Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:58:53.307Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Direct formation of nanostructured graphitic carbon from an acrylic ion-exchange resin at 600°C

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2011

Guoqiang He ,
Xueming Ma ,
Zhengbing Xu ,
Zaoxue Yan ,
Hui Meng  and
Pei K. Shen
Guoqiang He
Affiliation:
The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Xueming Ma
Affiliation:
The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Zhengbing Xu
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Materials and New Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People’s Republic of China
Zaoxue Yan
Affiliation:
The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Hui Meng*
Affiliation:
The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
Pei K. Shen*
Affiliation:
The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
*
a)Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: [email protected]
b)e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Graphitic carbon (GC) is prepared using an ion-exchange resin as carbon source at 600 °C. A Co salt is selected as the graphitization catalyst and is pre-exchanged onto the resin during the ion-exchange process. The GC is characterized by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Analysis of the crystallization shows that graphitization can occur at a temperature of as low as 600 °C, compared to the usual temperature of above 2000 °C in industry and above 1000 °C in literature. Different carbon structures have been found for different pretreatments of the resin and different heat treatment temperatures. This energy-saving method is an important breakthrough for the economic mass production of GC.

Keywords

CarbonizationChemical synthesisEnergetic material
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 26 , Issue 24 , 28 December 2011 , pp. 3083 - 3090
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Wang, H.Y. and Yoshio, M.: Graphite, a suitable positive electrode material for high-energy electrochemical capacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 8, 1481 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Phan, N.H., Rio, S., Faur, C., Coq, L.L., Cloirec, P.L., and Nguyen, T.H.: Production of fibrous activated carbons from natural cellulose (jute, coconut) fibers for water treatment applications. Carbon 44, 2569 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Jayasri, D. and Narayanan, S.S.: Electrocatalytic oxidation and amperometric determination of BHA at graphite–wax composite electrode with silver hexacyanoferrate as electrocatalyst. Sens. Actuators, B 119, 135 (2006).Google Scholar
4.Jeong, S.H., Lim, D.C., Boo, J.H., Lee, S.B., Hwang, H.N., Hwang, C.C., and Kim, Y.D.: Interaction of silver with oxygen on sputtered pyrolytic graphite. Appl. Catal., A 320, 152 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Carneiro, O.C., Anderson, P.E., Rodriguez, N.M., and Baker, R.T.K.: Decomposition of CO−H2 over graphite nanofiber-supported iron and iron−copper catalysts. J. Phys. Chem., B 108, 13307 (2004).Google Scholar
6.Lisowska-Oleksiak, A., Nowak, A.P.: Metal hexacyanoferrate network synthesized inside polymer matrix for electrochemical capacitors. J. Power Sources 173, 829 (2007).Google Scholar
7.Zhang, W.M., Hu, J.S., Guo, Y.G., Zheng, S.F., Zhong, L.S., Song, W.G., and Wan, L.J.: Tin-nanoparticles encapsulated in elastic hollow carbon spheres for high-performance anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 20, 1160 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Lueking, A.D., Yang, R.T., Rodriguez, N.M., and Baker, R.T.K.: Hydrogen storage in graphite nanofibers: Effect of synthesis catalyst and pretreatment conditions Langmuir 20, 714 (2004).Google Scholar
9.Bunch, J.S., van der Zande, A.M., Verbridge, S.S., Frank, I.W., Tanenbaum, D.M., Parpia, J.M., Craighead, H.G., and McEuen, P.L.: Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets. Science 315, 490 (2007).Google Scholar
10.Wang, X.R., Ouyang, Y.J., Li, X.L., Wang, H.L., Guo, J., and Dai, H.J.: Room-temperature all-semiconducting sub-10-nm graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 206803-1-4 (2008).Google Scholar
11.Niu, J.J. and Wang, J.N.: Temperature and structural dependence of electrochemical activity and fuel cell performance. Acta Mater. 58, 408 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Wu, W.Z., Zhu, Z.P., Liu, Z.Y., Xie, Y.N., Zhang, J., and Hu, T.D.: Preparation of carbon-encapsulated iron carbide nanoparticles by an explosion method. Carbon 41, 317 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Sano, N., Wang, H., Alexandrou, I.M., and Chhowalla, M.: Properties of carbon onions produced by an arc discharge in water. J. Appl. Phys. 92, 2783 (2002).Google Scholar
14.Xu, B.S., Guo, J.J., Wang, X.M., Liu, X.G., and Ichinose, H.: Synthesis of carbon nanocapsules containing Fe, Ni or Co by arc discharge in aqueous solution. Carbon 44, 2631 (2006).Google Scholar
15.Sergiienko, R., Shibata, E., Kim, S., Kinota, T., and Nakamura, T.: Nanographite structures formed during annealing of disordered carbon containing finely-dispersed carbon nanocapsules with iron carbide cores. Carbon 47, 1056 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Sergiienko, R., Shibata, E., Zentaro, A., Shindo, D., Nakamura, T., and Qin, G.W.: Formation and characterization of graphite-encapsulated cobalt nanoparticles synthesized by electric discharge in an ultrasonic cavitation field of liquid ethanol. Acta Mater. 55, 3671 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Zaldivar, R.J. and Rellick, G.S.: Some observations on stress graphitization in carbon-carbon composites. Carbon 9, 1155 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Oya, A. and Otani, S.: Influences of particle size of metal on catalytic graphitization of non-graphitizing carbons. Carbon 19, 391 (1981).Google Scholar
19.Iwazaki, T., Semba, T., Konishi, S., Sezai, T., Murakami, Y., Sugimoto, W., and Takasu, Y.: Catalytic excavation and graphitization of activated carbon by cobalt nanoparticles. Chem. Lett. 37, 1194 (2008).Google Scholar
20.Sevilla, M., Salinas, M.L., Valdés, S.T., Morallón, E., and Fuertes, A.B.: Solid-phase synthesis of graphitic carbon nanostructures from iron and cobalt gluconates and their utilization as electrocatalyst supports. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 1433 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Xu, S., Zhang, F., Kang, Q., Liu, S., and Cai, Q.: The effect of magnetic field on the catalytic graphitization of phenolic resin in the presence of Fe–Ni. Carbon 47, 3233 (2009).Google Scholar
22.Yi, S., Chen, J., Xiao, X., Liu, L., and Fan, Z.: Effect of praseodymium on catalytic graphitization of furan resin carbon. J. Rare Earths 28, 69 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Oya, A. and Otani, S.: Catalytic graphitization of carbons by various metals. Carbon 17, 131 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Konno, J. and Sinclair, R.: Crystallization of amorphous carbon in carbon-cobaltlayered thin films. Acta Metall. Mater. 43, 471 (1995).Google Scholar
25.Engle, G.B.: Low-temperature graphitization of cokes and binder-filler artifacts. Carbon 10, 409 (1972).Google Scholar
26.Yokokawa, C., Hosokawa, K., and Takegami, Y.: Low temperature catalytic graphitization of hard carbon. Carbon 4, 459 (1966).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Jackson, P.W. and Marjoram, J.R.: Recrystallization of nickel-coated carbon fibres. Nature 218, 83 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Tzeng, S.S.: Catalytic graphitization of electroless Ni–P coated PAN-based carbon fibers. Carbon 44, 1986 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Sevilla, M., Sanchís, C., Valdés-Solís, T., Morallón, E., and Fuertes, A.B.: Direct synthesis of graphitic carbon nanostructures from saccharides and their use as electrocatalytic supports. Carbon 46, 931 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Wang, L., Tian, C.G., Wang, B.L., Wang, R.H., Zhou, W., and Fu, H.G.: Controllable synthesis of graphitic carbon nanostructures from ion-exchange resin-iron complex via solid-state pyrolysis process. Chem. Commun. 5411 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Skowroński, J.M., Knofczyński, K., and Inagaki, M.: Changes in electrochemical insertion of lithium into glass-like carbon affected by catalytic graphitization at 1000 °C. Solid State Ionics 178, 137 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Iwashita, N., Park, C.R., Fujimoto, H., Shiraishi, M., and Inagaki, M.: Specification for a standard procedure of X-ray diffraction measurements on carbon materials. Carbon 42, 701 (2004).Google Scholar
33.Yong, R.A., Sakthivel, A., Moss, T.S., and Paive-Santos, C.O.: DBWS-9411 and upgrade of DBWS-programs for Rietveld refinement with PC and mainframe computers. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 28, 366 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Nong, L.Q., Yang, X.Y., Zeng, L.M., and Liu, J.P.: Qualitative and quantitative phase analyses of Pingguo bauxite mineral using X-ray powder diffraction and the Rietveld method. Powder Diffr. 22, 300 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Zhou, H.H., Yu, Q., Peng, Q.L., Wang, H., Chen, J.H., and Kuang, Y.F.: Catalytic graphitization of carbon fibers with electrodeposited Ni-B alloy coating. Mater. Chem. Phys. 110, 434 (2008).Google Scholar
36.Park, J.S., Reina, A., Saito, R., Kong, J., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M.S.: G′G′ band Raman spectra of single, double and triple layer graphene. Carbon 47, 1303 (2009).Google Scholar
37.Konno, T.J. and Sinclair, R.: Crystallization of co-sputtered amorphous cobalt-carbon alloys. Acta Metall. Mater. 42, 1231 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Konno, T.J. and Sinclair, R.: Crystallization of amorphous carbon in carbon-cobalt layered thin films. Acta Metall. Mater. 43, 471 (1995).Google Scholar