Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T13:00:42.808Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Preparation of vanadium powder and vanadium–titanium alloys by the electroreduction of V2O3 and TiO2 powders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2016

Tian Wu ,
Xiaoling Ma  and
Xianbo Jin
Tian Wu
Affiliation:
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
Xiaoling Ma*
Affiliation:
College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
Xianbo Jin*
Affiliation:
College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Electroreduction of solid V2O3 pellets (∼0.7 g) to V in molten CaCl2 at 900 °C has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis, together with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, and elemental analyses. The intermediate products of the potentiostatic electrolysis are various, forming some lower valence state compounds (VO, V16O3, V7O3, VO0.2) and higher valence state which are likely VO2, CaVO3, or CaV2O5. At potentials more negative than −0.6 V versus Ag/AgCl, fine vanadium powder (aggregates of nodular ∼500 nm particles) can be prepared by electrolysis of porous solid of the V2O3 pellets. The current efficiency and energy consumption were satisfactory, about 53.4% and 2.5 kW h/(kg V) at −0.6 V versus Ag/AgCl, respectively. Moreover, V–20Ti alloys were electrochemically synthesized by constant voltage electrolysis at the indicated potentials, the control of composition as well as the reduction optimization of the mixtures were demonstrated. This electrochemical route is efficient and offers a product with controlled stoichiometry, with particular advantage of manufacturing of low cost alloys and intermetallics directly from mixed oxide precursors, and has potential to produce functional vanadium alloys.

Keywords

vanadiumvanadium–titanium alloymolten saltselectroreduction
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , 15 February 2016 , pp. 405 - 417
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contributing Editor: Jürgen Eckert

References

REFERENCES

Gummow, B.: Vanadium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects. In: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, from Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2011); p.628–636.Google Scholar
Qi, X.W., Jia, Z.N., Yang, Q.X., and Yang, Y.L.: Effects of vanadium additive on structure property and tribological performance of high chromium cast iron hardfacing metal. Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, 5510 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ollilainen, V., Kasprzak, W., and Holappa, L.: The effect of silicon, vanadium and nitrogen on the microstructure and hardness of air cooled medium carbon low alloy steels. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 134, 405 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muroga, T., Nagasaka, T., Iiyoshi, A., Kawabata, A., Sakurai, S., and Sakata, M.: NIFS program for large ingot production of a V–Cr–Ti alloy. J. Nucl. Mater. 283, 711 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyzach, C. and England, P.G.: Extraction and Refining of the Rarer Metals (The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1957).Google Scholar
Suzuki, R.O. and Ishikawa, H.: Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials, Vol. 3 (Wiley, San Francisco, 2006).Google Scholar
Ono, K. and Suzuki, R.O.: A new concept of sponge titanium production by calciothermic reduction of titanium dioxide in molten calcium chloride. JOM 54, 59 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, R.O., Tatemoto, K., and Kitagawa, H.: Direct synthesis of the hydrogen storage V–Ti Alloy powder from the oxides by calcium Co-reduction. J. Alloys Compd. 385, 173 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, R.O.: Calciothermic reduction of TiO2 and in situ electrolysis of CaO in the molten CaCl2 . J. Phys. Chem. Solids 66, 461 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y.J., Ge, Y., Yu, D., Pan, T.Y., and Zhang, L.J.: Assessment of the diffusional mobilities in bcc Ti–V alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 470, 176 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, Y.G., Chen, Y.G., Liang, H., Zhou, X.X., Wu, C.L., Tao, M.D., and Pang, L.J.: Hydrogen storage properties of V–Ti–Cr–Fe alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 454, 427 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S.C. and Zhao, M.S.: Research status of vanadium based solid solution hydrogen storage alloys. Chin. J. Rare Met. 4, 31 (2007). (In Chinese).Google Scholar
Chen, G.Z. and Fray, D.J.: Voltammetric studies of the oxygen-titanium binary system in molten calcium chloride. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149, E455 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, G.Z., Fray, D.J., and Farthing, T.W.: Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride. Nature 407, 361 (2000).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, K., Hu, X.H., Ma, M., Wang, D.H., Qiu, G.H., Jin, X.B., and Chen, G.Z.: “Perovskitization”-assisted electrochemical reduction of solid TiO2 in molten CaCl2 . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 428 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, T., Jin, X.B., Xiao, W., Hu, X.H., Wang, D.H., and Chen, G.Z.: Thin pellets: Fast electrochemical preparation of capacitor tantalum powders. Chem. Mater. 19, 153 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J.: Electrochemical studies on reduction of solid Nb2O5 in molten CaCl2NaCl eutectic. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, D12 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J.: Electrochemical studies on reduction of solid Nb2O5 in molten CaCl2–NaCl eutectic. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, E308 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J.: Production of niobium powder by direct electrochemical reduction of solid Nb2O5 in a eutectic CaCl2–NaCl melt. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 33, 685 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, T., Jin, X.B., Xiao, W., Liu, C., Wang, D.H., and Chen, G.Z.: Computer-aided control of electrolysis of solid Nb2O5 in molten CaCl2 . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 1809 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, G.M., Wang, D.H., Jin, X.B., and Chen, G.Z.: Affordable electrolytic ferrotitanium alloys with marine engineering potentials. Electrochem. Commun. 9, 1951 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nohira, T., Yasuda, K., and Ito, Y.: Pinpoint and bulk electrochemical reduction of insulating silicon dioxide to silicon. Nat. Mater. 2, 397 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, X.B., Gao, P., Wang, D.H., Hu, X.H., and Chen, G.Z.: Electrochemical preparation of silicon and its alloys from solid oxides in molten calcium chloride. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 733 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordo, E., Chen, G.Z., and Fray, D.J.: Toward optimisation of electrolytic reduction of solid chromium oxide to chromium powder in molten chloride salts. Electrochim. Acta 49, 2195 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, G.Z., Gordo, E., and Fray, D.J.: Direct electrolytic preparation of chromium powder. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 35, 223 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, Y., Wang, D.H., Ma, M., Hu, X.H., Jin, X.B., and Chen, G.Z.: More affordable electrolytic LaNi5-type hydrogen storage powders. Chem. Commun. 25, 15 (2007).Google Scholar
Qiu, G.H., Wang, D.H., Ma, M., Jin, X.B., and Chen, G.Z.: Electrolytic synthesis of TbFe2 from Tb4O7 and Fe2O3 powders in molten CaCl2 . J. Electroanal. Chem. 589, 139 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, M., Wang, D.H., Hu, X.H., Jin, X.B., and Chen, G.Z.: A direct electrochemical route from ilmenite to hydrogen-storage ferrotitanium alloys. Chem. - Eur. J. 12, 5075 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mearns, F.: Metals without the meltdown. Chem. Technol. 5, T25 (2008).Google Scholar
Mearns, F.: Metals without meltdown. Chem. World 5, 38 (2008).Google Scholar
Qiu, G.H., Ma, M., Wang, D.H., Jin, X.B., and Chen, G.Z.: Metallic cavity electrodes for investigation of powders: Electrochemical reduction of NiO and Cr2O3 powders in molten CaCl2 physical and analytical electrochemistry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, 328 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, P., Jin, X.B., Wang, D.H., Hu, X.H., and Chen, G.Z.: A quartz sealed Ag/AgCl reference electrode for CaCl2 based molten salts. J. Electroanal. Chem. 579, 321 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, W., Jin, X.B., Deng, Y., Wang, D.H., Hu, X.H., and Chen, G.Z.: Electrochemically driven three-phase interlines into insulator compounds: Electroreduction of solid SiO2 in molten CaCl2 . ChemPhysChem 7, 1750 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qiu, G.H., Ma, M., Wang, D.H., Jin, X.B., Hu, X.H., and Chen, G.Z.: Metallic cavity electrodes for investigation of powders: Electrochemical reduction of NiO and Cr2O3 powders in molten CaCl2 . J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, E328 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H.M., Wang, K.L., Li, W., Cheng, S.J., and Jiang, K.: Molten salt electrochemical synthesis of sodium titanates as high performance anode materials for sodium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 16495 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, W. and Wang, D.H.: The electrochemical reduction processes of solid compounds in high temperature molten salts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 3215 (2014).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiao, W., Jin, X.B., and Chen, G.Z.: Up-scalable and controllable electrolytic production of photo-responsive nanostructured silicon. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 10243 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar