Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T04:57:31.825Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A framework for organizational learning: zero, adaptive and generative learning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2015

Ricardo Chiva*
Affiliation:
University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
Johanna Habib
Affiliation:
Université Paris-Est Créteil, IRG (EA 2354), UPEC, F-94010, Créteil, France
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Although organizational learning types like adaptive and generative learning are considered to follow different processes, a general framework of organizational learning that includes them has remained elusive. In order to do so, we propose a framework that embraces them and incorporates facets such as consciousness and emotions, which are strongly related to organizational learning but had not been included in any model. These facets are essential in the framework as they bind the process together and represent a sequence and progression through the learning process.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, P., Goldoftas, B., & Levine, D. (1999). Flexibility versus efficiency? A case study of model changeovers in the Toyota production system. Organization Science, 10, 4368.Google Scholar
Amiot, C., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. (2006). Passion and psychological adjustment: A test of the person-environment fit hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 220229.Google Scholar
Antonacopoulou, E., & Chiva, R. (2007). The social complexity of organisational learning: The dynamics of learning and organizing. Management Learning, 38, 277295.Google Scholar
Antony, M. V. (2002). Concepts of consciousness, kinds of consciousness, meanings of consciousness. Philosophical Studies, 109(1), 116.Google Scholar
Argote, L. (2006). Introduction to mindfulness. Organization Science, 17(4), 501502.Google Scholar
Argyris, C., & Schön, D. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
Argyris, C., & Schön, D. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Arthur, J. B., & Aiman-Smith, L. (2001). Gainsharing and organizational learning: An analysis of employee suggestions over time. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 737754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkins, P., & Parker, S. (2012). Understanding individual compassion in organizations: The role of appraisals and psychological flexibility. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 524546.Google Scholar
Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine.Google Scholar
Beck, D. E., & Cowan, C. C. (1996). Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership, and change. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bernett, S., Bird, G., Moll, J., Frith, C., & Blakemore, S. (2009). Development during adolescence of the neural processing of social emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(9), 17361750.Google Scholar
Bitterman, M. E., Menzel, R., Fietz, A., & Schafer, S. (1983). Classical conditioning of proboscis extension in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 97, 107119.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1980). Wholeness and the implicate order. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Boucouvalas, M. (1993). Consciousness and learning: New and renewed approaches. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 57, 5769.Google Scholar
Bouras, N., & Holt, G. (2007). Psychiatric and behavioural disorders in intellectual and developmental disabilities. UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (1991). Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation. Organization Science, 2(1), 4057.Google Scholar
Brown, S. L.& Eisenhardt, K. M. (1998). Competing On The Edge: Strategy As Structured Chaos. Boston Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822848.Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211237.Google Scholar
Cangelosi, V. E., & Dill, W. R. (1965). Organizational learning: Observations toward a theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, 175203.Google Scholar
Carlisle, Y. M., & McMillan, E. (2006). Innovation in organizations from a complex adaptive systems perspective. Emergence, Complexity and Organizations, 8(1), 29.Google Scholar
Charlton, J. P., & Birkett, P. E. (1995). The development and validation of the computer apathy and anxiety scale. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 13(1), 4159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiva, R., & Alegre, J. (2005). Organizational learning and organizational knowledge: Towards the integration of two approaches. Management Learning, 36(1), 4766.Google Scholar
Chiva, R., Grandío, A., & Alegre, J. (2010). Adaptive and generative learning: Implications from complexity theories. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(2), 114129.Google Scholar
Cochrane, K. (2004). Learning and spirituality. In Z. Zsolnai (Ed.), Spirituality and ethics in management (pp. 107119). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academics.Google Scholar
Cook, S., & Yanow, D. (1993). Cultural and organizational learning. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2(4), 373390.Google Scholar
Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2012). Consequences of self-image and compassionate goals. In P. G. Devine, & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 45, pp. 229277). New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Crossan, M., Lane, H., & White, R. (1999). An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 522537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossan, M. M., Maurer, C. C., & White, R. E. (2011). Reflections on the 2009 AMR decade award: Do we have a theory of organizational learning? Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 446460.Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Beyond boredom and anxiety: Experiencing flow in work and play. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. (1984). Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 284295.Google Scholar
Dane, E. (2011). Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace. Journal of Management, 37(4), 9971018.Google Scholar
Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. (2009). Conceptualizing and measuring intuition: A review of recent trends. In G. P. Hodgkinson, & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (vol. 24, pp. 149). Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Daniels, M. (2009). Perspectives and vectors in transpersonal development. Transpersonal Psychology Review, 13(1), 8799.Google Scholar
Davies, M., Stankov, L., & Roberts, R. D. (1998). Emotional intelligence: In search of the elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 9891015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, G. (2008). Abnormal Psychology. Toronto: Veronica Visentin.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1980). Self-determination theory: When mind mediates behavior. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 1, 3343.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
DiBella, A. J., Nevis, E. C., & Gould, J. M. (1996). Understanding organizational learning capability. Journal of Management Studies, 33, 361379.Google Scholar
Dutton, J. E., Worline, M. C., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. M. (2006). Explaining compassion organizing. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 5996.Google Scholar
Elkjaer, B. (2001). The learning organization: An undelivered promise. Management Learning, 32(4), 437452.Google Scholar
Elkjaer, B. (2004). Organizational learning: The ‘Third Way’. Management Learning, 35(4), 419434.Google Scholar
Feldman, M. S., & Pentland, B. T. (2003). Reconceptualizing organizational routines as a source of flexibility and change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(1), 94118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiol, C. M., & Lyles, M. A. (1985). Organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 10, 803813.Google Scholar
Fiol, C. M., & O’Connor, E. J. (2003). Waking up! Mindfulness in the face of bandwagons. Academy of Management Review, 28, 5470.Google Scholar
Fischer, K. W., Shaver, P. R., & Carnochan, P. (1990). How emotions develop and how they organize development. Cognition and Emotion, 4, 81127.Google Scholar
Gebser, J. (1949). The ever-present origin. Athens, OH: University of Ohio Press.Google Scholar
Gell-Mann, M. (1994). Complex adaptive systems. In G. Cowan, D. Pines, & D. Meltzer (Eds.), Complexity, metaphors, models and reality (pp. 1729). Massachusetts: Freeman.Google Scholar
Germer, C. K. (2005). Mindfulness: What is it: What does it matter? In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 335). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Ghadimi, M., & Nir, K. H. (2011). Sociological survey of factors affecting tendency to social apathy among executive organizations in the province of Zanjan (Irna-Zanjan). American Journal of Scientific Research, 34, 6070.Google Scholar
Gibson, C. B., & Birkinshaw, J. (2004). The antecedents, consequences and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 209226.Google Scholar
Glomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., Bono, J. E., & Yang, T. (2011). Mindfulness at work. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 30, 115157.Google Scholar
Graves, C. (1970). Levels of existence: An open system theory of values. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 10, 131155.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 324). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hedberg, B. (1981). How organizations learn and unlearn? In P. C. Nystrom, & W. H. Starbuck (Eds.), Handbook of organizational design (pp. 827). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597606.Google Scholar
Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2, 88115.Google Scholar
Hülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. W. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 310325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4, 161180.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. K. (2008). I second that emotion: Effects of emotional contagion and affect at work on leader and follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 119.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, B. (1991). Comprehensive glossary of psychiatry and psychology. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins.Google Scholar
Koch, R., & Leitner, K.-H. (2008). The dynamics and functions of self-organization in the fuzzy front end: Empirical evidence from the Austrian semiconductor industry. Creativity and Innovation Management, 17(3), 216226.Google Scholar
Kofman, F. (2006). Conscious business: How to build value through values. Boulder, CO: Sounds True.Google Scholar
Kofman, F., & Senge, P. M. (1993). Communities of commitment: The heart of learning organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 523.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development, Vol. I: The philosophy of moral development. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Langer, E., & Piper, A. (1987). The prevention of mindlessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(2), 280287.Google Scholar
Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Langer, E. J. (1997). The power of mindful learning. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.Google Scholar
Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H., & Van de Ven, A. H. (2013). Process studies of change in organization and management: Unveiling temporality, activity and flow. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 113.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Fevre, M., Matheny, J., & Kolt, G. (2003). Eustress, distress, and interpretation in occupational stress. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(7), 726744.Google Scholar
Levinthal, D. A., & Rerup, C. (2006). Crossing an apparent chasm: Bridging mindful and less mindful perspectives on organizational learning. Organization Science, 17, 502513.Google Scholar
Lilius, J., Worline, M., Maitlis, S., Kanov, J., Dutton, J., & Frost, P. (2008). The contours and consequences of compassion. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 193218.Google Scholar
March, J. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 7187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maslow, A. H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Maturana, H., & Varela, F. (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. London: Reidl.Google Scholar
Mikkelsen, A., Saksvik, P. Ø., & Ursin, H. (1998). Job stress and organizational learning climate. International Journal of Stress Management, 5, 197209.Google Scholar
Miller, D. (1993). The architecture of simplicity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 116138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). Flow theory and research. In C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., 195206). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Örtenblad, A. (2002). Organizational learning: A radical perspective. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4, 87100.Google Scholar
Pandey, A., & Gupta, R. K. (2008). Spirituality in management: a review of contemporary and traditional thoughts and agenda for research. Global Business Review, 9(1), 6583.Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. ([1904] 1967). Physiology of digestion. Nobel lectures—Physiology or medicine 1901–1921. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. (1926). Conditioned reflexes: Lessons on the function of higher hemispheres. México: Ediciones Pavlov.Google Scholar
Pentland, B. T., & Feldman, M. S. (2008). Designing routines: On the folly of designing artifacts, while hoping for patterns of action. Information and Organization, 18(4), 235250.Google Scholar
Quick, J. C., Gavin, J. H., & Schein, E. (2000). The next frontier: Edgar Schein on organizational therapy. Academy of Management Executive, 14(1), 3144.Google Scholar
Quinn, R. W. (2005). Flow in knowledge work: High performance experience in the design of national security technology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, 610641.Google Scholar
Ray, J. L., Baker, L. T., & Plowman, D. A. (2011). Organizational mindfulness in business schools. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(2), 188203.Google Scholar
Romme, A. G. L., & Van Witteloostuijn, A. (1999). Circular organizing and triple loop learning. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 439453.Google Scholar
Rosch, E. (2007). More than mindfulness: When you have a tiger by the tail, let it eat you. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 258264.Google Scholar
Rynes, S., Bartunek, J., Dutton, J., & Margolis, J. (2012). Care and compassion through an organizational lens: Opening up new possibilities. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 503523.Google Scholar
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185211.Google Scholar
Schein, E. H. (1993). On dialogue, culture, and organizational learning. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 4051.Google Scholar
Selye, H. (1987). Stress without distress. London: Transworld.Google Scholar
Senge, P. (1990). Fifth discipline. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Senge, P., Scharmer, C. O., Jaworski, J., & Flowers, B. S. (2005). Presence: Exploring profound change in people, organisations and society. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1991). Bounded rationality and organizational learning. Organization Science, 2, 125134.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Smith, M. K. (2001). Chris Argyris: theories of action, double loop, learning and organizational learning. The encyclopedia of informal education, Retrieved from www.infeld.org/thinkers/argyris.htmGoogle Scholar
Stacey, R. D. (1993). Strategy as order emerging from chaos. Long Range Planning, 26(1), 1017.Google Scholar
Stacey, R. D. (1995). The science of complexity: An alternative perspective for strategic change processes. Strategic Management Journal, 16(6), 477495.Google Scholar
Stacey, R. D. (1996). Complexity and creativity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Berret-Koehler Publishers.Google Scholar
Swieringa, J., & Wierdsma, A. (1992). Becoming a learning organization. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Tosey, P., & Mathison, J. (2008). Do organisations learn? Some implications for HRD of Bateson’s levels of learning. Human Resource Development Review, 7(1), 1331.Google Scholar
Tsakanikos, E. (2006). Associative learning and perceptual style: Are associated events perceived analytically or as a whole? Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 579586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallerand, R. J., & Houlfort, N. (2003). Passion at work: Toward a new conceptualization. In D. Skarlicki, S. Gilliland, & D. Steiner (Eds.), Social issues in management (pp. 175204). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.Google Scholar
Valorinta, M. (2009). Information technology and mindfulness in organizations. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(5), 963997.Google Scholar
Venkatraman, N., Lee, C. H., & Iyer, B. (2007). Strategic ambidexterity and sales growth: A longitudinal test in the software sector. Unpublished manuscript (earlier version presented at the Academy of Management Meetings, 2005).Google Scholar
Vince, R. (2001). Power and emotion in organizational learning. Human Relations, 54(10), 13251351.Google Scholar
Vince, R. (2002). Organising reflection. Management Learning, 33(1), 6378.Google Scholar
Wang, C. L., & Ahmed, P. K. (2003). Organisational learning: A critical review. The Learning Organization, 10(1), 817.Google Scholar
Weick, K. E. (1998). Improvisation as a metaphor for organizing. Organization Science, 9, 543555.Google Scholar
Weick, K. E., & Putnam, T. (2006). Organizing for mindfulness: Eastern wisdom and western knowledge. Journal of Management Inquiry, 15, 275287.Google Scholar
Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2006). Mindfulness and the quality of organizational attention. Organization Science, 17(4), 514524.Google Scholar
Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (1999). Organizing for high reliability: Processes of collective mindfulness. B. Staw, & R. Sutton (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (vol. 21, pp. 81123). Greenwich, CT: JAI.Google Scholar
Weick, K. E., & Westley, F. (1996). Organizational learning: Affirming an oxymoron. In S. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of Organization Studies (pp. 440458). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Wilber, K. (2000). Integral psychology: Consciousness, spirit, psychology, therapy. Boston: Shambhala.Google Scholar
Wilber, K. (2006). Integral spirituality: A startling new role for religion in the modern and postmodern world. Boston: Shambhala.Google Scholar