Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T07:29:19.676Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Experimental study of grain refinement mechanism in undercooled Ni–15at.%Cu alloy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Haifeng Wang ,
Feng Liu  and
Gencang Yang
Gencang Yang
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
Get access

Abstract

Applying glass fluxing and cyclic superheating, rapid solidification of undercooled Ni–15at.%Cu alloy was performed by rapidly quenching the sample after recalescence. The evolution of microstructure and microtexture has been analyzed. At both low and high undercoolings, well-developed dendrites, within and around which are distributed by the fine equiaxed grains, are observed. At low undercooling, the completely grain-refined microstructure shows a highly oriented texture without annealing twins, whereas at high undercooling a fully random texture as well as a number of annealing twins is observed. On this basis, all the possible mechanisms for grain refinement, as well as their effects on the microstructure formation, were discussed. The grain refinement at both low and high undercoolings is concluded to originate from dendrite fragmentation. Particularly, at high undercooling, recrystallization, as a consequence of dendrite deformation (by fluid flow) and dendrite fragmentation (which provides grain boundary sites for recrystallization nucleation and for the “appearing” recrystallized grains), occurs and plays a role in the grain refinement and the formation of fully random texture.

Keywords

Rapid solidificationScanning electron microscopy (SEM)Microstructure
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 25 , Issue 10 , October 2010 , pp. 1963 - 1974
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Herlach, D.M.Non-equilibrium solidification of undercooled metallic melts. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 12, 177 (1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Hunt, J.D., Jackson, K.A.Nucleation of solid in an undercooled liquid by cavitation. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 254 (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Mullis, A.M., Cochrane, R.F.Grain refinement and the stability of dendrites growing into undercooled pure metals and alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 82, 3783 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Jackson, K.A., Hunt, J.D., Uhlmann, D.R., Seward, T.P.On the origin of the equiaxed zone in castings. Trans. AIME 236, 149 (1966)Google Scholar
5.Schwarz, M., Karma, A., Eckler, K., Herlach, D.M.Physical mechanism of grain refinement in solidification of undercooled melts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1380 (1994)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Karma, A.Model of grain refinement in solidification of undercooled melts. Int. J. Non Equilibr. Process 11, 201 (1998)Google Scholar
7.Liu, F., Yang, G.C.Rapid solidification of highly undercooled bulk liquid superalloy: Recent developments, future directions. Int. Mater. Rev. 51, 145 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Liu, F., Yang, G.C.Stress-induced recrystallization mechanism for grain refinement in highly undercooled superalloy. J. Cryst. Growth 231, 295 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Battersby, S.E., Cochrane, R.F., Mullis, A.M.Microstructural evolution and growth velocity-undercooling relationships in the systems Cu, Cu–O and Cu–Sn at high undercooling. J. Mater. Sci. 35, 1365 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Cochrane, R.F., Battersby, S.E., Mullis, A.M.The mechanisms for spontaneous grain refinement in undercooled Cu–O and Cu–Sn melts. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 304–306, 262 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Dragnevski, K.I., Cochrane, R.F., Mullis, A.M.The mechanism for spontaneous grain refinement in undercooled pure Cu melts. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 375–377, 479 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Horvay, G.The tension field created by a spherical nucleus freezing into its less dense undercooled melt. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 8, 195 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Leung, K.K., Chiu, C.P., Kui, H.W.Grain refinement in undercooled nickel. Scr. Metall. Mater. 32, 1559 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Lee, H.L., Shek, C.H., Wang, H.Texture analysis of grain refinement in undercooled Ni99.45B0.55. J. Mater. Res. 16, 1434 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Herlach, D.M., Ecker, K., Karma, A., Schwarz, M.Grain refinement through fragmentation of dendrites in undercooled melts. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 304–306, 20 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Greer, A.L.Grain refinement in rapid solidified alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 133, 16 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Kessler, D., Koplik, J., Levine, K.Pattern selection in fingered growth phenomena. Adv. Phys. 37, 255 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Wilde, G., Görler, G.P., Willnecker, R.Hypercooling of completely miscible alloys. Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2995 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Willnecker, R., Görler, G.P., Wilde, G.Appearance of a hypercooled liquid region for completely miscible alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 226–228, 439 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Gärtner, F., Norman, A.F., Greer, A.L., Zambon, A., Eamous, E., Eckler, K., Herlach, D.M.Texture analysis of the development of microstructure in Cu–30at.%Ni alloy droplets solidified at selected undercoolings. Acta Mater. 45, 51 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Gärtner, F., Moir, S.A., Norman, A.F., Greer, A.L., Herlach, D.M.Texture analyses of levitated Fe69Ni30Cr1 droplets. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 226–228, 307 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Randle, V., Engler, O.Introduction to Texture Analysis Macrotexture, Microtexture and Orientation Mapping (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Cochrane, R.F., Herlach, D.M., Feuerbacher, B.Grain refinement in drop-tube-processed nickel-based alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 133, 706 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Li, M.J., Ishilawa, T., Nagashio, K., Kuribayashi, K., Yoda, S.A comparative EBSP study of microstructure and microtexture formation from undercooled Ni99B1 melts solidified on an electrostatic levitator and an electromagnetic levitator. Acta Mater. 54, 3791 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Li, M.J., Tamura, T., Miwa, K.Controlling microstructures of AZ31 magnesium alloys by an electromagnetic vibration technique during solidification: From experimental observation to theoretical understanding. Acta Mater. 55, 4635 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Li, M.J., Tamura, T., Miwa, K.Microstructure and microtexture formation of AZ91D magnesium alloys solidified in a static magnetic field. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 40, 1543 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Hellawell, A., Liu, S., Lu, S.Z.Dendrite fragmentation and the effects of fluid flow castings. JOM 49, 18 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Dahle, A.K., Thevik, H.J., Arnberg, L., John, D.H.S.Modeling the fluid-flow-induced stress and collapse in a dendritic network. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 30, 287 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Pilling, J., Hellawell, A.Mechanical deformation of dendrites by fluid flow. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 27, 229 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Mullis, A.M., Walker, D.J., Batterby, S.E., Cochrane, R.F.Deformation of dendrites by fluid flow during rapid solidification. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 304–306, 245 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Dragnevski, K., Mullis, A.M., Walker, D.J., Cochrane, R.F.Mechanical deformation of dendrites by fluid flow during the solidification of undercooled melts. Acta Mater. 50, 3743 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Doherty, R.D., Hughes, D.A., Humphreys, F.J., Jonas, J.J., Jensen, D.J., Kassner, M.E., King, W.E., McNelley, T.R., McQueen, H.J., Rollett, A.D.Current issues in recrystallization: A review. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 238, 219 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Wang, H.F., Liu, F., Chen, Z., Yang, G.C., Zhou, Y.H.Analysis of non-equilibrium dendrite growth in bulk undercooled alloy melt: Model and application. Acta Mater. 55, 497 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Wang, H.F., Liu, F., Chen, Z., Yang, G.C., Zhou, Y.H.Effect of non-linear liquidus and solidus in undercooled dendrite growth: A comparative study in Ni–0.7at.%B and Ni–1at.%Zr system. Scr. Mater. 57, 413 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Algoso, P.R., Hofmeister, W.H., Bayuzick, R.J.Solidification velocity of undercooled Ni–Cu alloys. Acta Mater. 51, 4307 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Galenko, P.K., Danilov, D.A.Model for free dendritic alloy growth under interfacial and bulk phase non-equilibrium conditions. J. Cryst. Growth 197, 992 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Li, X.L., Liu, W., Godfrey, A., Jensen, D.J., Liu, Q.Development of the cube texture at low annealing temperatures in highly rolled pure nickel. Acta Mater. 55, 3531 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Bhattacharjee, P.P., Ray, R.K., Tsuji, N.Cold rolling and recrystallization textures of a Ni–5at.%W alloy. Acta Mater. 57, 2166 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Li, M.J., Ishikawa, T., Nagashio, K., Kuribayashi, K., Yoda, S.Experimental evidence of crystal fragmentation from highly undercooled Ni99B1 melts processed on an electrostatic levitator. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36, 3254 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Wu, G.L., Jensen, D.J.Orientation of recrystallization nuclei developed in columnar-grained Ni at triple junctions and a high-angle grain boundary. Acta Mater. 55, 4955 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar