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Using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction to study lithium- and sodium-ion batteries: A case study with an unconventional battery electrode (Gd2TiO5)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2014

James C. Pramudita ,
Robert Aughterson ,
Wesley M. Dose ,
Scott W. Donne ,
Helen E. A. Brand  and
Neeraj Sharma Open the ORCID record for Neeraj Sharma [Opens in a new window]
James C. Pramudita
Affiliation:
School of Chemistry, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Robert Aughterson
Affiliation:
Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
Wesley M. Dose
Affiliation:
Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
Scott W. Donne
Affiliation:
Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
Helen E. A. Brand
Affiliation:
Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Neeraj Sharma*
Affiliation:
School of Chemistry, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Designing materials for application as electrodes in sodium-ion batteries may require the use of unconventional materials to realize acceptable reversible sodium insertion/extraction capabilities. To design new materials simple electrochemical methods need to be coupled with other techniques such as in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) to correlate the influence of electrochemical performance on a parameter that can be modified, e.g., the crystal structure of the material. Here we use in situ synchrotron XRD data on Gd2TiO5-containing cells to show the minor changes in reflection positions during discharge/charge that illustrates minimal volume expansion and contraction due to insertion/extraction reactions. These small changes correlate to the Gd2TiO5 anode material in both lithium- and sodium-ion batteries showing reversible capacities of ∼45 and ∼23 mA h/g after 20 cycles, respectively. Analysis of sodium location in the crystal structure shows a preference for sodium in the smaller channels along the c axis direction during the first discharge before moving to the larger channels at the charged state. Therefore, in this work, in situ studies highlight minimal structural changes with respect to volume expansion during electrochemical cycling and illustrate where sodium ions locate within the Gd2TiO5 structure.

Keywords

energy storagex-ray diffraction (XRD)oxide
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 30 , Issue 3: Focus Issue: In-situ and Operando Characterization of Materials , 14 February 2015 , pp. 381 - 389
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2014 

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