno, G., Vareka, W. A., Mostovoy, R., Zettl, A., Crespi, V.H., and Cohen, M.L., Science 256, 1190 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50Kortan, A. R., Kopylov, N., Glarum, S., Gyorgy, E. M., Ramirez, A. P., Fleming, R. M., Thiel, F. A., and Haddon, R. C., Nature 355, 529 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51Chen, Y., Stepniak, F., Weaver, J.H., Chibante, L.P.F., and Smalley, R.E., Phys. Rev. B 45, 8845 (1992).Google Scholar
52Stephens, P. W., Mihaly, L., Lee, P. L., Whetten, R. L., Huang, S. M., Kaner, R., Diederich, F., and Holczer, K., Nature 351, 632 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53Woo, S. J., Lee, S. H., Kim, E., Lee, K. H., Lee, Y. H., Hwang, S. Y., and Jeon, I. C., Phys. Lett. A 162, 501 (1992).Google Scholar
54Fischer, J. E., Heiney, P. A., and Smith, A. B. III , Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 112 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55Saito, S. and Oshiyama, A., Phys. Rev. B 44, 11532 (1991).Google Scholar
56Wang, L. S., Conceicao, J., Jim, C., and Smalley, R. E., Chem. Phys. Lett. 182, 5 (1991).Google Scholar
57Vries, J. de, Steger, H., Kamke, B., Menzel, C., Weisser, B., Kamke, W., and Hertel, I. V., Chem. Phys. Lett. 188, 159 (1992).Google Scholar
58Steger, H., Vries, J. de, Kamke, B., Kamke, W., and Drewello, T., Chem. Phys. Lett. 194, 452 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59Heiney, P. A., Vaughan, G. B. M., Fischer, J. E., Coustel, N., Cox, D. E., Copley, J.R.D., Neumann, D.A., Kamitakahara, W.A., Creegan, K.M., Cox, D.M., McCauley, J.P. Jr., and Smith, A.B. III, Phys. Rev. B 45, 4544 (1992).Google Scholar
60Rao, A. M., Zhou, P., Wang, K-A., Hager, G. T., Holden, J. M., Wang, Y., Lee, W. T., Bi, X. X., Eklund, P. C., Cornett, D. S., Duncan, M. A., and Amster, I. J., Science 259, 955 (1993).Google Scholar
61Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S., and Mavroides, J.G., Carbon 4, 433 (1966).Google Scholar
62Shi, X. D., Kortan, A. R., Williams, J. M., Kini, A. M., Saval, B. M., and Chaikin, P. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 827 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63Grivei, E., Nysten, B., Cassart, M., Issi, J.P., Fabre, C., and Rassat, A., Phys. Rev. B 47, 1705 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64Grivei, E., Nysten, B., Cassart, M., Demain, A., and Issi, J. P., Solid State Commun. 85, 73 (1993).Google Scholar
65Grivei, E., Cassart, M., Issi, J. P., Langer, L., Nysten, B., Michenaud, J.P., Fabre, C., and Rassat, A., unpublished.Google Scholar
66Yu, R. C., Tea, N., Salamon, M. B., Lorens, D., and Malhotra, R., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2050 (1992).Google Scholar
67Wang, Y., Holden, J. M., Rao, A. M., Lee, W-T., Hager, G. T., Bi, X. X., Ren, S. L., Lehman, G. W., and Eklund, P. C., Phys. Rev. B 45, 14396 (1992).Google Scholar
68Zhu, Q., Cox, D. E., Fischer, J. E., Kniaz, K., McGhie, A. R., and Zhou, O., Nature 355, 712 (1992).Google Scholar
69Ohno, T. R., Kroll, G. H., Weaver, J. H., Chibante, L. P. F., and Smalley, R. E., Nature 350, 401 (1992).Google Scholar
70Saito, S., in Clusters and Cluster-Assembled Materials, edited by Averback, R. S., Bernholc, J., and Nelson, D. L. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 206, Pittsburgh, PA, 1991), p. 115.Google Scholar
71Wudl, F., Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 157 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72Fagan, P. J., Calabrese, J. C., and Malone, B., Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 134 (1992).Google Scholar
73Hawkins, J. M., Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 150 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74Hawkins, J. M., Meyer, A., Lewis, T., and Loren, S., in Fullerenes, edited by Hammond, G.S. and Kuck, V.J., ACS Symposium Series, 481, Chap. 6 (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1992), p. 91.Google Scholar
75Balch, A. L., Catalano, V. J., Lee, J. W., Olmstead, M. M., and Parkin, S. R., J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 113 (1991).Google Scholar
76Allemand, P-M., Khemani, K. C., Koch, A., Wudl, F., Holczer, K., Donovan, S., Grüner, G., and Thompson, J. D., Science 253, 301 (1991).Google Scholar
77Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M. S., and Eklund, P. C., Phys. Rev. B 45, 6923 (1992).Google Scholar
78Yannoni, C. S., Johnson, R. D., Meijer, G., Bethune, D. S., and Salem, J. R., J. Phys. Chem. 95, 9 (1991).Google Scholar
79Ajie, H., Alvarez, M.M., Anz, S.J., Beck, R.D., Diederich, F., Fostiropoulos, K., Huffman, D. R., Kratschmer, W., Rubin, Y., Schriver, K. E., Sensharma, D., and Whetten, R. L., J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8630 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80Fowler, P. W. and Woolrich, J., Chem. Phys. Lett. 127, 78 (1986).Google Scholar
81Klein, D.J., Seitz, W.A., and Schmalz, T.G., Nature 323, 703 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82Maruyama, S., Anderson, L.R., and Smalley, R.E., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 3686 (1990).Google Scholar
83Maruyama, Y., Inabe, T., Ogata, H., Achiba, Y., Suzuki, S., Kikuchi, K., and Ikemoto, I., Chem. Lett. 1849 (1991). The Chemical Society of Japan.Google Scholar
84Kikuchi, K., Nakahara, N., Wakabayashi, T., Suzuki, S., Shiramaru, H., Miyake, Y., Saito, K., Ikemoto, I., Kainosho, M., and Achiba, Y., Nature 357, 142 (1992).Google Scholar
85Manolopoulos, D. E. and Fowler, P. W., Chem. Phys. Lett. 187, 1 (1991).Google Scholar
86Fujita, M., Saito, R., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S., Phys. Rev. B 45, 13834 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Vaughan, G.B., Heiney, P.A., Fischer, J.E., Luzzi, D.E., Ricketts-Foot, D.A., McGhie, A. R., Hui, Y. W., Smith, A. L., Cox, D. E., Romanow, W. J., Allen, B. H., Coustel, N., McCauley, J. P. Jr., and Smith, A. B. III , Science 254, 1350 (1991).Google Scholar
88Verheijen, M. A., Meekes, H., Meijer, G., Bennema, P., Boer, J. L. de, Smaalen, S. van, Tendeloo, G. van, Amelinckx, S., Muto, S., and Landuyt, J. van, Chem. Phys. 166, 287 (1992).Google Scholar
89Fleming, R. M., Rosseinsky, M.J., Ramirez, A. P., Murphy, D.W., Tully, J. C., Haddon, R. C., Siegrist, T., Tycko, R., Glarum, S. H., Marsh, P., Dabbagh, G., Zahurak, S.M., Makhija, A.V., and Hampton, C., Nature 352, 701 (1991).Google Scholar
90Fleming, R. M., Ramirez, A. P., Rosseinsky, M. J., Murphy, D. W., Haddon, R.C., Zahurak, S.M., and Makhija, A.V., Nature 352, 787 (1991).Google Scholar
91Heiney, P. A., Fischer, J. E., McGhie, A. R., Romanow, W. J., Denenstein, A. M., McCauley, J. P. Jr., Smith, A. B. III , and Cox, D. E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1468 (1991).Google Scholar
92Dworkin, A., Szwarc, H., Leach, S., Hare, J. P., Dennis, T. J., Kroto, H. W., Taylor, R., and Walton, D. R. M., C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris Serie II 312, 979 (1991).Google Scholar
93Atake, T., Tanaka, T., Kawaji, R., Kikuchi, K., Saito, K., Suzuki, S., Ikemoto, I., and Achiba, Y., Phys. C 185–189, 427 (1991).Google Scholar
94Matsuo, T.. Suga, H., David, W. I. F., Ibberson, R. M., Bernier, P., Zahab, A., Fabre, C., Rassat, A., and Dworkin, A., Solid State Commun. 83, 711 (1992).Google Scholar
95Tycko, R., Dabbagh, G., Fleming, R.M., Haddon, R.C., Makhiji, A.V., and Zahurak, S.M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1886 (1991).Google Scholar
96Dworkin, A., Fabre, C., Schutz, D., Kriza, G., Ceolin, R., Szwarc, H., Bernier, P., Jerome, D., Leach, S., Rassat, A., Hare, J. P., Dennis, T. J., Kroto, H. W., Taylor, R., and Walton, D. R. M., C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris Serie II 313, 1017 (1991).Google Scholar
97Loosdrecht, P. H. M. van, Bentum, P. J. M. van, and Meijer, G., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1176 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98Harris, A. B. and Sachidanandam, R., Phys. Rev. B 46, 4944 (1992).Google Scholar
99Beyermann, W.P., Hundley, M.F., Thompson, J.D., Diederich, F.N., and Griiner, G., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2046 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100Alers, G.B., Golding, B., Kortan, A.R., Haddon, R.C., and Thiel, F.A., Science 257, 511 (1992).Google Scholar
101vanTendeloo, G., Amelinckx, S., Verheijen, M.A., Loosdrecht, P.H.M. van, and Meijer, G., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1065 (1992).Google Scholar
102Johnson, R. D., Yannoni, C. S., Dorn, H. C., Salem, J. R., and Bethune, D. S., Science 255, 1235 (1992).Google Scholar
103Zhu, Q., Zhou, O., Coustel, N., Vaughan, G. B. M., McCauley, J. P. Jr., Romanow, W. J., Fischer, J. E., and Smith, A. B. III , Science 254, 545 (1992).Google Scholar
104Murphy, D. W., Rosseinsky, M. J., Fleming, R. M., Tycko, R., Ramirez, A. P., Haddon, R. C., Siegrist, T., Dabbagh, G., Tully, J. C., and Walstedt, R.E., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 53, 1321 (1992).Google Scholar
105Tanigaki, K., Hirosawa, I., Ebbesen, T. W., Mizuki, J., Shimakawa, Y., Kubo, Y., Tsai, J. S., and Kuroshima, S., Nature 356, 419 (1992).Google Scholar
106Stephens, P.W., Nature 356, 383 (1992).Google Scholar
107Kortan, A.R., Kopylov, N., Fleming, R.M., Zhou, O., Thiel, F.A., Haddon, R.C., and Rabe, K.M., Phys. Rev. B 47, 13070 (1993).Google Scholar
108Oshiyama, A., Saito, S., Hamada, N., and Miyamoto, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 53, 1457 (1992).Google Scholar
109Tebbe, F.N., Harlow, R.L., Chase, D.B., Thorn, D.L., Campbell, G.C. Jr., Calabrese, J. C., Herron, N., Young, R. J. Jr., and Wasserman, E., Science 256, 822 (1992).Google Scholar
110Miyamoto, Y., Oshiyama, A., and Saito, S., Solid State Commun. 82, 437 (1992).Google Scholar
111Wang, Y., Tomanek, D., and Bertsch, G. F., Phys. Rev. B 44, 6562 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112Bethune, D.S., Meijer, G., Tang, W.C., and Rosen, H.J., Chem. Phys. Lett. 174, 219 (1990).Google Scholar
113Eklund, P. C., Zhou, P., Wang, K-A., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 53, 1391 (1992).Google Scholar
114Vassallo, A.M., Pang, L.S., Cole-Clark, P.A., and Wilson, M.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 7820 (1991).Google Scholar
115Chase, B., Herron, N., and Holler, E., J. Phys. Chem. 96, 4262 (1992).Google Scholar
116Wang, K.A., Wang, Y., Zhou, P., Holden, J.M., Ren, S.L., Hager, G. T., Ni, H. F., Eklund, P. C., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S., Phys. Rev. B 45, 1955 (1992).Google Scholar
117Zhou, P., Wang, K-A., Wang, Y., Eklund, P. C., Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., and Jishi, R.A., Phys. Rev. B 46, 2595 (1992).Google Scholar
118Bethune, D.S., Meijer, G., Tang, W.C., Rosen, H.J., Golden, W.G., Seki, H., Brown, C. A., and Derries, M. S., Chem. Phys. Lett. 179, 181 (1991).Google Scholar
119Meijer, G., Bethune, D. S., Tang, W. C., Rosen, H. J., Johnson, R. D., Wilson, R. J., Chambliss, D. D., Golden, W. G., Seki, H., DeVries, M. S., Brown, C.A., Salem, J. R., Hunziker, H. E., and Wendt, H. R., in Clusters and Cluster-Assembled Materials, edited by Averback, R. S., Bernholc, J., and Nelson, D. L. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 206, Pittsburgh, PA, 1991), p. 619.Google Scholar
120Duclos, S. J., Haddon, R. C., Glarum, S. H., Hebard, A. F., and Lyons, K. B., Science 254, 1625 (1991).Google Scholar
121Stanton, R.E. and Newton, M.D., J. Phys. Chem. 92, 2141 (1988).Google Scholar
122Negri, F., Orlandi, G., and Zerbetto, F., Chem. Phys. Lett. 144, 31 (1988).Google Scholar
123Disch, R.L. and Schulmann, J.M., Chem. Phys. Lett. 125, 465 (1986).Google Scholar
124Haser, M., Almlof, J., and Scuseria, G. E., Chem. Phys. Lett. 181, 497 (1991).Google Scholar
125Adams, G. B., Page, J. B., Sankey, O. F., Sinha, K., Menendez, J., and Huffman, D. R., Phys. Rev. B 44, 4052 (1991).Google Scholar
126Feuston, B. P., Andreoni, W., Parrinello, M., and Clementi, E., Phys. Rev. B 44, 4056 (1991).Google Scholar
127Wu, Z. C., Jelski, D.A., and George, T.F., Chem. Phys. Lett. 137, 291 (1987).Google Scholar
128Cyvin, S.J., Brendsdal, E., Cyvin, B.N., and Brunvoll, J., Chem. Phys. Lett. 143, 377 (1988).Google Scholar
129Weeks, D.E. and Harter, W.G., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4744 (1989).Google Scholar
130Jishi, R.A., Mirie, R.M., and Dresselhaus, M.S., Phys. Rev. B 45, 13685 (1992).Google Scholar
131Zhou, P., Rao, A.M., Wang, K-A., Robertson, J.D., Eloi, C.C., Meier, M.S., Ren, S.L., Bi, X.X., Eklund, P.C., and Dresselhaus, M.S., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2871 (1992).Google Scholar
132Dong, Z-H., Zhou, P., Holden, J.M., Eklund, P.C., Dressel-haus, M.S., and Dresselhaus, G., Phys. Rev. B 48 (in press).Google Scholar
133Nissen, M.K., Wilson, S.M., and Thewalt, M.L.W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2423 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
134Coulombeau, C., Jobic, H., Bernier, P., Fabre, C., and Rassat, A., J. Phys. Chem. 96, 22 (1992).Google Scholar
135Jishi, R.A., Dresselhaus, M.S., Dresselhaus, G., Wang, K.A., Zhou, P., Rao, A. M., and Eklund, P. C., Chem. Phys. Lett. 206, 187 (1993).Google Scholar
136Snoke, D.W., Raptis, Y.S., and Syassen, K., Phys. Rev. B 45, 14419 (1992).Google Scholar
137Jishi, R. A., Mirie, R. M., Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., and Eklund, P. C., Phys. Rev. B (in press).Google Scholar
138Zhou, P., Wang, K.A., Eklund, P.C., Dresselhaus, G., Dres-selhaus, M.S., Phys. Rev. B (in press).Google Scholar
139Pichler, T., Matus, M., Kiirti, J., and HKuzmany, ., Phys. Rev. B 45, 13841 (1992).Google Scholar
140Glarum, S. H., Duclos, S. J., and Haddon, R. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 1996 (1992).Google Scholar
141Zhou, P., Wang, K.A., Rao, A.M., Eklund, P.C., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S., Phys. Rev. B 45, 10838 (1992).Google Scholar
142Dresselhaus, M. S. and Dresselhaus, G., Light Scattering in Solids III, Topics in Applied Physics, edited by Cardona, M. and Giintherodt, G. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982), Vol. 51, p. 3.Google Scholar
143Jishi, R.A. and Dresselhaus, M. S., Phys. Rev. B 45, 6914 (1992).Google Scholar
144DeSorbo, W. and Tyler, W.W., J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1660 (1953).Google Scholar
145Keesom, P.H. and Pearlman, N., Phys. Rev. 99, 1119 (1955).Google Scholar
146Huant, S., Chouteau, G., Robert, J. B., Bernier, P., Fabre, C., Rassat, A., and Bustarret, E., C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris Serie II 314, 1309 (1992).Google Scholar
147Kriza, G., Ameline, J. C., Jerome, J., Dworkin, A., Szwarc, H., Fabre, C., Schutz, D., Rassat, A., and Bernier, P., J. Phys. I, France 1, 1361 (1991).Google Scholar
148Nihira, T. and Iwata, T., J. Appl. Phys. 14, 1099 (1975).Google Scholar
149Morelli, D.T. and Uher, C., Phys. Rev. B 31, 6721 (1985).Google Scholar
150Berman, R., Hudson, P.R.W., and Martinez, M., J. Phys. C: Solid State 8, L430 (1975).Google Scholar
151Herzberg, G., in Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure (Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1945); icosahedral symmetry is not treated explicitly.Google Scholar
152Saito, S. and Oshiyama, A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2637 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
153Negri, F., Orlandi, G., and Zerbetto, F., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 2910 (1992).Google Scholar
154Saito, R., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S., Phys. Rev. B 46, 9906 (1992).Google Scholar
155Negri, F., Orlandi, G., and Zerbetto, F., Chem. Phys. Lett. 196, 303 (1992).Google Scholar
156Saito, R., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S., Chem. Phys. Lett, (in press).Google Scholar
157Chen, C.T., Tjeng, L.H., Rudolf, P., Meigs, G., Rowe, J.F., Chen, J., McCauley, J.P., Smith, A. B., McGhie, A. R., Romanow, W.J., and Plummer, C., Nature 352, 603 (1991).Google Scholar
158Haddon, R. C., Brus, L. E., and Raghavachari, K., Chem. Phys. Lett. 125, 459 (1986).Google Scholar
159Martins, J.L., Troullier, N., and Weaver, J.H., Chem. Phys. Lett. 180, 457 (1991).Google Scholar
160Zhang, O., Yi, J.Y., and Bernholc, J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2633 (1991).Google Scholar
161Weaver, J.H., Martins, J.L., Komeda, T., Chen, Y., Ohno, T.R., Kroll, G. H., Troullier, N., Haufler, R. E., and Smalley, R. E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1741 (1991).Google Scholar
162Erwin, S. C. and Pederson, M.R., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1610 (1991).Google Scholar
163Oshiyama, A. and Saito, S., Solid State Commun. 82, 41 (1992).Google Scholar
164Tycko, R., Dabbagh, G., Rosseinsky, M.J., Murphy, D.W., Fleming, R. M., Ramirez, A. P., and Tully, J. C., Science 253, 1419 (1991).Google Scholar
165Pichler, T., Matus, M., Kiirti, J., and Kuzmany, H., Solid State Commun. 81, 859 (1992).Google Scholar
166Sibley, S.P., Argentine, S.M., and Francis, A.H., Chem. Phys. Lett. 188, 187 (1992).Google Scholar
167Wang, Y., Holden, J.M., Rao, A.M., Eklund, P. C., Venkateswaran, U., Lidberg, R. L., Eastwood, D., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S., unpublished.Google Scholar
168Matus, M., Kuzmany, H., and Sohmen, E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2822 (1992).Google Scholar
169Dresselhaus, M. S., Saito, R., and Dresselhaus, G., Mater. Sci. Eng. B19, 192 (1993).Google Scholar
170Ching, W.Y., Huang, M-Z., Xu, Y-N., Harter, W.G., and Chan, F.T., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2045 (1991).Google Scholar
171Wastberg, B. and Rosen, A., Phys. Scripta 44, 276 (1991).Google Scholar
172Larsson, S., Volosov, A., and Rosen, A., Chem. Phys. Lett. 137, 501 (1987).Google Scholar
173Birks, J. B., in Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules (John Wiley and Sons, London, 1970). A general review of the molecular spectroscopy of aromatic molecules.Google Scholar
174Hung, R. R. and Grabowski, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. 95, 6075 (1991).Google Scholar
175Ebbesen, T.W., Tanigaki, K., and Kuroshima, S., Chem. Phys. Lett. 181, 501 (1991).Google Scholar
176Arbogast, J.W., Darmanyan, A. P., Foote, C. S., Rubin, R., Diederich, F.N., Alvarez, M. M., Anz, S. J., and Whetten, R. L., J. Phys. Chem. 95, 11 (1991).Google Scholar
177Wasielewski, M.R., O'Neil, M.P., Lykke, K.R., Pellin, M.J., and Gruen, D. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 2774 (1991).Google Scholar
178Tutt, L.W. and Kost, A., Nature 356, 225 (1992).Google Scholar
179Ren, S. L., Wang, K. A., Zhou, P., Wang, Y., Rao, A. M., Meier, M. S., Selegue, J., and Eklund, P. C., Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 124 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
180Rao, A.M., Ren, S.L., Lehman, G.W., Zhou, P., Wang, K-A., and Eklund, P. C., unpublished.Google Scholar
181Hebard, A.F., Haddon, R. C., Fleming, R. M., and Kortan, A. R., Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 2109 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
182Xu, Y-N., Huang, M-Z., and Ching, W. Y., Phys. Rev. B 44, 13171 (1991).Google Scholar
183Reber, C., Yee, L., McKiernan, J., Zink, J.I., Williams, R.S., Tong, W. M., Ohlberg, D. A. A., Whetten, R. L., and Diederich, F., J. Phys. Chem. 95, 2127 (1991).Google Scholar
184Kafafi, Z. H., Lindle, J. R., Pong, R. G. S., Bartoli, F. J., Lingg, L. J., and Milliken, J., Chem. Phys. Lett. 188, 492 (1991).Google Scholar
185Hoshi, H., Nakamura, N., Maruyama, Y., Nakagawa, T., Suzuki, S., Shiromaru, H., and Achiba, Y., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 30, L1397 (1991).Google Scholar
186Prasad, P., in Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Materials (Plenum Press, New York, 1991).Google Scholar
187Hebard, A. F., in Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, edited by Jena, P., Khanna, S.N., and Rao, B.K. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1991), Vol. C 374, p. 1213.Google Scholar
188Kochanski, G.P., Hebard, A.F., Haddon, R.C., and Fiory, A.T., Science 255, 184 (1992).Google Scholar
189lye, Y., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors III, edited by Ginsberg, D. M. (1992), Chap. 4, p. 285.Google Scholar
190Klein, O., Griiner, G., Huang, S. M., Wiley, J. B., and Kaner, R. B., Phys. Rev. B 46, 11247 (1992).Google Scholar
191Ogata, H., Inabe, T., Hoshi, H., Maruyama, Y., Achiba, Y., Suzuki, S., Kikuchi, K., and Ikemoto, I., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31, LI66 (1992).Google Scholar
192Palstra, T.T.M., Haddon, R.C., Hebard, A.F., and Zaanen, J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1054 (1992).Google Scholar
193Wang, Z.H., Fung, A.W.P., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S., Wang, K. A., Zhou, P., and Eklund, P. C., Phys. Rev. B (in press).Google Scholar
194Regueiro, M. Nunez, Monceau, P., Rassat, A., Bernier, P., and Zahab, A., Nature 354, 289 (1991).Google Scholar
195Inabe, T., Ogata, H., Maruyama, Y., Achiba, Y., Suzuki, S., Kikuchi, K., and Ikemoto, I., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3797 (1992).Google Scholar
196Ettl, R., Chao, I., Diederich, F., and Whetten, R.L., Nature 353, 443 (1991).Google Scholar
197Slichter, C. P., in Principles of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).Google Scholar
198Tycko, R., Dabbagh, G., Rosseinsky, M.J., Murphy, D.W., Ramirez, A.P., and Fleming, R. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1912 (1992).Google Scholar
199Weaver, J. H., Accounts Chem. Res. 25, 143 (1992).Google Scholar
200Zhang, Z., Chen, C. C., Kelty, S. P., Dai, H., and Lieber, C. M., Nature 353, 333 (1991).Google Scholar
201Zhang, Z., Chen, C. C., and Lieber, C.M., Science 254, 1619 (1991).Google Scholar
202Jost, M. B., Troullier, N., Poirier, D. M., Martins, J. L., Weaver, J. H., Chibante, L.P.F., and Smalley, R.E., Phys. Rev. B 44, 1966 (1991).Google Scholar
203Hannay, N. B., Geballe, T. H., Matthias, B. T., Andres, K., Schmidt, P., and MacNair, D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 225 (1965).Google Scholar
204Koike, Y., Higuchi, K., and Tanuma, S., Solid State Commun. 27, 623 (1978).Google Scholar