Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T17:18:27.225Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Supplementing Q-method with narratives: Contextualizing CEOs’ values for family firms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 August 2018

Ivonne Pötschke Open the ORCID record for Ivonne Pötschke [Opens in a new window]
Ivonne Pötschke*
Affiliation:
Institute of Performance Management, Leuphana University, Lueneburg, Germany
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Values in family firms are influenced by the complex interplay of family and business. Thus, research requires methods that grasp this complexity. This paper presents a fresh methodological approach for family business research with the example of an in-depth analysis of CEOs’ value orientations. Benefits of an integrated use of two qualitative methods – Q-sorts and narrative interviews – which were collected and analyzed for 16 CEOs of family firms are illustrated. Q-method was used to build value patterns, whereas narrative interviews were conducted to reveal how values were contextualized and interpreted. This integrated approach builds qualitative richness in different ways: first, by allowing for a deep understanding of individual experience; second, by providing more contextual insight, and third, by capturing the meaning of abstract values. The approach advanced here can be reproduced for other complex organizational dynamics. Thus, this user-friendly approach is particularly suited for organizational research in a managerial environment.

Keywords

entrepreneurshipqualitative methodssmall- and medium-sized enterprisesresearch methodsvalues
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Management & Organization , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , March 2021 , pp. 270 - 294
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alam, M. A., & Bhatti, O. K. (2018). Curtailing data biases in business research: Introducing a hybrid approach. Journal of Management & Organization, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anglin, A. H., Reid, S. W., Short, J. C., Zachary, M. A., & Rutherford, M. W. (2017). An archival approach to measuring family influence: An organizational identity perspective. Family Business Review, 30(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486516669254 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., & Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00665.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1989.4278999 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashkanasy, N. M., Broadfood, L. E., & Falkus, S. A. (2000). Questionnaire measures of organizational culture InN. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (pp. 131–145). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Astrachan, J. H., Klein, S. B., & Smyrnios, K. X. (2002). The F‐PEC scale of family influence: A proposal for solving the family business definition problem. Family Business Review, 15(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2002.00045.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 105–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bansal, P. T., & Corley, K (2011). From the editors: The coming of age for qualitative research: Embracing the diversity of qualitative methods. The Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 233–237. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23045078 Google Scholar
Bartlett, J. E., & DeWeese, B. (2015). Using the Q methodology approach in human resource development research. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 17(1), 72–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional wealth in family firms: Theoretical dimensions, assessment approaches, and agenda for future research. Family Business Review, 25(3), 258–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bold, C. (2011). Using narrative in research. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Boyce, M. E. (1996). Organizational story and storytelling: a critical review. Journal of organizational change management, 9(5), 5–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, A. D. (2006). A narrative approach to collective identities. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4), 731–753. https://doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00609.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, S. R. (1996). Q methodology and qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 6(4), 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239600600408 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, D., & Bryman, A. (Eds.). (2009). The Sage handbook of organizational research methods. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Castro, F. G., Kellison, J. G., Boyd, S. J., & Kopak, A. (2010). A methodology for conducting integrative mixed methods research and data analyses. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(4), 342–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689810382916 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chamberlain, K., Cain, T., Sheridan, J., & Dupuis, A. (2011). Pluralisms in qualitative research: From multiple methods to integrated methods. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.572730 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatman, J. A., & Jehn, K. A. (1994). Assessing the relationship between industry characteristics and organizational culture: how different can you be? Academy of management journal, 37(3), 522–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chrisman, J. J., Kellermanns, F. W., Chan, K. C., & Liano, K. (2010). Intellectual foundations of current research in family business: An identification and review of 25 influential articles. Family Business Review, 23(1), 9–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879902300402 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., Steier, L. P., & Rau, S. B. (2012). Sources of heterogeneity in family firms: An introduction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00540.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cope, J. (2005). Researching entrepreneurship through phenomenological inquiry: Philosophical and methodological issues. International Small Business Journal, 23(2), 163–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, C. J (2009). Learning about reflection through exploring narrative inquiry. Reflective Practice, 10(1), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623940802652920 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creswell, J. W. (2010). Mapping the field of mixed methods research InA. Tashakkori, & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research (2nd ed. pp. 45–68). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czarniawska, B. (2004). Narratives in social science research. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dailey, S. L., & Browning, L (2014). Retelling stories in organizations: Understanding the functions of narrative repetition. Academy of Management Review, 39(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0329 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalpiaz, E., Tracey, P., & Phillips, N. (2014). Succession narratives in family business: The case of Alessi. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(6), 1375–1394. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12129 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, A., & Hjorth, D. (2012). Advancing family business research through narrative analysis. Family Business Review, 25(3), 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486511421487 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debicki, B. J., Matherne, C. F. III, Kellermanns, F. W., & Chrisman, J. J (2009). Family business research in the new millennium: An overview of the who, the where, the what, and the why. Family Business Review, 22(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486509333598 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Massis, A., & Kotlar, J. (2014). The case study method in family business research: Guidelines for qualitative scholarship. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2014.01.007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denison, D., Nieminen, L., & Kotrba, L (2014). Diagnosing organizational cultures: A conceptual and empirical review of culture effectiveness surveys. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(1), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.713173 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dess, G. G., Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. (1990). Industry effects and strategic management research. Journal of Management, 16(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600102 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duh, M., Belak, J., & Milfelner, B. (2010). Core values, culture and ethical climate as constitutional elements of ethical behaviour: Exploring differences between family and non-family enterprises. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(3), 473–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0519-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, W. G. (2003). The family: The missing variable in organizational research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00018 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dziopa, F., & Ahern, K. (2011). A systematic literature review of the applications of Q-technique and its methodology. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 11(7), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000021 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eddleston, K. A. (2008). Commentary: The prequel to family firm culture and stewardship: The leadership perspective of the founder. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(6), 1055–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellingsen, I. T., Størksen, I., & Stephens, P. (2010). Q methodology in social work research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(5), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570903368286 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evert, R. E., Martin, J. A., McLeod, M. S., & Payne, G. T. (2016). Empirics in family business research: Progress, challenges, and the path ahead. Family Business Review, 29(1), 17–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486515593869 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyvindson, K., Kangas, A., Hujala, T., & Leskinen, P. (2015). Likert versus Q-approaches in survey methodologies: Discrepancies in results with same respondents. Quality & Quantity, 49(2), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0006-y CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenton, C., & Langley, A. (2011). Strategy as practice and the narrative turn. Organization Studies, 32(9), 1171–1196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840611410838 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, D., De Massis, A., & Nordqvist, M. (2016). Qualitative research practices and family business scholarship: A review and future research agenda. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 7(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2015.08.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, D., Melin, L., & Gimeno, A. (2012). Culture and values in family business: A review and suggestions for future research. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 3(3), 127–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiese, B. H, & Spagnola, M. (2005). Narratives in and about families: An examination of coding schemes and a guide for family researchers. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(1), 51–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, K., & Pollock, D. (2010). The use of interviews in Q methodology: Card Content Analysis. Nursing Research, 59(4), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181e4ffff CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García‐Álvarez, E., & López‐Sintas, J. (2001). A taxonomy of founders based on values: The root of family business heterogeneity. Family business review, 14(3), 209–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, G. (1991). Industry determinants of organizational culture. Academy of Management Review, 16, 396–415. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1991.4278959 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, E., Cruz, A. D., & Jack, S. (2017). Re-framing the status of narrative in family business research: Towards an understanding of families in business. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 8(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2016.11.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Härtel, C. E., & O’Connor, J. M. (2014). Contextualizing research: Putting context back into organizational behavior research. Journal of Management & Organization, 20(4), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.61 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2010). Qualitative research methods. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Hitlin, S. (2003). Values as the core of personal identity: Drawing links between two theories of self. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(2), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519843 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjorth, D., & Dawson, A. (2016). The burden of history in the family business organization. Organization Studies, 37(8), 1089–1111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615613375 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytti, U., Alsos, G. A., Heinonen, J., & Ljunggren, E. (2017). Navigating the family business: A gendered analysis of identity construction of daughters. International Small Business Journal, 35(6), 665–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616675924 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaskiewicz, P., Combs, J. G., & Rau, S. B. (2015). Entrepreneurial legacy: Toward a theory of how some family firms nurture transgenerational entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.07.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, M. C. R., Martos, M. C. V., & Jiménez, R. M. (2015). Organisational harmony as a value in family businesses and its influence on performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(2), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1941-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kammerlander, N., Dessì, C., Bird, M., Floris, M., & Murru, A. (2015). The impact of shared stories on family firm innovation: A multicase study. Family Business Review, 28(4), 332–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486515607777 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluckhohn, C. (1951). Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification InT. Parsons, & E. Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of action (pp. 388–433). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Koiranen, M. (2002). Over 100 years of age but still entrepreneurially active in business: Exploring the values and family characteristics of old Finnish family firms. Family Business Review, 15(3), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2002.00175.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kourti, I. (2016). Using personal narratives to explore multiple identities in organisational contexts. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 11(3), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-02-2015-1274 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larty, J., & Hamilton, E. (2011). Structural approaches to narrative analysis in entrepreneurship research: Exemplars from two researchers. International Small Business Journal, 29(3), 220–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611401796 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazard, L., Capdevila, R., & Roberts, A. (2011). Methodological pluralism in theory and in practice: The case for Q in the community. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8(2), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.572749 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitch, C. M., Hill, F. M., & Harrison, R. T. (2010). The philosophy and practice of interpretivist research in entrepreneurship: Quality, validation, and trust. Organizational Research Methods, 13(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428109339839 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, Y., Simsek, Z., Lubatkin, M. H., & Veiga, J. F. (2008). The impact of transformational CEOs on the performance of small-to medium-sized firms: Does organizational context matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lumpkin, G. T., Martin, W., & Vaughn, M. (2008). Family orientation: Individual level influences on family firm outcomes. Family Business Review, 21(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2008.00120.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundmann, L., & Villadsen, J. W. (2016). Qualitative variations in personality inventories: Subjective understandings of items in a personality inventory. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 13(2), 166–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2015.1134737 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, S. R. (2016). Stories about values and valuable stories: A field experiment of the power of narratives to shape newcomers’ actions. Academy of Management Journal, 59(5), 1707–1724. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0061 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meroño-Cerdán, A. L., & López-Nicolás, C. (2017). Women in management: Are family firms somehow special? Journal of Management & Organization, 23(12), 224–240. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.67 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKeown, B. F., & Thomas, D. B. (1988). Q methodology, (Vol. 66). California, US: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKeown, B., & Thomas, D. B. (2013). Q-methodology. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meglino, B. M, & Ravlin, E. C. (1998). Individual values in organizations: Concepts, controversies, and research. Journal of Management, 24(3), 351–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639802400304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, M. (2003). Narrative psychology InJ. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 111–131). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Nordqvist, M., Hall, A., & Melin, L. (2009). Qualitative research on family businesses: The relevance and usefulness of the interpretive approach. Journal of Management & Organization, 15(3), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200002637 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Collins, K. M. (2007). A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report, 12(2), 281–316. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol12/iss2/9 Google Scholar
O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487–516. https://doi.org/10.2307/256404 Google Scholar
O’Reilly, C. A., Caldwell, D. F., Chatman, J., & Doerr, B. (2014). The promise and problems of organizational culture. Group & Organization Management, 39(6), 595–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601114550713 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parada, M. J., & Dawson, A. (2017). Building family business identity through transgenerational narratives. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(3), 344–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-10-2016-0200 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parada, M. J., & Viladás, H. (2010). Narratives: A powerful device for values transmission in family businesses. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 23(2), 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534811011031346 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias InJ. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 17–59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, G. T., Brigham, K. H., Broberg, J. C., Moss, T. W., & Short, J. C. (2011). Organizational virtue orientation and family firms. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(2), 257–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randerson, K., Bettinelli, C., Fayolle, A., & Anderson, A. (2015). Family entrepreneurship as a field of research: Exploring its contours and contents. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 6(3), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2015.08.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Ramlo, S. (2016). Mixed method lessons learned from 80 years of Q methodology. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815610998 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reay, T., & Zhang, Z. (2014). Qualitative methods in family business research InL. Melin, M. Nordqvist, & P. Sharma (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of family business (pp. 573–593). London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, T. M., & Jones, R. (2017). Mixed methodology in family business research: Past accomplishments and perspectives for the future. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 8(3), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2017.08.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roessl, D. (2005). Family businesses and interfirm cooperation. Family Business Review, 18(3), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00042.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Rousseau, D. M. (1990). Assessing organizational culture: The case for multiple methods InB. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 153–193). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Google Scholar
Rowlinson, M., Casey, A., Hansen, P. H., & Mills, A. J. (2014). Narratives and memory in organizations. Organization, 21(4), 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508414527256 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sackmann, S. A. (2011). Culture and performance InN. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of organizational culture and climate (pp. 188–224). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Famoso, V., Maseda, A., & Iturralde, T. (2017). Family involvement in top management team: Impact on relationships between internal social capital and innovation. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(1), 136–162. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarbin, T. R. (1986). Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct. New York: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Schmolck, P., & Atkinson, J. (2002). PQMethod (version 2.11) [Computer software]. Retrieved 28 October 2015 from http://www.rz.unibw-muenchen.de/?/p41bsmk/qmethod.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, P. (2004). An overview of the field of family business studies: Current status and directions for the future. Family Business Review, 17(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2004.00001.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shemmings, D. (2006). Quantifying’ qualitative data: An illustrative example of the use of Q methodology in psychosocial research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp060oa CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, A., Marquès, P., Bikfalvi, A., & Muñoz, M. D. (2012). Exploring value differences across family firms: The influence of choosing and managing complexity. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 3(3), 132–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorenson, R. L. (2013). How moral and social values become embedded in family firms. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 10(2), 116–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2012.758050 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorenson, R. L. (2014). Values in family business InL. Melin, M. Nordqvist, & P. Sharma (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of family business (pp. 463–479). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorenson, R. L., & Bierman, L. (2009). Family capital, family business, and free enterprise. Family Business Review, 22(3), 193–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stackman, R. W., Pinder, C. C., & Connor, P. E. (2000). Values lost: Redirecting research on values in the workplace InN. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (pp. 37–54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Stainton Rogers, R. (1995). Q methodology InJ. A. Smith, R. Harré, & L. V. Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking Methods in Psychology (pp. 178–192). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steelman, T. A. & Maguire, L. A. (1999). Understanding participant perspectives: Q-methodology in national forest management. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18(3), 361–388. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3325903 3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. Chicago: : University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stenner, P. (2009). Q methodology as a constructivist methodology. Operant Subjectivity: The International Journal of Q Methodology, 32, 46–69.Google Scholar
Stewart, A. (2003). Help one another, use one another: Toward an anthropology of family business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagiuri, R. & Davis, J. (1996). Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Family Business Review, 9(2), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1996.00199.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teddlie, C., & Yu, F. (2007). Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of mixed methods research, 1(1), 77–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trafimow, D (2014). Considering quantitative and qualitative issues together. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2012.743202 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaara, E., Sonenshein, S. & Boje, D (2016). Narratives as sources of stability and change in organizations: Approaches and directions for future research. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 495–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2016.1120963 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallejo, M. (2008). Is the culture of family firms really different? A value-based model for its survival through generations. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2), 261–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9493-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallejo, M. (2009). Analytical model of leadership in family firms under transformational theoretical approach. Family Business Review, 22(2), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486508327892 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallejo-Martos, M. C. & Puentes-Poyatos, R. (2014). Family firms as incubators for ethical behavior: An exploratory study from the perspective of stewardship theory. Journal of Management & Organization, 20(6), 784–807. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.55 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, S. & Stenner, P. (2005). Doing Q methodology: theory, method and interpretation. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2(1), 67–91. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088705qp022oa CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, S. & Stenner, P. (2012). Doing Q methodological research: Theory, method & interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Zellweger, T. M., Eddleston, K. A. & Kellermann, F. W (2010). Exploring the concept of familiness: Introducing family firm identity. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2009.12.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zellweger, T. M., Nason, R. S., Nordqvist, M. & Brush, C. G (2013). Why do family firms strive for nonfinancial goals? An organizational identity perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(2), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00466.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwack, M., Kraiczy, N. D., von Schlippe, A. & Hack, A. (2016). Storytelling and cultural family value transmission: Value perception of stories in family firms. Management Learning, 47(5), 590–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507616659833 CrossRefGoogle Scholar