Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T06:02:59.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Financial turning points and transitions for people with multiple sclerosis: Towards sustainable employment outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Margaret H Vickers
Margaret H Vickers*
Affiliation:
School of Business, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

People with disability experience significant levels of economic disadvantage potentially resulting in their poverty, social exclusion and dependence on welfare. Low labour participation rates are a large contributor to such economic and social exclusion. This study was conducted in Australia where 45% of people with disability are living at or below the poverty line. Within this context, this article first defines and examines the constructs of Financial Turning Points and Financial Transitions experienced by people with disability, an area not previously examined in the literature. Then, a collective case study is presented portraying the experiences of Financial Turning Points and Financial Transitions for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Concluding remarks are directed towards the need to critically re-evaluate ways of thinking about work to enable people with disability to remain productive participants in employment, to better facilitate of their financial futures.

Keywords

multiple sclerosisdisabilityphenomenologyfinancial turning pointsfinancial transitionsemploymentcollective case study
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Management & Organization , Volume 18 , Issue 3 , May 2012 , pp. 346 - 362
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altman, B. M. (2005). The labor market experience of persons with disabilities: The conundrum. Work and Occupations, 32(3), 360–364.Google Scholar
Argyle, M. (1989). The social psychology of work (2nd ed.). London, England: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. (2003). Disability, ageing, and carers, Australia: Summary of findings, 2003, 4430.0. Retrieved June 26, 2008, from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4430.0Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. (2007). Australian social trends, labour force participation – An international comparison, 4102.0. Retrieved June 26, 2008, from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/0/0CBA37179F1B71BACA25732C00207901?opendocumentGoogle Scholar
Barnes, C. (1991). Disabled people in Britain and discrimination: A case for anti-discrimination legislation. London, England: British Council of Organisations of Disabled People.Google Scholar
Barnes, C. (1999). Disability and paid employment. Work, Employment & Society, 13(1), 147–149.Google Scholar
Barnes, C. (2000). A working social model? Disability, work and disability politics in the 21st Century. Critical Social Policy, 20(4), 441–457.Google Scholar
Barnes, C., & Mercer, G. (2005). Disability, work, and welfare: Challenging the social exclusion of disabled people. Work, Employment & Society, 19(3), 527–545.Google Scholar
Barnes, H., Thornton, P., & Maynard Campbell, S. (1998). Disabled people and employment. Bristol, England: The Policy Press.Google Scholar
Battaglia, M. A., Zagami, P., & Uccelli, M. M. (2000). A cost evaluation of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurovirology, 6(2), 191–193.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. E., & Joffe, R. (2006). An overlooked dimension of diversity: The career effects of chronic illness. Organizational Dynamics, 35(2), 182–195.Google Scholar
Bennett, C. (2011). Disability expectations: Investing in a better life, a stronger Australia. Sydney, NSW. Thought Leadership Advisory Group, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC).Google Scholar
Berthoud, R. (2008). Disability employment penalties in Britain. Work Employment & Society, 22(1), 129–148.Google Scholar
Bill, A., Cowling, W. M., & Quirk, V. (2006). Employment programs for people with psychiatric disability: The case for change. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 209–220.Google Scholar
Business Council of Australia [BCA]. (2007). Employing our potential: Ensuring prosperity through participation. Workforce participation roundtable discussion paper. Sydney, NSW: Author.Google Scholar
Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Milton, QLD: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Clausen, J. A. (1995). Gender, contexts, and turning points in adults' lives. In Moen, P., Elder, G. H., & Luscher, K. (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development (pp. 365–389). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Cockburn, C. (1991). In the way of women: Men's resistance to sex equality in organizations. New York, NY: ILR Press.Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H. Jr., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1992). A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Development, 63, 526–541.Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H. Jr., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1993. Family economic stress and adjustment of early adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 29, 206–219.Google Scholar
De Judicibus, M. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2005). Economic deprivation and its effects on subjective wellbeing in families of people with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Mental Health, 14(1), 49–59.Google Scholar
De Judicibus, M. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2007). The impact of the financial costs of multiple sclerosis on quality of life. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14(1), 3–11.Google Scholar
De Laine, M. (1997). Ethnography: Theory and applications in health research. Sydney, NSW: MacLennan & Petty.Google Scholar
Department of Families, Housing, Community Service and Indigenous Affairs [FaHCSIA]. (2011). Draft revised impairment tables as recommended by the advisory committee, Appendix E, February 15, 2011. In Review of the tables for the assessment of work-related impairment for disability support pension. Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Drew, N. (1989. The interviewer's experience as data in phenomenological research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 11(4) 431–439.Google Scholar
de Nemours, DuPont. (1993). Equal to the task II: 1990 DuPont survey of employment of people with disabilities. Wilmington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. (2001). Life course. In Maddox, G. L. (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of aging (3rd ed., pp. 593–596). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Ellison, G., & Rayman, K. M. (1998. Exemplars' experiences of self-managing Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educator, 24(3), 325–330.Google Scholar
Fenwick, T. (2001). Questioning the learning organization. In Parrie, C., & Scott, D. (Eds.), Knowledge, power and learning (pp. 74–88). London, England: Sage/Paul Chapman.Google Scholar
Fenwick, T. (2005. Conceptions of critical HRD: Dilemmas for theory and practice. Human Resource Development International, 8(2), 225–238.Google Scholar
Fenwick, T., & Bierema, L. (2008. Corporate social responsibility: Issues for human resource development professionals. International Journal of Training and Development, 12(1), 24–35.Google Scholar
Foster, D. (2007. Legal obligation or personal lottery? Employee experiences of disability and the negotiation of adjustments in the public sector workplace. Work, Employment and Society, 21(1), 67–84.Google Scholar
George, L. K. (2001). Life events. In Maddox, G. L. (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of aging (3rd ed., pp. 596–598). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Gollan, P. J. (2005). High involvement management and human resource sustainability: The challenges and opportunities. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 18–33.Google Scholar
Gotlib, I. H., & Wheaton, B. (1997). Stress and adversity of the life course: Trajectories and turning points. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grytten, N., & Maseide, P. (2005. ‘What is expressed is not always what is felt’: Coping with stigma and the embodiment of perceived illegitimacy of multiple sclerosis. Chronic Illness, 1(3), 231–243.Google Scholar
Grytten, N., & Maseide, P. (2006. ‘When I am together with them I feel more ill’: The stigma of multiple sclerosis experienced in social relationships. Chronic Illness, 2(3), 195–208.Google Scholar
Harlan, S. L., & Robert, P. M. (1998. The social construction of disability in organizations: Why employers resist reasonable accommodation. Work and Occupations, 25(4), 397–435.Google Scholar
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Hernandez, B., Keys, C., & Balcazar, F. (2000). Employer attitudes toward workers with disabilities and their ADA employment rights: A literature review. Journal of Rehabilitation, 66(4), 4–16.Google Scholar
Hernandez, B., McDonald, K., Divilbiss, M., Horin, E., Velcoff, J., & Donoso, O. (2007). Exploring the bottom line: A study of the costs and benefits of workers with disabilities. Retrieved August 21, 2008, from http://www.disabilityworks.orgGoogle Scholar
Hernandez, B., McDonald, K., Divilbiss, M., Horin, E., Velcoff, J., & Donoso, O. (2008). Reflections on the disabled workforce: Focus groups with healthcare, hospitality, and retail administrators. Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, 20(3), 157–164.Google Scholar
Hilt Pfleger, C. C., Meulengracht Flachs, E., & Koch-Henriksen, N. (2010). Social consequences of multiple sclerosis (1): Early pension and temporary unemployment – a historical prospective cohort study. Multiple Sclerosis, 16(1), 121–126.Google Scholar
Holmqvist, M. (2009. Medicalization of unemployment: Individualizing social issues as personal problems in the Swedish Welfare State. Work, Employment & Society, 23(3), 405–421.Google Scholar
Hoque, K., & Noon, M. (2004. Equal opportunities policy and practice in Britain: Evaluating the ‘Empty Shell’ hypothesis. Work, Employment and Society, 18(3), 481–506.Google Scholar
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission [HREOC]. (2005a). WORKability II: Solutions, people with disability in the open workplace: Final report of the national inquiry into employment and disability. Sydney, NSW: Author.Google Scholar
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission [HREOC]. (2005b). National inquiry into employment and disability, issues paper 1: Employment and disability — the statistics. Sydney, NSW: Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission.Google Scholar
Hyde, M. (1996. Fifty years of failure: Employment services for disabled people in the UK. Work, Employment & Society, 10(4), 683–700.Google Scholar
Inman, R. P. (1987. The economic consequences of debilitating illness: The case of multiple sclerosis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(4), 651–660.Google Scholar
Jabbour, C. J. C., & Santos, F. C. A. (2008. The central role of human resource management in the search for sustainable organizations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(12), 2133–2154.Google Scholar
Jackson, M., & Quaal, C. (1991. Effects of multiple sclerosis on occupational and career patterns. Axon, 13, 16–22.Google Scholar
Jarrett, L. (2000. Living with chronic illness: A transitional model of coping. British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 17, 40–44.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. L., Yorkston, K. M., Klasner, E. R., Kuehn, C. M., Johnson, E., & Amtmann, D. (2004a). The costs and benefits of employment: A qualitative study of experiences of persons with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85, 201–209.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. L., Yorkston, K. M., Klasner, E. R., Kuehn, C. M., Johnson, E., & Amtmann, D. (2004b). Medical, psychological, social and programmatic barriers to employment for people with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Rehabilitation, 70(1), 38–49.Google Scholar
Jongbloed, L. (1998. Disability income: The experiences of women with multiple sclerosis. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 193–201.Google Scholar
Kalb, R. C. (2004). Multiple sclerosis: The questions you have – the answers you need (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Demos Medical.Google Scholar
Koch, L. C., Rumrill, P. D., Roessler, R. T., & Fitzgerald, S. M. (2001. Illness and demographic correlates of quality of life among people with multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(2), 154–164.Google Scholar
Kraft, G. H., Freal, J. E., & Coryell, J. K. (1986). Disability, disease duration, and rehabilitation service needs in multiple sclerosis: Patient perspectives. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 67, 164–168.Google Scholar
Kralik, D. (2002. The quest for ordinariness: Transition experienced by midlife women living with chronic illness. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(2), 146–154.Google Scholar
LaRocca, N. G. (1995). Employment and multiple sclerosis. New York, NY: National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Google Scholar
LaRocca, N. G., & Hall, H. L. (1990. Multiple sclerosis program: A model for neuropsychiatric disorders. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 45, 49–64.Google Scholar
Lewchuk, W., Clarke, M., & de Wolff, A. (2008). Working without commitments: Precarious employment and health. Work, Employment & Society, 22(3) 387–406.Google Scholar
Liddle, J., Carlson, G., & McKenna, K. (2004. Using a matrix in life transition research. Qualitative Health Research, 14(10), 1396–1417.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, S. (1986). Work and inequality. Harlow, England: Longman.Google Scholar
Lunn, S. (2011, 07 30–31). Gillard tightens disability pension. The Weekend Australian, p. 1.Google Scholar
McCabe, M. P., & De Judicibus, M. (2003). Multiple sclerosis and economic well-being: Role of health, age, and duration of illness. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 10(3), 139–147.Google Scholar
McCabe, M. P., & De Judicibus, M. (2005. The effects of economic disadvantage on psychological well-being and quality of life among people with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Health Psychology, 10(1), 163–173.Google Scholar
McCabe, M. P., & O'Connor, E. J. (2009. A longitudinal study of economic pressure among people living with a progressive neurological illness. Chronic Illness, 5(3) 177.Google Scholar
MS Australia. (2005). MS: The mystery disease. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://www.msaustralia.org.auGoogle Scholar
MS Australia. (2011). MS Australia: Disability pension changes to help many. Media Release, 10 05. Multiple Sclerosis Society. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from. http://www.msaustralia.org.au/documents/MS_Australia-Budget-2011-response.pdfGoogle Scholar
Naci, H., Fleurence, R., Birt, J., & Duhig, A. (2010). Economic burden of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics, 28(5) 363–379.Google Scholar
National People with Disabilities and Carer Council. (2009). SHUT OUT: The experience of people with disabilities and their families in Australia: National disability strategy consultation report. National disability strategy consultation report. Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Neath, J., Roessler, R. T., McMahon, B. T., & Rumrill, P. D. (2007). Patterns in perceived employment discrimination for adults with multiple sclerosis. Work, 29(3), 255–274.Google Scholar
Nettleton, S. (1995). The sociology of health and illness. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Nevile, A., & Lohmann, P. (2011). ‘It is like they just don't trust us’: Balancing trust and control in the provision of disability employment services. Canberra, ACT: Crawford School of Economics and Government, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2006. The dynamics of employee relationships in an ethnically diverse workforce. Human Relations, 59(3), 379–407.Google Scholar
Oiler, C. (1982. The phenomenological approach in nursing research. Nursing Research, 31(3), 178–181.Google Scholar
Oliver, M. (1990). The politics of disablement. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Orlewska, E., Mierzejewski, P., Zaborski, J., Kruszewska, J., Wicha, W., Fryze, W., et al. (2005. A prospective study of the financial costs of multiple sclerosis at different stages of the disease. European Journal of Neurology, 12(1), 31–39.Google Scholar
Prout, A. (1989. Sickness as a dominant symbol in life course transitions: An illustrated theoretical framework. Sociology of Health and Illness, 11(4), 337–359.Google Scholar
Raheim, M., & Haland, W. (2006. Lived experience of chronic pain and fibromyalgia: Women's stories from daily life. Qualitative Health Research, 16(6), 741–761.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, B., O'Connell, B., Dunning, P., & Cox, H. (2007). Young women with Type 1 diabetes: Management of turning points and transitions. Qualitative Health Research, 17(3), 300–310.Google Scholar
Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics. (2005). 2005 Disability status reports. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Rijken, M., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2008. Money does not bring well being, but it does help! The relationship between financial resources and life satisfaction of the chronically ill mediated by social deprivation and loneliness. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 18(1), 39–53.Google Scholar
Roessler, R., Neath, J., McMahon, B., & Rumrill, P. (2007. Workplace discrimination outcomes and their predictive factors for adults with multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 50(3), 203–215.Google Scholar
Roessler, R. T., Fitzgerald, S. M., Rumrill, P. D., & Koch, L. C. (2001. Determinants of employment status among people with multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 45, 31–39.Google Scholar
Roessler, R. T., & Rumrill, P. D. (1994). Strategies for enhancing career maintenance self-efficacy of people with multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 60, 54–59.Google Scholar
Roessler, R. T., & Rumrill, P. D. (1995. The relationship of perceived work site barriers to job mastery and job satisfaction for employed people with multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin, 39, 2–14.Google Scholar
Ronka, A., Oravala, S., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Turning points in adults' lives: The effects of gender and the amount of choice. Journal of Adult Development, 10(3), 203–215.Google Scholar
Rumrill, P. D. (1996. Employment and multiple sclerosis: Policy, programming, and research recommendations. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 6, 205–209.Google Scholar
Rumrill, P. D., Roessler, R. T., & Cook, B. G. (1998. Improving career re-entry outcomes for people with multiple sclerosis: A comparison of two approaches. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 10, 241–252.Google Scholar
Rumrill, P. D., Tabor, T. L., Hennessey, M. L., & Minton, D. L. (2000. Issues in employment and career development for people with multiple sclerosis: Meeting the needs of an emerging vocational rehabilitation clientele. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 14, 109–117.Google Scholar
Sarantakos, S. (1993). Social research. South Melbourne, VIC: MacMillan Education.Google Scholar
Shrey, D. E., & Hursh, N. C. (1999. Workplace disability management: International trends and perspectives. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 9(1), 45–59.Google Scholar
Silverman, D. (2005). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. London, England: Sage.Google Scholar
Smith, A., & Twomey, B. (2002). Labour market experiences of people with disabilities London, England: Labour Market Trends, Office for National Statistics.Google Scholar
Stake, R. E. (2000). Case studies. In Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 435–454). London, England: Sage.Google Scholar
Stake, R. E. (2003). Case studies. In Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 134–164). London, England: Sage.Google Scholar
Sumner, G. (1995). Project alliance: A job retention program for employees with chronic illness and their employers. Denver, CO: National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Google Scholar
Swanson-Kauffman, K. M. (1986. A combined qualitative methodology for nursing research. Advances in Nursing Science, 8(3), 58–69.Google Scholar
Sweetland, J., Riazi, A., Cano, S. J., & Playford, E. D. (2007). Vocational rehabilitation services for people with multiple sclerosis: What patients want from clinicians and employers. Multiple Sclerosis, 13(9) 1183–1189.Google Scholar
Taylor, B., McDonald, E., Fantino, B., Sedal, L., MacDonnell, R., Pittas, F., et al. (2007. The cost of multiple sclerosis in Australia. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 14(6), 532–539.Google Scholar
Van Denend, T. (2006. Employment needs of people with multiple sclerosis: A review of current literature and application to occupational therapy practice. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 20(1), 61–77.Google Scholar
van Manen, M. (2003). Lived experience. In Lewis-Beck, M., Bryman, A., & Liao, T. F. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social science research methods (Vol. 2, pp. 579–580). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. H. (1998. Life at work with ‘Invisible’ chronic illness (ICI): A passage of trauma turbulent, random, poignant. Administrative Theory and Praxis, 20(2), 196–210.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. H. (1999). ‘Sick’ organisations, ‘Rabid’ managerialism: Work-life narratives from people with ‘Invisible’ chronic illness. Public Voices, 4(1), 59–82.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. H. (2000. Stigma, work, and ‘Unseen’ illness: A case and notes to enhance understanding. Illness, Crisis and Loss, 8(2), 131–151.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. H. (2001). Work and unseen chronic illness: Silent voices. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. H. (2008. Why people with MS are really leaving work: From a Clayton's choice to an ugly passage – A phenomenological study. Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal, 4(4) 43–57.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. H. (2009a). Why people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are really leaving work: An exemplar case study with lessons for managers. In The 2009 Pfeiffer management development annual, section: Learning activities, questionnaires and articles human (pp. 139–154). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer (Wiley).Google Scholar
Vickers, M. H. (2009b). Life and work with multiple sclerosis (MS): The role of unseen experiential phenomena on unreliable bodies and uncertain lives. Illness, Crisis and Loss, 17(1), 7–21.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. H. (2009c). Bullying, disability and work: A case study of workplace bullying. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 4(3), 255–272.Google Scholar
Waghorn, G., Collister, L., Killackey, E., & Sherring, J. (2007. Challenges to implementing evidence-based supported employment in Australia. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 27, 29–37.Google Scholar
Weinfeld, F. D., & Baum, H. M. (1984. The national multiple sclerosis survey: Background and economic impact. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 436, 469–471.Google Scholar
Weinshenker, B. G., Bass, B., Rice, G. P. A., Noseworthy, J., Carriere, W., Baskerville, J., et al. (1989. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically base study. I. Clinical course and disability. Brain, 112, 1419–1428.Google Scholar
Wheaton, B. (1990). Life transitions, role histories, and mental health. American Sociological Review 55(2), 209–223.Google Scholar
Whetten-Goldstein, K., Sloan, F. A., Goldstein, L. B., & Kulas, E. D. (1998. A comprehensive assessment of the cost of multiple sclerosis in the United States. Multiple Sclerosis, 4, 419–425.Google Scholar
Whiteford, P. (2011, 05 12). Will the budget slow the growth of disability support pension numbers? Inside Story: Current Affairs and Culture. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from http://inside.org.au/growth-of-disability-support-pension-numbers/Google Scholar
Wilkinson, A., Hill, M., & Gollan, P. (2001. The sustainability debate. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 21(12), 1492–1502.Google Scholar
Wooten, L. P. (2008. Guest editor's note: Breaking barriers in organizations for the purpose of inclusiveness. Human Resource Management, 47(2), 191–197.Google Scholar
Yeend, P. (2011). Budget 2010-2011: Welfare disability support pension. Canberra, ACT: Parliamentary Library.Google Scholar
Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Business research methods (7th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson South Western.Google Scholar