Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T05:21:35.345Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Identification of predictors’ effects on perceiving the ethical climate and job satisfaction within Serbian tourism industry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2019

Tamara Jovanović ,
Maja Mijatov Open the ORCID record for Maja Mijatov [Opens in a new window] ,
Aleksandra S. Dragin ,
Karolina Simat  and
Nebojša Majstorović
Tamara Jovanović
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
Maja Mijatov*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
Aleksandra S. Dragin
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
Karolina Simat
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
Nebojša Majstorović
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Novi Sad, Serbia
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

As part of comprehensive research on the ethical climate in the Serbian tourism industry, this study examines the effects of selected predictors (job department, individual values and employees’ perspective) on the perception of ethical climate types as well as the relationship between the type of ethical climate, and job satisfaction. Additionally, this study tests these goals for both managers and their subordinates. Research was conducted in 2013, on a sample of 258 employees in different small and medium tourism organizations in Serbia. The findings revealed new information on both ethical climate and job satisfaction-related factors in small and medium tourism enterprises in a non-Western, transitional economy, where ethical behavior is influenced by constant social and economic changes. Several theoretical and managerial implications and future research opportunities were derived from the findings.

Keywords

ethical climatejob satisfactionmanagerssubordinatestourism industrySerbia
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Management & Organization , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 120 - 148
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Ajmi, R. (2006). The effect of gender on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in Kuwait. International Journal of Management, 23(4), 838–943.Google Scholar
Ambrose, M. L., Arnaud, A., & Schminke, M. (2008). Individual moral development and ethical climate: The influence of person–organization fit on job attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 77(3), 323–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, M. (2003). A handbook of human resource management practice (9th ed.). London: Kogan Page.Google Scholar
Arthaud-Day, M. L., Rode, J. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2012). Direct and contextual effects of individual values on organizational citizenship behavior in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 792.10.1037/a0027352CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babakus, E., Yavas, U., & Karatepe, O. M. (2008). The effects of job demands, job resources and intrinsic motivation on emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions: A study in the Turkish hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 9(4), 384–404.10.1080/15256480802427339CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilgic, R. (1998). The relationship between job satisfaction and personal characteristics of Turkish workers. The Journal of Psychology, 132(5), 549–557.10.1080/00223989809599287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodur, S. (2002). Job satisfaction of health care staff employed at health centres in Turkey. Occupational Medicine, 52(6), 353–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bright, L. (2008). Does public service motivation really make a difference on the job satisfaction and turnover intentions of public employees?. The American Review of Public Administration, 38(2), 149–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. E., & Trevino, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616.10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. E., Trevino, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning theory perspective for construct development. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrell, M., & Elbert, N. (1974). Some personal and organizational determinants of job satisfaction of postal clerks. Academy of Management Journal, 17(2), 368–373.Google Scholar
Cheng, A., & Brown, A. (1998). HRM strategies and labour turnover in the hotel industry: A comparative study of Australia and Singapore. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1), 136–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, C. H., Kim, T., Lee, G., & Lee, S. K. (2014). Testing the stressor-strain-outcome model of customer-related social stressors in predicting emotional exhaustion, customer orientation and service recovery performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 272–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chonko, L. B., & Burnett, J. J. (1983). Measuring the importance of ethical situations as a source of role conflict: A survey of salespeople, sales managers, and sales support personnel. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 3(1), 41–47.Google Scholar
Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., & Byrne, Z. S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 160–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P., & Victor, B. (2003). The effects of ethical climates on organisational commitment: A two-study analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 127–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Bronson, J. W. (1993). The ethical climate questionnaire: An assessment of its development and validity. Psychological Reports, 73(2), 667–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Tan, H. H. (2000). The trusted general manager and business unit performance: Empirical evidence of a competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 21(5), 563–576.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Cremer, D., & Vandekerckhove, W. (2016). Managing unethical behavior in organizations: The need for a behavioral business ethics approach. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(3), 437–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeConnick, J. B. (2010). The effect of organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and perceived supervisor support on marketing employees’ level of trust. Journal of Business Research, 63(12), 1349-1355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deery, M. A., & Shaw, R. N. (1999). An investigation of the relationship between employee turnover and organizational culture. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 23(4), 387–400.10.1177/109634809902300404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denison, D. (1996). What is the difference between organizational culture and organizational climate? A native's point of view on a decade of paradigm wars. Academy of Management Review, 21(3), 619–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deshpande, S. P. (1996). The impact of ethical climate types on facets of job satisfaction: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(6), 655–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deshpande, S. P., George, E., & Joseph, J. (2000). Ethical climates and managerial success in Russian organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 23(2), 211–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dragin, A. S., Jovanović, T, Mijatov, M, Majstorović, N & Dragin, V. (2019). Types and factors of ethical climate perception in Serbian tourism industry. Journal for East European Management Studies, Special Issue (January 2019), 63–98.Google Scholar
Ealias, A., & George, J. (2012). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: A correlational study. Research Journal of Commerce and Behavioral Science, 1(4), 37–42.Google Scholar
Elci, M., & Alpkan, L. (2009). The impact of perceived organizational ethical climate on work satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(3), 297–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskildsen, J., Kristensen, K., & Westlund, A. (2004). Work motivation and job satisfaction in the Nordic countries. Employee Relations, 26(½), 122–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritzsche, D., & Oz, E. (2007). Personal values’ influence on the ethical dimension of decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 75(4), 335–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritzsche, D. J. (2000). Ethical climates and the ethical dimension of decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 24(2), 125–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frye, W., & Mount, D. (2007). An examination of job satisfaction of general managers based on hotel size and service type. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 6(2), 109–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, W., Deshpande, S. P., & Zhao, X. (2011). The impact of ethical behavior and facets of job satisfaction on organizational commitment of Chinese employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(4), 537–54310.1007/s10551-011-0928-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gokmen, A., & Ozturk, A. T. (2012). Issues of business ethics in domestic and international businesses: A critical study. International Journal of Business Administration, 3(5), 82–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, S. B. (1991). How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis? Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26(3), 499-510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J. (1990). Ethical values of individuals at different levels in the organizational hierarchy of a single firm. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(9), 741–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, L. C. (2012). Ripping off’ tourists: An empirical evaluation of tourists’ perceptions and service worker (mis)behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1070–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, J. S., & Freeman, R. E. (1999). Stakeholders, social responsibility, and performance: Empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 42(5), 479–485.Google Scholar
Helliwell, J. F., & Huang, H. (2010). How's the job? Well-being and social capital in the workplace. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 63(2), 203–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemingway, C. A., & Maclagan, P. W. (2004). Managers’ personal values as drivers of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(1), 33–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzberg, F., Maunser, B., & Snyderman, B. (1957). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Hulin, C., & Smith, P. (1965). A linear model of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49(3), 209–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J. P., & Solomon, P. (2006). The role of ethical climate on salesperson's role stress, job attitudes, turnover intention, and job performance. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 26(3), 271–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, M. W., & Marshall, G. W. (2003). Churchill/ford/walker's sales force management. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.Google Scholar
Joseph, J., & Deshpande, S. P. (1997). The impact of ethical climate on job satisfaction of nurses. Health Care Management Review, 22(1), 76–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahle, L. R. (1983). Social values and social change: Adaptation to life in America. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Kaiser, L. (2007). Gender-job satisfaction differences across Europe. International Journal of Manpower, 28(1), 75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalleberg, A. L. (1977). Work values and job rewards: A theory of job satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 42, 124–, 143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, M. (2010). The effect of the perceived of the ethical climate and organizational support in hotel enterprises, the example of Cappadocia. PhD dissertation. Selçuk University Social Science Institution, Konya, Turkey.Google Scholar
Karatepe, O. M., & Aleshinloye, K. D. (2009). Emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion among hotel employees in Nigeria. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(3), 349–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, J. (1989). Gender, pay and job satisfaction of faculty in journalism. Journalism Quarterly, 66(2), 446–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilili, R., & Bozdaglar, H. (2013). Comparing job satisfaction among managers and employees: An empirical evidence leisure sector in North Cyprus. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(2), 509–515.Google Scholar
Kim, N. Y., & Miller, G. (2008). Perceptions of the ethical climate in the Korean tourism industry. Journal of Business, 82(4), 941–954.Google Scholar
Kim, W. G., & Brymer, R. A. (2011). The effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, and firm performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 1020–1026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, W. G., Leong, J. K., & Lee, Y. K. (2005). Effect of service orientation on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intention of leaving in a casual dining chain restaurant. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24(2), 171–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knani, M. (2014). Ethics in the hospitality industry: Review and research agenda. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(3), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koh, H. C., & Boo, E. H. Y. (2001). The link between organizational ethics and job satisfaction: A study of managers in Singapore. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(4), 309–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Laezniak, G. R., & Murphy, P. E. (1993). Ethical marketing decisions: The higher road. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Lam, T., Baum, T., & Pine, R. (2003). Subjective norms: Effects on job satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 160–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange, T. (2012). Job satisfaction and self-employment: Autonomy or personality?. Small Business Economics, 38(2), 165–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In Dunnette, M. D. (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297–1349). Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Lopez, B. T., Babin, B. J., & Chung, C. (2009). Perceptions of ethical work climate and person-organization fit among retail employees in Japan and the US: A cross-cultural scale validation. Journal of Business Research, 62(6), 594–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luria, G., & Yagil, D. (2008). Procedural justice, ethical climate and service outcomes in restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(2), 276–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lytle, R. S. (1994). Service orientation, market orientation, and performance: An organizational culture perspective Arizona: Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Maclagan, P. (1992). Management development and business ethics: A view from the UK. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(4), 321–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malloy, D. C., & Agarwal, J. (2003). Factors influencing ethical climate in a nonprofit organization: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8(3), 224–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mark, G., & Smith, A. P. (2012). Effects of occupational stress, job characteristics, coping, and attributional style on the mental health and job satisfaction of university employees. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(1), 63–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, K. D., & Cullen, J. B. (2006). Continuities and extensions of ethical climate theory: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(2), 175–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metters, R., & Vargas, V. (2000). A typology of de-coupling strategies in mixed services. Journal of Operations Management, 18(6), 663–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mottaz, C. J. (1987). Age and work satisfaction. Work and Occupations, 14(3), 387–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulki, P. J., Jaramillo, F., & Locander, W. B. (2006). Effects of ethical climate and supervisory trust on salesperson's job attitudes and intentions to quit. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 26(1), 19–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Bank of Serbia. (2016). Retrieved February 2, 2016, from http://www.nbs.rs/internet/latinica/scripts/ondate.html.Google Scholar
Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2012). Structural equation modelling and regression analysis in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(8), 777–802.10.1080/13683500.2011.641947CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia, Code of business ethics. (2006). Retrieved December 18, 2016, from http://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/kodeks_poslovne_etike.html.Google Scholar
Pan, F. C. (2015). Practical application of importance-performance analysis in determining critical job satisfaction factors of a tourist hotel. Tourism Management, 46, 84–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parboteeah, K. P., & Cullen, J. B. (2003). Ethical, consumption, and business: A pragmatic perspective. In Giacalone, R. A. & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 137–151). New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Parboteeah, K. P., Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Sakano, T. (2005). National culture and ethical climates: A comparison of U.S. and Japanese accounting firms. Management International Review, 45(4), 459–481.Google Scholar
Parboteeah, K. P., & Kapp, E. A. (2008). Ethical climates and work-place safety behaviors: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(3), 515–529.10.1007/s10551-007-9452-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, D. K. (2002). The relationship between unethical behavior and the dimensions of the ethical climate questionnaire. Journal of Business Ethics, 41(4), 313–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phatswane, D. (2013). Ethical perceptions of managers: A preliminary study of small and medium enterprises in Botswana. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(2), 41–49.Google Scholar
Phillips, B., Tan, T. T. W., & Julian, C. (2007). The theoretical underpinnings of emotional dissonance: A framework and analysis of propositions. Journal of Service Marketing, 20(7), 471–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pizam, A., & Thornburg, S. W. (2000). Absenteeism and voluntary turnover in Central Florida hotels: A pilot study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(2), 211–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saijo, Y., Chiba, S., Yoshioka, E., Kawanishi, Y., Nakagi, Y., Ito, T., & Yoshida, T. (2013). Job stress and burnout among urban and rural hospital physicians in Japan. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 21(4), 225–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sather-Wagstaff, J. (2008). Picturing experience: A tourist-centered perspective on commemorative historical sites. Tourist Studies, 8(1), 77–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, B., & Reichers, A. E. (1983). On the etiology of climates. Personnel Psychology, 36(1), 19–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schwepker, C. H. Jr. (2001). Ethical climate's relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in the salesforce. Journal of Business Research, 54(1), 39–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwepker, C. H. Jr. (2003). Customer-oriented selling: A review, extension, and directions for future research. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(2), 151–171.Google Scholar
Silva, P. (2006). Effects of disposition on hospitality employee job satisfaction and commitment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(4), 317–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. California: Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Statistical Office of Republic of Serbia. (2014). Retrieved August 20, 2014, from http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/God/SGS2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Stevens, B. (2001). Hospitality ethics: Responses from human resource directors and students to seven ethical scenarios. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(3), 233–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szivas, E., Riley, M., & Airey, D. (2003). Labor mobility into tourism: Attraction and satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 64–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toker, B. (2011). Job satisfaction of academic staff: An empirical study on Turkey. Quality Assurance in Education, 19(2), 156–169.10.1108/09684881111125050CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toleikiene, R., Slaboaeviþinjte, K., & Sapiegiene, L. (2014). Relations between ethical climate and job satisfaction: The case of the Siauliai county state tax inspectorate. Social Research, 3(36), 113–122.Google Scholar
Trevino, L. K., & Brown, M. E. (2004). Managing to be ethical: Debunking five business ethics myths. Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 69–81.Google Scholar
Trevino, L. K., Butterfield, D. K., & McCabe, L. D. (1998). The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 8(3), 447–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trevino, L. K., & Nelson, K. (1999). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Tsai, C-W. (2008). Leadership style and employee's job satisfaction in international tourist hotels. In Woodside, A. G. (Ed.), Advances in culture, tourism and hospitality research (Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 2, 293–332). Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, M. T., & Huang, C.C. (2008). The relationship among ethical climate types, facets of job satisfaction, and the three components of organizational commitment: A study of nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(3), 565–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsang, M., Rumberger, R., & Levin, H. (1991). The impact of surplus schooling on work productivity. Industrial Relations, 30(2), 209–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1987). A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations. In Frederick, W. C. (Ed.), Research in corporate social performance (pp. 57–71). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988). The organisational bases of ethical work climates. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 101–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitell, S. J., & Davis, D. L. (1990). The relationship between ethics and job satisfaction: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(6), 489–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, P.G. (2016). Travelers’ experiences of authenticity in ‘hill tribe’ tourism in Northern Thailand. Tourist Studies, 16(2), 213–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y. D., & Hsieh, H. H. (2012). Toward a better understanding of the link between ethical climate and job satisfaction: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(4), 535–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, J. (1995). Influences upon organizational ethical subclimates: A multi-departmental analysis of a single firm. Organization Science, 6, 509–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilton, N. (2011). An introduction to human management. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Wong, C. K. A., & Chan, A. (2010). Understanding the leadership perceptions of staff in China's hotel industry: Integrating the macro-and micro-aspects of leadership contexts. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 437–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, S. C. K. (1998). Staff job-related ethics of hotel employees in Hong Kong. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 10(3), 107–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaman, H. R., & Gurel, E. (2006). Ethical ideologies of tourism marketers. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 470–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, P., & Guerra-Baez, R. (2015). Exploring the influence of ethical climate on employee compassion in the hospitality industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(3), 605–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar