Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:15:52.827Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Crystal chemical incorporation of high level waste species in aluminotitanate-based ceramics: Valence, location, radiation damage, and hydrothermal durability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

P. E. Fielding  and
T. J. White
P. E. Fielding
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
T. J. White
Affiliation:
Materials Division, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Lock Mail Bag No. 1. Menai, New South Wales, 2234, Australia
Get access

Abstract

A compilation is made of the crystallographic mechanisms whereby (simulated) radwaste species are incorporated in the “synroc” phases zirconolite, perovskite, hibonite, and “hollandite.” From these data and consideration of the crystal chemical criteria of valence and effective ionic radii, the most probable host phases for transuranic isotopes are identified. The distinction is drawn between incorporation of radwaste species as dilute homogeneous, continuous solid solutions and as heterogeneous, noncontinuous solid solutions. It is shown that compositional variations at the nanometer level are frequently accompanied by the generation of new interstices within extended defects, which are suitable for the location of radwaste. Nuclides that are unstable towards beta and gamma decay lead to transmutation-induced changes in stoichiometry. Crystallochemical mechanisms that minimize structural disruption during the formation of radiogenic species are discussed. Thermally promoted recovery of metamict phases, which were rendered aperiodic by direct atomic displacements of alpha-recoil nuclei, are examined in terms of recrystallization via the hierarchial arrangement of space groups. An evaluation is made of the hydrothermal durability of synroc phases under conditions likely to be experienced by the wasteform should the repository be breached by groundwaters shortly after disposal.

Type
Commentaries and Reviews
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 2 , Issue 3 , June 1987 , pp. 387 - 414
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1McCarthy, G. J.Pepin, J. C.Pfoertsch, D. E.Clarke, D. R. in Ceramics in Nuclear Waste Management, CONF-790420 (United States Department of Energy, Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, TN, 1979), p. 315.Google Scholar
2Schwoebal, R. L. and Northrup, C. J.Toxic Hazard. Waste Disposal 1, 233 (1979).Google Scholar
3McCarthy, G. J.White, W. B. and Pfoertsch, D. E.Mater. Res. Bull. 13, 1239 (1978); L. A., Boatner, G. W., Beall, M. M., Abraham, C. B., Finch, R. J., Floran, P. G., Huray and M., Rappaz in Management of Alpha-Contaminated Wastes, IAEA-SM246/73 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1981), p. 411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Morgan, P. E. D.Clarke, D. R.Jantzen, C. M. and Harker, A. B.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 64, 249 (1981).Google Scholar
5Hayward, P. J.Vance, E. R.Cann, C. D. and Mitchell, S. L. in Nuclear Waste Management, Advances in Ceramics, edited by Wicks, G. G. and Ross, W. A. (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, OH, 1984), Vol. 8, p. 209.Google Scholar
6Ryerson, F. J.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 66, 629 (1983).Google Scholar
7Clarke, D. R.Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 13, 191 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8(a) Ringwood, A. E.Safe Disposal of High Level Nuclear Reactor Wastes: A NewStrategy (ANU, Canberra, Australia, 1978); (b) A. E., Ringwood, S., Kesson, N., Ware and A., Major in Scientific Advances and Community Risk, edited by F. White (Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, Australia, 1979), p. 71; (c) A. E. Ring-wood, Mineral. Mag. 49, 159 (1985).Google Scholar
9Johnstone, J. K. and Meyer, R. T.Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 22, 355 (1975).Google Scholar
10Schwoebal, R. L. Sandia National Laboratory, Report No. SAND-76-5396, 1976.Google Scholar
11Dosch, R. G.Lynch, A. W.Headley, T. J. and Hlava, P. F. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management III, edited by Moore, J. G. (Plenum, New York, 1980), p. 123.Google Scholar
12McCarthy, G. J. and Davidson, M. T.Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 55, 190 (1976).Google Scholar
13Hatch, L. P.Am. Sci. 41, 410 (1953).Google Scholar
14McCarthy, C. J.Earth Miner. Sci. 45, 17 (1975).Google Scholar
15Roy, R.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 60, 350 (1977).Google Scholar
16(a) Haggerty, S. E. in the Geological Society of America 93rd Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs, 1980, p. 440; (b) S. E., Haggerty Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 11, 133 (1983).Google Scholar
17Lynch, R. W.Dosch, R. G.Kenna, B. T.Johnstone, J. K. and Nowak, E. J. Sandia National Laboratory Report No. SAND-75-5907, CONF-740310-1, 1975.Google Scholar
18(a) Come, B.Radioact. Waste Manage. Nucl. Fuel Cycle 7, 83 (1986); (b) G. J., McCarthy, S., Komarneni, B. E., Scheetz and W. B., White in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management I, edited by G. J. McCarthy (Plenum, New York, 1979), p. 329.Google Scholar
19Ewing, R. C. and Haaker, R. F.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 1, 51 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Ringwood, A. E.Kesson, S. E.Ware, N. G.Hibberson, W. and Major, A.Geochem. J. (Tokyo) 13, 141 (1979).Google Scholar
21Hyde, B. G.Andersson, S.Bakker, M.Plug, C. M. and O'Keeffe, M., Prog. Solid State Chem. 12, 273 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Cousens, D. R.Myhra, S.Penrose, J.Segall, R. L.Smart, R. St. C. and Turner, P. S. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management V, edited by Lutze, W. (North-Holland, New York, 1982), p. 309.Google Scholar
23Cooper, J. A.Cousens, D. R.Lewis, R. A.Myhra, S.Segall, R. L.Smart, R. St. C.Turner, P. S. and White, T. J.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 68, 64 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Murakami, T.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 5, 269 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Ringwood, T.Am. Sci. 70, 201 (1982).Google Scholar
26Gatehouse, B. M.Grey, I. E.Hill, R. J. and Rossell, H. J.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 37, 306 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Mazzi, F. and Munno, R.Am. Mineral. 68, 262 (1983).Google Scholar
28Morgan, P. E. D. and Ryerson, F. J.J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1, 351 (1982).Google Scholar
29Kay, H. F. and Bailey, P. C.Acta Crystallogr. 10, 219 (1957).Google Scholar
30Cheary, R. W.Hunt, J. V. and Calaizis, P.J. Aust. Ceram. Soc. 17, 11 (1981).Google Scholar
31Burns, R. G. and Burns, V. M.J. Geophy. Res. 89, C313 (1984).Google Scholar
32(a) Bayer, G. and Hoffman, W.Z. Kristallogr. 121, 9 (1965); (b) A. D., Wadsley Z. Kristallogr. 120, 396 (1964).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Finney, J. J. and Rao, N. N.Am. Mineral. 52, 13 (1967).Google Scholar
34Vergard, L.Philos. Mag. 32, 65 (1916).Google Scholar
35Morosin, B. and Lynch, R. W.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 28, 1040 (1972).Google Scholar
36Hill, R. J.Craig, J. R. and Gibbs, G. V.Phys. Chem. Miner. 4, 317 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37White, T. J.Segall, R. L. and Turner, P. S.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 24, 357 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Levins, D. M.Buykx, W. J.Ryan, R. K.Seatonberry, B. W. and Woolfrey, J. L.Draft Paper for ANS International Topical Meeting on Waste Management, Niagara Falls, New York, 14-18 September 1986.Google Scholar
39Kesson, S. E.Radioact. Waste Manage. Nucl. Fuel Cycle 4, 53 (1983).Google Scholar
40Roberts, F. P.Turcotte, R. P. and Weber, W. J.Materials Characterization Center Workshop on the Irradiation Effects in Nuclear Waste Forms, PNL-358 (Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA, 1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Oversby, V. M. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report No. UCRL-53326, 1982.Google Scholar
42Penneman, R. A. and Eller, P. G.Radiochim. Acta 32, 81 (1983).Google Scholar
43Chapman, N. A. and Savage, D.Fortschr. Mineral. 62, 17 (1984).Google Scholar
44Ryerson, F. J.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 67, 75 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45Campbell, J.Hoenig, C.Bazan, F.Ryerson, F.Guinan, M.Konynenburg, R. Van, and Rozsa, R. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report No. UCRL-53240, 1981.Google Scholar
46Lindsley, D. H. in Reviews in Mineralogy, Oxide Minerals, edited by Rumble, D. (Mineralogical Society of America, Chelsea, MI, 1976), p. L–61.Google Scholar
47Darken, L. S. and Gurry, R. W. in Physical Chemistry of Metals (McGraw-Hill, London, 1953), p. 349.Google Scholar
48Levins, D. M.Reeve, K. D.Ramm, E. J.Kable, J. W. and Tap-sell, G., Draft Paper for Second International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management, Winnipeg, Canada, 7-11 September 1986.Google Scholar
49Huebner, J. W. in Research Techniquesfor High Pressure and High Temperature, edited by Ulmer, G. C. (Springer, New York, 1971), p. 125.Google Scholar
50Morgan, P. E. D.Shaw, T. M. and Pugar, E. A. in Ref. 5, p. 209.Google Scholar
51Ryerson, F. J.Hoenig, C. L. and Bazen, F. in Proceedings of the Symposium on High Temperature Materials Chemistry, edited by Cubicciotti, D. D. and Hildenbrand, D. L. (The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 1982), p. 144.Google Scholar
52Rusin, J. M.Lokken, R. O.May, R. P. and Wald, J. W. in Ref. 51, p. 133.Google Scholar
53Ryerson, F. J. and Clarke, D. R. in Advances in Materials Characterization, edited by Rossington, D. R.Condrate, R. A. and Snyder, R. L. (Plenum, New York, 1982), p. 367.Google Scholar
54Ringwood, A. E.Oversby, V. M.Kesson, S. E.Sinclair, W.Ware, N.Hibberson, W. and Major, A.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 2, 287 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55Reeve, K. D. and Ringwood, A. E.Radioact. Waste Manage., Proc. Int. Conf. 2, 307 (1984).Google Scholar
56Zandbergen, H. W. and Ijdo, D. J. W.Mater. Res. Bull. 18, 371 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57(a) Schwoebel, R. L. and Johnstone, J. K. in Ceramic and Glass Radioactive Waste Forms, CONF-770102, edited by Readey, D. W. and Cooley, C. R. (Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, DC, 1977), p. 101; (b) J. G., Pepin, G. J., McCarthy and D. R., Clarke Rare Earths Mod. Sci. Technol. 2, 547 (1980).Google Scholar
58(a) Tafto, J.Clarke, D. R. and Spence, J. C. H. in Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management VI, edited by Brookins, D. G. (North-Holland, New York, 1983), p. 9; (b) C. J., Rossouw, P. S., Turner and T. J., White Philos. Mag. (to be published).Google Scholar
59(a) Myhra, S. R. SSmart, t. C. and Szajman, J. Surface Technol. (to be published); (b) S., Myhra, T. J., White, S. E., Kesson and J. C., Riviere Am, Mineral, (to be published).Google Scholar
60Shannon, R. D.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A 32, 751 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61Rossell, H. J.Nature (London) 282, 282 (1980).Google Scholar
62Kato, K. and Saalfield, H.Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Abh. 3, 192 (1968).Google Scholar
63Kesson, S. E. and White, T. J.Proc. R. Soc. (London) Ser. A 405, 73 (1986).Google Scholar
64Sinclair, W.McLaughlin, G. M. and Ringwood, A. E.Acta Crystal-logr. Sect. B 36, 2913 (1980).Google Scholar
65Kroger, F. A.The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970).Google Scholar
66Smyth, D. M.Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 15, 329 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67Myhra, S. (private communication).Google Scholar
68Harker, A. B.Clarke, D. R.Jantzen, C. M. and Morgan, P. E. D.Mater. Sci. Res. 14, 207 (1981).Google Scholar
69(a) Cooper, J. A.Cousens, D. R.Hanna, J. A.Lewis, R. A.Myhra, S.Segall, R. L. R. SSmart, t. C.Turner, P. S. and White, T. J.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 69, 347 (1986); (b) V. K. Sethi and J. K., Bates Nucl. Technol. 60, 228 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Smart, R. St. C.Appl. Surf. Sci. 22/23, 90 (1985).Google Scholar
71Lewis, G. V. and Catlow, C. R. A.J. Phys. Chem. Solids 47, 89 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72Megaw, H. D. in Crystal Structures: A Working Approach (Saunders, London, 1973), p. 257.Google Scholar
73Knop, O.Brisse, F. and Castelliz, L.Can. J. Chem. 47, 971 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74Lindop, A. J.Matthews, C. and Goodwin, D. W.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 31, 2940 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Hazen, R. M. and Finger, L. W. in Comparative Crystal Chemistry (Wiley, New York, 1982), p. 85.Google Scholar
76Catlow, C. R. A.Modulated Structures, AIP Conference Proceedings No. 53, edited by Cowley, J. M.Cohen, J. B.Salamon, M. B. and Wuench, B. J. (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1979), p. 149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77Rossell, H. J. in the Abstracts Crystal XII, of the 12th Meeting of Crystallographers in Australia, 30 January-2 February 1980, p. 242.Google Scholar
78Bamberger, C. E. and Begun, G. M.J. Less-Common Met. 109, 147 (1985).Google Scholar
79Naray-Szabo, I., Naturwissenschaften 31, 466 (1943).Google Scholar
80Eller, P. G.Larson, E. M.Purson, J. D. and Pace, C. F. (submitted for publication).Google Scholar
81Muller, O. and Roy, R. in The Major Ternary Structural Families (Springer, New York, 1974), p. 357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82Moreau, J. M.Mater. Res. Bull. 3, 427 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83Cotton, F. A. and Wilkinson, G. in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (Interscience, New York, 1972), p. 1075.Google Scholar
84Brous, J.Frankuchen, I. and Banks, E.Acta Crystallogr. 6, 67 (1953); R. S., Roth J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 58, 75 (1957).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85Morgan, P. E. D. and Miles, J. A.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 69, C157 (1986).Google Scholar
86Kesson, S. E. and Ringwood, A. E.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 2, 53 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Blasse, G.J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 30, 656 (1968).Google Scholar
88Verstegen, J. M. P. J. and Stevels, A. L. N.J. Lumin. 9, 406 (1974).Google Scholar
89Katz, J. J. and Seaborg, G. T.The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements (Methuen, London, 1957).Google Scholar
90Kesson, S. E.Sinclair, W. J. and Ringwood, A. E.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 4, 259 (1983).Google Scholar
91Konynenburg, R. A. Van and Guinan, M. W. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report No. UCRL-53425, 1983.Google Scholar
92Keller, C.Adv. Chem. 71, 228 (1967).Google Scholar
93Bulman, R. A.Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 34, 39 (1978).Google Scholar
94Williams, C. W.Morss, L. R. and Choi, I-K. in Geochemical Behav-iour of Disposed Radioactive Waste, ACS Symposium Series No. 246, edited by Barney, G. S.Navratil, J. D. and WSchulz, . W. (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1984), p. 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95White, T. J.Am. Mineral. 69, 1156 (1984).Google Scholar
96Vance, E. R. and Agrawal, D. K.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 3, 229 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97Clinard, F. W.Hobbs, L. W.Land, C. C.Peterson, D. E.Rohr, D. L. and Roof, R. B.J. Nucl. Mater. 105, 248 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98Weber, W. J.Wald, J. W. and Matzke, Hj. in Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management VIII, edited by Jantzen, C. M.Stone, J. A. and Ewing, R. C. (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985), p. 679.Google Scholar
99Wald, J. W. and Offermann, P. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management V, edited by Lutze, W. (North-Holland, New York, 1982), p. 369.Google Scholar
100Galasso, F. S.Structure, Properties and Preparation of Perovskite Type Compounds, International Series of Monographs in Solid State Physics, edited by Smoluchowski, R. and Kurti, N. (Pergamon, Budapest, 1969), Vol. 5.Google Scholar
101Vance, E. R. and Pillay, K. K. S.Radiat. Eff. 62, 25 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102Russell, L. E.Harrison, J. D. L. and Brett, N. H.J. Nucl. Mater. 2, 310 (1960).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103Keller, C.Nukleonik 4, 271 (1962).Google Scholar
104Muller, O. and Roy, R. in The Major Ternary Structural Families (Springer, New York, 1974), p. 354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105Mosley, W. C.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 54, 475 (1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
106Morgan, P. E. D.Harker, A. B.Flintoff, J. F.Shaw, T. M. and Clarke, D. R. in Nuclear Waste Management, Advances in Ceramics, edited by Wicks, G. G. and Ross, W. A. (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, OH, 1984), Vol. 8, p. 234.Google Scholar
l07(a) Rajan, R. S. and Tamhane, A. S.Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 58, 129 (1982); (b) A. J., Fahey, J. N., Goswani, K. D., McKeegan and E., Zinner Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 329 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108Siekierski, S.J. Solid State Chem. 37, 279 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109Kwiatkowska, J. Ph.D. thesis School of Physics, University of Melbourne, 1985.Google Scholar
110Aronson, S.J. Nucl. Mater. 107, 343 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
111Newkirk, H.Ryerson, F.Coles, D. and Hoenig, C. in Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management III, edited by Moore, J. G. (Plenum, New York, 1981), p. 165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112Lefkowitz, I.Lukaszewicz, K. and Megaw, H. D.Acta Crystallogr. 20, 670 (1966).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
113Coughanour, L. W.Roth, R. S.Marzullo, S. and Sennett, F. E.J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 54, 191 (1955).Google Scholar
114Cheary, R. W. and Kwiatkowska, J.J. Nucl. Mater. 125, 236 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
115Murakami, T.Mineral. J. (Sapporo) 11, 344 (1983).Google Scholar
116Dosch, R. G.Headley, T. J.Northrup, C. J. and Hlava, P. F. Sandia National Laboratory Report No. SAND-82-2980 (1982).Google Scholar
117Ringwood, A. E. and Kesson, S. E. in Ceramics in Nuclear Waste Management, CONF-790420 (United States Department of Energy, Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, TN, 1979), p. 174.Google Scholar
118Dosch, R. G.Headley, T. J. and Hlava, P.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 67, 354 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
119Segall, R. L.Myhra, S. R. SSmart, t. C. and Turner, P. S.Final Report NERDDC Project No. 80/0049, Griffith University Synroc Group, 1984.Google Scholar
120Murakami, T.J. Nucl. Mater. 135, 288 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
121Cotton, F. A. and Wilkinson, G. in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (Interscience, New York, 1972), p. 972.Google Scholar
122Haggerty, S. E.Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsch. 8, 375 (1983).Google Scholar
123Warmeant, J.Warren, R. and White, T. J.Synroc Progress Note No. 87, Australian Atomic Energy Commission, 1986.Google Scholar
124Ringwood, A. E. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report, No. UCRL-15347, 1981.Google Scholar
125Buykx, W. (private communication).Google Scholar
126Wyckoff, R. W. G. in Crystal Structure HI (Interscience, New York, 1965), p. 228.Google Scholar
127Reference 124, p. 438.Google Scholar
128Mayer, M.DeRoy, A. and Bouazrz, R. C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C 281, 827 (1975).Google Scholar
129Griffith University Synroc Group (unpublished).Google Scholar
130Konynenburg, R. A. Van and Guinan, M. W.Nucl. Technol. 60, 206 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
131Reeve, K. D. and Woolfrey, J. L.J. Aust. Ceram. Soc. 16, 10 (1980).Google Scholar
132Weber, W. J.Turcotte, R. P. and Roberts, F. P.Radioact. Waste Manage. 2, 295 (1982).Google Scholar
133Clinard, F. W.Peterson, D. E.Rohr, D. L. and Hobbs, L. W.J. Nucl. Mater. 126, 245 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
134Burns, W. G.Hughes, A. E.Marples, J. A. C.Nelson, R. S. and Stoneham, A. M.J. Nucl. Mater. 107, 245 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
135Clinard, F. W. and Hobbs, L. W. in Radiation Effects in Crystals, edited by Johnson, R. A. and Orlov, A. N. (in press).Google Scholar
136Hume-Rothery, W., Mabbott, G. W. and Evans, K. M. Channel, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (London) 233, 1 (1934).Google Scholar
137Gray, W. J.Nature (London) 296, 547 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
138Vance, E. R.Roy, R.Pepin, J. G. and Agrawal, D. K.J. Mater. Sci. 17, 947 (1982).Google Scholar
139Young, J. P.Haire, R. G.Peterson, J. R. and Ensor, D. D.Geochemical Behaviour of Disposed Radioactive Waste, ACS Symposium Series No. 246, edited by Barney, G. S.Navratil, J. D. and Schulz, W. W. (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1984), p. 335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
140Young, J. P.Haire, R. G.Peterson, J. R.Ensor, D. D. and Fellows, R. C., Inorg. Chem. 19, 2209 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
141Young, J. P.Haire, R. G.Peterson, J. R.Ensor, D. D. and Fellows, R. C.Inorg. Chem. 20, 3979 (1981).Google Scholar
142McCarthy, G. J.Nucl. Technol. 32, 92 (1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
143Oversby, V. M. and Ringwood, A. E.Radioact. Waste Manage. 1, 289 (1981).Google Scholar
144Reller, A.Thomas, J. M.Jefferson, D. A. and Uppal, M. K.Proc. R. Soc. (London) A 394, 233 (1984)Google Scholar
145Friedt, J. M.Poinsot, R.Rebizant, J. and Muller, W.J. Phys. Chem. Solids 40, 279 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
146Blake, G. S. and Smith, G. F.Mineral. Mag. 16, 309 (1913).Google Scholar
147Ewing, R. C.Haaker, R. F.Headley, T. J. and Hlava, P. F. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management IV, edited by Topp, S. V. (North-Holland, New York, 1982), p. 249.Google Scholar
148Ewing, R. C.Science 192, 1336 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
149Headley, T. J.Ewing, R. C. and Haaker, R. F.Nature (London) 293, 449 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
150Dran, J. C.Maurette, M.Petit, J. C. and Vassett, B. in Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management III, edited by Moore, J. G. (Plenum, New York, 1981), p. 449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
151Greegor, R. B.Lytle, F. W.Ewing, R. C. and Haaker, R. F. in Scientific Basisfor Radioactive Waste Management V, edited by Lutze, W. (North-Holland, New York, 1982), p. 409.Google Scholar
152Greegor, R. B.Lytle, F. W.Ewing, R. C. and Haaker, R. F.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 1, 587 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
153Greegor, R. B.Lytle, F. W.Ewing, R. C. and Haaker, R. F. in EXAFS and Near Edge Structure III, edited by Hodgson, K. O.Hedman, B. and Penner-Hahn, J. E. (Springer, New York, 1984), p. 343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
154Sugitani, Y.Suzuki, Y. and Nagashima, K.Am. Mineral. 70, 856 (1985).Google Scholar
155Ewing, R. C. and Chakoumakos, B. C.Mineral. Assoc. Can. Short Course Handbook 8, 239 (1982).Google Scholar
156Greegor, R. B.Lytle, F. W.Ewing, R. C. and Haaker, R. F. in Proceedings of the 27th International Geological Congress, Moscow, 1984.Google Scholar
157Greegor, R. B.Lytle, F. W.Chakoumakos, B. C.Lumpkin, G. R. and Ewing, R. C. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management IX, edited by Werme, L. O. (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1986), p. 387.Google Scholar
158Ewing, R. C. and Ehlmann, A. J.Can. Mineral. 13, 1 (1975).Google Scholar
159Oversby, V. M. and Hockman, J. in Clinard, F. W.Peterson, D. E.Rohr, D. C. and Hobbs, L. W.J. Nucl. Mater. 126, 245 (1984).Google Scholar
160Clinard, F. W.Land, C. C.Peterson, D. E.Rohr, D. L. and Roof, R. B. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management IV, edited by Topp, S. V. (North-Holland, New York, 1982), p. 405.Google Scholar
161Clinard, F. W.Peterson, D. E.Rohr, D. L.Roof, R. B. and Hobbs, L. W. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management VI, edited by Brookins, D. G. (North-Holland, New York, 1983), p. 437.Google Scholar
162Weber, W. J.Wald, J. W. and HMatzke, j.J. Nucl. Mater. 138, 196 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
163Barnighausen, H.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A 31, S3 (1975).Google Scholar
164Pyatehko, Yu. A.Geochem. Int. 7, 758 (1970).Google Scholar
165Maier, V. M. Sc. thesis Institut fur Mineralogischen der TH Darm-stadt, 1984 (unpublished).Google Scholar
166Weber, W. J.Wald, J. W. and HMatzke, j.Mater. Lett. 3, 173 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
167Hussakand, E.Prior, G. T.Mineral. Mag. 11, 80 (1985).Google Scholar
168Lima-de-Faria, J., Mineral. Mag. 31, 937 (1958).Google Scholar
169Pyatenko, Yu. A. and Pudovkina, Z. V.Kristallograflya 9, 98 (1964).Google Scholar
170Sinclair, W. and Eggleton, A.Am. Mineral. 67, 615 (1982).Google Scholar
171Barnighausen, H.MATCH Commun. Math. Chem. 9, 139 (1980).Google Scholar
172Sinclair, W. and Ringwood, A. E.Geochem. J. (Tokyo) 15, 229 (1981).Google Scholar
173Schenk, M.Naturwissenschaften 52, 537 (1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
174Cohen, B. L.Rev. Mod. Phys. 49, 1 (1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
175Eyal, Y. and Fleischer, R. L.Nature (London) 314, 518 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
176Eyal, Y.Lumpkin, G. R. and Ewing, R. C. in Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management IX, edited by Werme, L. O. (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1986), p. 379.Google Scholar
177Eyal, Y. and Fleischer, R. L.Geochim. Cosm'ochim. Acta 49, 1155 (1985).Google Scholar
178Andersson, S. and Hyde, B. G.J. Solid State Chem. 9, 92 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
179Subramanian, M. A.Aravamedan, G. and Rao, G. V. Subba, Prog.Solid State Chem. 15, 55 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
180Ishizawa, N.Marumo, F.Iwai, S.Kimura, M. and Kawamura, T.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 38, 368 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
181Nanot, M.Queyroux, F.Gilles, J-C. and Portier, R.J. Solid State Chem. 38, 74 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
182Katz, L. and Ward, R.Inorg. Chem. 3, 205 (1964).Google Scholar
183Hutchison, J. L. and Jacobson, A. J.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 31, 1442 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
184Nanot, M.Queyroux, F.Gilles, J-C. and Chevalier, R.Acta Crys-tallogr. Sect. B 32, 1115 (1976).Google Scholar
185White, T. J.Segall, R. L.Barry, J. C. and Hutchison, J. L.Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 41, 93 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
186White, T. J.Segall, R. L.Hutchison, J. L. and Barry, J. C.Proc. R. Soe. (London) Ser. A 393, 343 (1984).Google Scholar
187Ewing, R. C. and Headley, T. J.J. Nucl. Mater. 119, 102 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
188Lumpkin, G. R.Ewing, R. C.Chakoumakos, B. C.Greegor, R. B.Lytle, F. W.Foltyrt, E. M.Clinard, F. W.Boatner, L. A. and Abraham, M. M.J. Mater. Res. 1, 564 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
189Jantzen, C. M.Clarke, D. R.Morgan, P. E. D. and Harker, A. B.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 65, 292 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
190Clarke, D. R.Jantzen, C. M. and Harker, A. B.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 3, 59 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
191Mendel, J. E.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 3, 117 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
192White, W. B.Earth Miner. Sci. 50, 13 (1980).Google Scholar
193McCarthy, G. J.White, W. B.Roy, R.Scheetz, B. E.Komareni, S.Smith, D. K. and Roy, D. M.Nature (London) 273, 216 (1978); G. J., McCarthy, S., Komareni, B. E., Scheetz and W. B., White in Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management I, edited by G. J. McCarthy (Plenum, New York, 1979), p. 329; G. J., McCarthy in the Proceedings of the Conference on High Level Radioactive Solid Waste Forms, NUREG/CP-0005, 1978, p. 623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
194Clarke, D. R.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 64, C89 (1981).Google Scholar
195Scheetz, B. E.White, W. B. and Atkinson, S. D.Nucl. Technol. 56, 289 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
196Nesbitt, H. W.Bancroft, G. M.Karkhanis, S. N. and Fyfe, W. S. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management III, edited by Moore, J. G. (Plenum, New York, 1981), p. 131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
197Nesbitt, H. W.Bancroft, G. M.Fyfe, W. S.Karkhanis, S. N.Nishijima, A. and Shin, S.Nature (London) 289, 358 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
198Kastrissios, T.Stephenson, M.Turner, P. S. and White, T. J.J. Electron Microsc. 35, 1687 (1986).Google Scholar
199Kastrissios, T.Stephenson, M.Turner, P. S. and White, T. J. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. (to be published).Google Scholar
200Oversby, V. M. and Ringwood, A. E.Nucl. Chem. Waste Manage. 2, 201 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
201Myhra, S.Atkinson, A.Riviere, J. C. and Savage, D.J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 67, 223 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
202Ball, C. (private communication).Google Scholar
203Ball, C. and White, T. J.J. Solid State Chem. 65, 148 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
204Buykx, W. J.Cassidy, D. J.Webb, C. E. and Woolfrey, J. L.Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 60, 1284 (1981).Google Scholar
205Clinard, F. W.Rohr, D. L. and Roof, R. B.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1, 581 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
206Clinard, F. W.Livak, R. J.Hobbs, L. W. and Rohr, D. L. in Scientific Basisfor Nuclear Waste Management IX, edited by Lutze, W. (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1986), p. 371.Google Scholar
207Woolfrey, J. L.Reeve, K. D. and Cassidy, D. J.J. Nuel. Mater. 108/109 739 (1982).Google Scholar
208Angelini, P.Stinton, D. P.Lackey, W. J.Henson, T. J.Schrader, L. and Rouse, N. H.Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 59, 1227 (1980).Google Scholar