Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T17:01:33.740Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Freestanding microscale 3D polymeric structures with biologically-derived shapes and nanoscale features

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Christopher S. Gaddis  and
Kenneth H. Sandhage
Christopher S. Gaddis
Affiliation:
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Kenneth H. Sandhage*
Affiliation:
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Microscale polymeric structures with intricate three-dimensional (3D) shapes and nanoscale features were synthesized by using silica-based microshells of diatoms (unicellular algae) as transient scaffolds. Diatom microshells were immersed in dilute solutions of polymer precursors in volatile solvents. After extraction and solvent evaporation, the resulting thin films on the microshells were cross-linked to form rigid polymer coatings. Selective silica dissolution then yielded freestanding polymeric structures that retained the microshell shapes and fine features. By utilizing bioscaffolds capable of genetically precise and massively parallel replication, enormous numbers of polymeric micro/nanostructures with identical 3D shapes may be generated for various applications.

Keywords

Biological synthesisPolymerSolution deposition
Type
Rapid Communications
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 19 , Issue 9 , September 2004 , pp. 2541 - 2545
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Yang, Y., Zeng, C. andLee, L.J.: Three-dimensional assembly of polymer microstructures at low temperatures. Adv. Mater. 16 560 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Armani, D.K. andLiu, C.: Microfabrication technology for polycaprolactone, a biodegradable polymer. J. Micromech. Microeng. 10 80 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Lee, L.P., Berger, S.A., Liepmann, D. andPruitt, L.: High aspect ratio polymer microstructures and cantilevers for bioMEMS using low energy ion beam and photolithography. Sens. Actuators A71, 144 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Seiller, M., Martini, M-C. andBenita, S. Cosmetic applications of vesicular delivery systems, in Microencapsulation: Methods and Industrial Applications, edited by Benita, S. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996), p. 588Google Scholar
5.Xu, T-B., Su, J. andZhang, Q.: Electroactive-polymer-based MEMS for aerospace and medical applications. SPIE Proc. 5055 66 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Markus, A. Advances in the technology of controlled-release pesticide formulations, in Microencapsulation: Methods and Industrial Applications, edited by Benita, S. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996), p. 73Google Scholar
7.Heo, J-S., Park, N-H., Ryu, J-H., Choi, G-H. andSuh, K.D.: Novel light emitting diode using organic electroluminescence microcapsules. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 204 2002 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Joshi, M.P., Pudavar, H.E., Swiatkiewicz, J., Prasad, P.N. andReianhardt, B.A.: Three-dimensional optical circuitry using two-photon-assisted polymerization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 170 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Ahn, C.H.: Development of polymer MEMS structures for microfluidic devices and lab-on-a-chips. Polymer Preprints 44 530 (2003).Google Scholar
10.Ballandras, S., Calin, M., Zissi, S., Bertsch, A., Andre, J.C. andHauden, D.: Microstercophotolithography and shape memory alloy for the fabrication of miniaturized actuators. Sens. Actuators A 62 741 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Varadan, V.K. andVaradan, V.V.: Micro stereo lithography and fabrication of 3D micro devices. SPIE Proc. 3879 116 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Rotting, O., Ropke, W., Becker, H. and Gartner, C.Polymer microfabrication technologies. Microsystem Technologies 8 32 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Bauerlein, E.: Biomineralization of unicellular organisms: An unusual membrane biochemistry for the production of inorganic nano- and microstructures. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 42 614 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Weaver, J.C., Pietrasanta, L.I., Hedin, N., Chmelka, B.F., Hansma, P.K. and Morse, D.E.: Nanostructural features of demosponge biosilica. J. Struct. Biol. 144 271 (2003).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Mann, S.: Molecular tectonics in biomineralization and biomimetic materials chemistry. Nature 365 499 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. andMann, D.G.The Diatoms: Biology & Morphology of the Genera (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1990)Google Scholar
17.Duke, E.L. andReimann, B.E.F. The Ultrastructure of the Diatom Cell, in The Biology of Diatoms, edited by Werner, D. (Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K., 1977), p. 65Google Scholar
18.Crawford, S.A., Higgins, M.J., Mulvaney, P. andWetherbee, R.: Nanostructure of the diatom frustule as revealed by atomic force and electron microscopy. J. Phycol. 37 543 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Hildebrand, M. andWetherbee, R. Components and control of solicification in diatoms, in Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, edited by Muller, W.E.G. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2003), Vol. 33, p. 11Google Scholar
20.Mann, D.G. andDroop, S.J.M.: Biodiversity, biogeography, and conservation of diatoms. Hydrobiologia 336 19 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Martin-Jezequel, V., Hildebrand, M. andBrzezinski, M.A.: Silicon metabolism in diatoms: Implications for growth. J. Phycol. 36 821 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Weber, J.N. andWhite, E.W.: Raplamineform: A new process for preparing porous ceramic, metal, and polymer prosthetic materials. Science 176 922 (1972).Google Scholar
23.Skinner, D.P., Newnham, R.E. andCross, L.E.: Flexible composite transducers. Mater. Res. Bull. 13 599 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Lowenstam, H.A. andWeiner, S. Mineralization by organisms and the evolution of biomineralization. In Biomineralization and Biological Metal Accumulation, edited by Westbroek, P. and de Jong, E.W. (D. Reidel Publishing Co., Hingham, MA, 1983), p. 191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Joint Genome Institute website: http://genome.jgi-psf.org/thaps1/thaps1.home.htmlGoogle Scholar
26.Lebeau, T. andRobert, J-M.: Diatom cultivation and biotechnologically relevant products. Part I. Cultivation at various length scales. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60 612 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar