Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T02:49:46.816Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Melting and crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/carbon black compounds. Effect of heating and cooling cycles on phase transition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2015

Renate M.R. Wellen ,
Eduardo L. Canedo  and
Marcelo S. Rabello
Renate M.R. Wellen*
Affiliation:
Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
Eduardo L. Canedo
Affiliation:
Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Campina Grande, PB 58429-140, Brazil; and Pernambuco Institute of Technology, Recife, PE 50740-521, Brazil
Marcelo S. Rabello
Affiliation:
Materials Engineering Department, Pernambuco Institute of Technology, Recife, PE 50740-521, Brazil
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Compounds of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and carbon black (CB) with CB content ranging between 0.5 and 10% were prepared in an internal mixer. The effect of heating and cooling rates on the crystallization and melting of PHB/CB compounds was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and its morphology analyzed by optical microscopy (OM). Results showed that PHB and its compounds partially crystallize from the melt during cooling and partially cold crystallize on reheating, with the amount of polymer crystallizing in each stage depending strongly on the cooling rate. Melting is usually shown in DSC scans as complex (double) peaks, which are influenced by the heating/reheating thermal cycles. The melting and cold crystallization temperatures, and the rates of phase change depend strongly on the cooling and heating rates and CB content. CB acts as a nucleating agent, promoting the melt and cold crystallization of PHB as well as increasing the number of spherulites, with a mild effect on the melting transition. Light microscopy images suggest that a secondary crystallization of PHB also occurs during storage at room temperature.

Keywords

PHBcarbon blackcrystallizationmeltingDSCoptical microscopy
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 30 , Issue 21 , 13 November 2015 , pp. 3211 - 3226
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contributing Editor: Susan B. Sinnott

References

REFERENCES

Bastioli, C.: Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers (Rapra Technology, Shawbury, UK, 2005); p. 552.Google Scholar
Zini, E. and Scandola, M.: Green composites: An overview. Polym. Compos. 32, 1905 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddya, M.M., Vivekanandhan, S., Misra, M., Bhatia, S.K., and Mohanty, A.K.: Biobased plastics and bionanocomposites: Current status and future opportunities. Prog. Polym. Sci. 38, 1653 (2013).Google Scholar
Doi, Y.: Microbial Polyesters (Wiley-VCH, New York, 1990); p. 156.Google Scholar
Hocking, P.J. and Marchessault, R.H.: Biopolymers (PHA). In Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Polymers, Griffin, G.J.L. ed.; Chapman & Hall/Backie: London, 1994.Google Scholar
Hodzic, A.: Bacterialpolyester-based biocomposites: A review. In Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., and , L.T. Drzal, eds.; Taylor & Francis/CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA, 2005.Google Scholar
Philip, S., Keshavarz, T., and Roy, I.: Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Biodegradable polymers with arrange of applications (review). J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 82, 233 (2007).Google Scholar
Gogolewski, S., Jonanovic, M., Perren, S.M., Dillon, J.G., and Hughes, M.K.: The effect of melt-processing on the degradation of selected polyhydroxy acids: Polylactides, polyhydroxybutyrate, and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerates. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 40, 313 (1993).Google Scholar
Gunaratne, L.M.W.K. and Shanks, R.A.: Multiple melting behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) using step-scan DSC. Eur. Polym. J. 41, 2980 (2005).Google Scholar
Reddy, S.K., Ghai, R., and Kalia, V.C.: Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An overview. Bioresour. Technol. 87, 137 (2003).Google Scholar
Mucha, M., Marszałek, J., and Fidrych, A.: Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene containing carbon black as a filler. Polymer 41, 4137 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, Z., Jin, J., Xiao, C., and Li, X.: Effect of surface modification of carbon black (CB) on the morphology and crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/CB masterbatch. Colloids Surf., A 395, 105 (2012).Google Scholar
Razavi-Nouri, M., Ghorbanzadeh-Ahangari, M., Fereidoon, A., and Jahanshahi, M.: Effect of carbon nanotubes content on crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene. Polym. Test. 28, 46 (2009).Google Scholar
Pielichowska, K. and Pielichowski, K.: Crystallization behaviour of PEO with carbon-based nanonucleants for thermal energy storage. Thermochim. Acta 10, 173 (2010).Google Scholar
Medalia, A.I.: Carbon black. In Mixing and Compounding of Polymers, Manas-Zloczower, I. and Tadmor, Z. eds.; Hanser: Munich, 1994; pp. 493–519, 1182.Google Scholar
Papageorgiou, D.G., Zhuravlev, E., Papageorgiou, G.Z., Bikiaris, D., Chrissafis, K., and Schick, C.: Kinetics of nucleation and crystallization in poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites. Polymer 55, 6725 (2014).Google Scholar
del Rı́o, C., Ojeda, M.C., and Acosta, J.L.: Carbon black effect on the microstructure of incompatible polymer blends. Eur. Polym. J. 36, 1687 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunderlich, B.: Reversible crystallization and the rigid-amorphous phase in semicrystalline macromolecules. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28, 383 (2003).Google Scholar
Wunderlich, B.: One hundred years research on supercooling and superheating. Thermochim. Acta 467, 4 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabot Corporation: Vulcan-m Carbon Black Product Data Sheet (Newton, Mass, 2014).Google Scholar
Medalia, A.I. and Richards, L.W.: Tinting strength of carbon black. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 40, 233 (1972).Google Scholar
El-Hadi, A., Schnabel, R., Straube, E., Müller, G., and Riemschneider, M.: Effect of melt processing on crystallization behavior and rheology of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and its blends. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 287, 363 (2002).3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, M.: Thermal Analysis in Practice (Mettler-Toledo, Schwerzenbach (Switzerland), 2010).Google Scholar
Menczel, J.D. and Prime, R.B.: Thermal Analysis of Polymers (Wiley, NewYork, 2009).Google Scholar
Barham, P.J., Keller, A., Otun, E.L., and Holmes, P.A.: Crystallization and morphology of a bacterial thermoplastic: poly-3-hydroxybutyrate. J. Mater. Sci. 19, 2781 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cipriano, P.B.: Preparation and characterization of PHB/mesocarp of babassu compounds. MSc Dissertation in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, 2012.Google Scholar
Papageorgiou, G.Z. and Panayiotou, C.: Crystallization and melting of biodegradable poly(propylene suberate). Thermochim. Acta 523, 187 (2011).Google Scholar
Furushima, Y., Nakada, M., Takahashi, H., and Ishikiriyama, K.. Study of melting and crystallization behavior of polyacrylonitrile using ultrafast differential scanning calorimetry. Polymer 55, 3075 (2014).Google Scholar
Owen, A.J., Heinzel, J., Škrbić, Ž., and Divjaković, V.: Crystallization and melting behaviour of PHB and PHB/HV copolymer. Polymer 33, 1563 (1992).Google Scholar
Schawe, J.E.K. and Bergman, E.: Investigation of polymer melting by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry and it's description using kinetic models. Thermochim. Acta 304–305, 179 (1997).Google Scholar
Schawe, J.E.K. and Bergmann, E.: On the nature of multiple melting in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and its copolymers with cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate (PET/CT). Polymer 44, 1527 (2003).Google Scholar
Toda, A., Tomita, C., Hikosaka, M., and Saruyama, Y.: Melting of polymer crystals observed by temperature modulated d.s.c. and its kinetic modelling. Polymer 39, 5093 (1998).Google Scholar
Asadinezhad, A., Ali Khonakdar, H., Häussler, L., Wagenknecht, U., and Heinrich, G.: Crystallization and melting behavior of poly (ethylene succinate) in presence of graphene nanoplatelets. Thermochim. Acta 586, 17 (2014).Google Scholar
Toda, A., Taguchi, K., Nozaki, K., and Konishi, M.: Melting behaviors of polyethylene crystals: An application of fast-scan DSC. Polymer 55, 3186 (2014).Google Scholar
Wang, N., Tu, R., Ma, X., Xie, Q., and Jiang, X.: Melting behavior of typical thermoplastic materials—An experimental and chemical kinetics study. J. Hazard. Mater. 262, 9 (2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beekmans, L.G.M., van der Meer, D.W., and Vancso, G.J.: Crystal melting and its kinetics on poly(ethylene oxide) by in situ atomic force microscopy. Polymer 43, 1887 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, T.G.: MSc Thesis in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, 2015.Google Scholar
Wellen, R.M.R., Canedo, E.L., and Rabello, M.S.: Nonisothermal cold crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J. Mater. Res. 26, 1107 (2011).Google Scholar
Finelli, L., Siracusa, V., Lotti, N., Marchese, P., and Munari, A.: Poly(dithiotriethylene adipate): Melting behavior, crystallization kinetics and morphology. Eur. Polym. J. 41, 1909 (2005).Google Scholar
Wellen, R.M.R., Rabello, M.S., Araújo, I.C., Fechine, G.J.M., and Canedo, E.L.: Melting and crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Effect of heating/cooling rates on phase transformation. Polímeros 25, 296 (2015).Google Scholar
Wellen, R.M.R., Rabello, M.S., Fechine, G.J.M., and Canedo, E.L.: The melting behaviour of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by DSC. Polym. Test. 32, 215 (2013).Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Wellen supplementary material S1

Supplementary Information

Download Wellen supplementary material S1(File)
File 82.1 KB