Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T13:51:21.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mechanical and magnetic properties of spark plasma sintered soft magnetic FeCo alloy reinforced by carbon nanotubes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2016

Amar J. Albaaji ,
Elinor G. Castle ,
Mike J. Reece ,
Jeremy P. Hall  and
Sam L. Evans
Amar J. Albaaji*
Affiliation:
Wolfson Centre for Magnetics, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
Elinor G. Castle
Affiliation:
School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; and Nanoforce Technology Ltd., Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
Mike J. Reece
Affiliation:
School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; and Nanoforce Technology Ltd., Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
Jeremy P. Hall
Affiliation:
Wolfson Centre for Magnetics, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
Sam L. Evans
Affiliation:
Institute of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Different volume fractions (0.5–4.5 vol%) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to reinforce a binary Fe50Co soft magnetic alloy. The first method for dispersion involved dry mixing and ball milling of the powder, while the second included wet mixing in dimethylformamide under ultrasonic agitation, drying and then dry ball milling. The powders were consolidated using spark plasma sintering. Tensile test and SEM analyses were performed to characterize the mechanical properties and the fracture surface of the sintered materials. The best magnetic and mechanical properties were achieved using the first method. A maximum enhancement in tensile strength of around 20% was observed in the 0.5 vol% CNT composite with improved elongation compared to the monolithic Fe50Co alloy. In addition, the magnetic properties were enhanced by adding CNTs up to 1 vol%, and an improvement in densification was observed in composites up to 1.5 vol% CNT with respect to monolithic Fe50Co alloy.

Keywords

carbon nanotubesspark plasma sinteringsoft magnetic
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 31 , Issue 21 , 14 November 2016 , pp. 3448 - 3458
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contributing Editor: Jürgen Eckert

References

REFERENCES

Sundar, R.S. and Deevi, S.C.: Soft magnetic FeCo alloys: Alloy development, processing, and properties. Int. Mater. Rev. 50, 158 (2005).Google Scholar
Clegg, D.W. and Buckely, R.A.: The disorder–order transformation in iron–cobalt based alloys. Met. Sci. 7, 48 (1973).Google Scholar
Yu, R.H., Basu, S., Ren, L., Zhang, Y., Parvizi-Majidi, A., Unruh, K.M., and Xiao, J.Q.: High temperature soft magnetic materials: FeCo alloys and composites. IEEE Trans. Magn. 36, 3388 (2000).Google Scholar
George, E.P., Gubbi, A.N., Baker, I., and Robertson, L.: Mechanical properties of soft magnetic FeCo alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 329, 325 (2002).Google Scholar
Zhao, L. and Baker, I.: The effect of grain size and FeCo ratio on the room temperature yielding of FeCo. Acta Metall. Mater. 42, 1953 (1994).Google Scholar
Zhao, L., Baker, I., and George, E.P.: Room temperature fracture of FeCo. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 288, 501 (1993).Google Scholar
Bowen, P. and Doe, T.J.A.: Tensile properties of particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites. Composites, Part A 27, 655 (1996).Google Scholar
Kumar, M., Viola, G., Reece, M.J., Hall, J., and Evans, S.: Influence of coated SiC particulates on the mechanical and magnetic behaviour of Fe–Co alloy composites. J. Mater. Sci. 49, 2578 (2013).Google Scholar
Treacy, M.M.J., Ebbesen, T.W., and Gibson, J.M.: Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes. Nature 381, 678 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X., Xia, J., Peng, J., Li, W., and Xie, S.: Carbon-nanotube metal-matrix composites prepared by electroless plating. Compos. Sci. Technol. 60, 301 (2000).Google Scholar
Bakshi, S.R., Lahiri, D., and Agarwal, A.: Carbon nanotube reinforced metal matrix composites—A review. Int. Mater. Rev. 55, 41 (2010).Google Scholar
Kong, F.Z., Zhang, X.B., Xiong, W.Q., Liu, F., Huang, W.Z., Sun, Y.L., Tu, J.P., and Chen, X.W.: Continuous Ni-layer on multiwall carbon nanotubes by an electroless. Surf. Coat. Technol. 155, 33 (2002).Google Scholar
Mani, M., Viola, G., Reece, M., Evance, S.L., and Hall, J.: Improvement of interfacial bonding in carbon nanotube reinforced Fe–50Co composites by Ni–P coating: Effect on magnetic and mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 188, 94 (2014).Google Scholar
Song, X., Liu, X., and Zhang, J.: Neck formation and self-adjusting mechanism of neck growth of conducting powders in spark plasma sintering. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 494 (2006).Google Scholar
Saheb, N., Iqbal, Z., Khalil, A., Hakeem, A., Al Aqeeli, N., Laoui, T., Al-Qutub, A., and Kirchner, R.: Spark plasma sintering of metals and metal matrix nanocomposites: A review. J. Nanomater. 2012, 1 (2012).Google Scholar
Kumar, M., Viola, G., Hall, J., Grasso, S., and Reece, M.: Observations of Curie point transition during spark plasma sintering of ferromagnetic materials. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 382, 202 (2015).Google Scholar
Hirsch, A. and Vostrowsky, O.: Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes, Vol. 245 (Springer, Berlin, 2005); pp. 193–237.Google Scholar
Bahr, J.L., Yang, J., Kosynkin, D.V., Bronikowski, M.J., Smalley, R.E., and Tour, J.M.: Functionalization of carbon nanotubes by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts: A bucky paper electrode. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 6536 (2001).Google Scholar
Ham, H., Choi, Y., and Chung, I.: An explanation of dispersion states of single-walled carbon nanotubes in solvents and aqueous surfactant solutions using solubility parameters. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 286, 216 (2005).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mani, M., Viola, G., Reece, M., Hall, J., and Evans, S.: Structural and magnetic characterization of spark plasma sintered Fe–50Co alloys. Mater. Res. Soc. 1516, 201 (2012).Google Scholar
Anderson, P.: A universal DC characterisation system for hard and soft magnetic materials. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, 20 (2008).Google Scholar
George, E.D.: Mechanical Metallurgy, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York. 1986).Google Scholar
Locci, A.M., Orru, R., Cao, G., and Munir, Z.A.: Effect of ball milling on simultaneous spark plasma synthesis and densification of TiC–TiB2 composites. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 434, 23 (2006).Google Scholar
Thomson, K.E., Jiang, D., Ritchie, R.O., and Mukherjee, A.K.: A preservation study of CNTs in alumina-based nanocomposites via Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Appl. Phys. A 89, 651 (2007).Google Scholar
Cullity, B.D.: Elements of X-ray Diffraction, 2nd ed. (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, 1978).Google Scholar
Alben, R., Becker, J.J., and Chi, M.C.: Random anisotropy in amorphous ferromagnets. J. Appl. Phys. 49, 1653 (1978).Google Scholar
Herzer, G.: Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability in nanocrystlline ferromagnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 26, 1397 (1990).Google Scholar
Couderchon, G. and Tiers, J.F.: Some aspects of magnetic properties of Ni–Fe and Co–Fe alloys. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 26, 196 (1982).Google Scholar
Pfeifer, F. and Radeloff, C.: Soft magnetic Ni–Fe and Co–Fe alloys—Some physical and metallurgical aspects. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 19, 190 (1980).Google Scholar
Duckham, A., Zhang, D.Z., Liang, D., Luzin, V., Cammarata, R.C., Leheny, R.L., Chien, C.L., and Weihs, T.P.: Temperature dependent mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained FeCo–2V. Acta Mater. 51, 4083 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawahara, K.: Effect of carbon on mechanical properties in Fe50Co50 alloy. J. Mater. Sci. 18, 2047 (1983).Google Scholar
Antunes, E.F., Lobo, A.O., Corat, E.J., Trava-Airoldi, V.J., Martin, A.A., and Veríssimo, C.: Comparative study of first- and second-order Raman spectra of MWCNT at visible and infrared laser excitation. Carbon 44, 2202 (2006).Google Scholar
Osswald, S., Havel, M., and Gogotsi, Y.: Monitoring oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 38, 728 (2007).Google Scholar
Saito, R., Hofmann, M., Dresselhaus, G., Jorio, A., and Dresselhaus, M.S.: Raman spectroscopy of graphene and carbon nanotubes. Adv. Phys. 60, 413 (2011).Google Scholar
Kwon, H., Estili, M., Takagi, K., Miyazaki, T., and Kawasaki, A.: Combination of hot extrusion and spark plasma sintering for producing carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Carbon 47, 570 (2009).Google Scholar
Inam, F., Yan, H., Reece, M., and Peijs, T.: Structural and chemical stability of multiwall carbon nanotubes in sintered ceramic nanocomposite. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 109, 240 (2010).Google Scholar
Albaaji, A.J., Castle, E.G., Reece, M.J., Hall, J.P., and Evans, S.L.: Synthesis and properties of graphene and graphene/carbon nanotube-reinforced soft magnetic FeCo alloy composites by spark plasma sintering. J. Mater. Sci. 51, 7624 (2016).Google Scholar