Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:06:38.068Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Indigenous entrepreneurial orientation: A Māori perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 August 2018

Ruth Hephzibah Omonigho Mrabure*
Affiliation:
Department of Management, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Diane Ruwhiu
Affiliation:
Department of Management, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Brendan Gray
Affiliation:
Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Despite growing interest in Indigenous entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, few studies bridge these two domains empirically. We address this gap by developing a model for exploring entrepreneurial orientation in Indigenous communities. We assess the possible dimensions of Indigenous entrepreneurship orientation in a qualitative study of Māori business owners in New Zealand. The findings suggest that Indigenous worldview and entrepreneurial ecosystem influences the entrepreneurial orientation of participants, leading to a continuum of Indigenous entrepreneurial orientation. The results have important implications for Indigenous entrepreneurship policy, practice and theory.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andersén, J. (2010). A critical examination of the EO‐performance relationship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(4), 309328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, B. S., Kreiser, P. M., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. Eshima, Y. (2014). Reconceptualising entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 15761596.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. B., Dana, L. P. Dana, T. E. (2006). Indigenous land rights, entrepreneurship, and economic development in Canada: ‘Opting-in’ to the global economy. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 4555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. B., Honig, B. Peredo, A. M. (2006). Communities in the global economy: where social and indigenous entrepreneurship meet. In C. Steyart, & D. Hjorth (Eds.), Entrepreneurship as social change: A third movements (Vol. 3, pp. 5679). Cheltenham; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
ANZ Bank (2015). Te Tirohanga Whānau: The ANZ privately-owned business barometer Maori business key insights 2015, Auckland, NZ. Retrieved November 4, 2015, from https://comms.anz.co.nz/barometer-reports/article/detail.html?id=21304&name=Maori0Business.Google Scholar
Ates, A., Garengo, P., Cocca, P. Bititci, U. (2013). The development of SME managerial practice for effective performance management. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 2854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avlonitis, G. J. Salavou, H. E. (2007). Entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs, product innovativeness, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 60(5), 566575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barba-Sánchez, V. Molina-Ramírez, E. (2014). Entrepreneurship as a survival-seeking strategy for Indigenous communities: The case of Indigenous. In Todorov, & D. Smallbone (Eds.), Handbook of research on strategic management in small and medium enterprises (pp. 398420). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barcham, M. (1998). The challenge of urban Maori: Reconciling conceptions of indigeneity and social change. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 39(3), 303314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargh, M. (2012). Rethinking and re-shaping indigenous economies: Maori geothermal energy enterprises. Journal of Enterprising Communities, 6(3), 271283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhabha, H. K. (1996). Culture’s in-between. In S. Hall, & P. du Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identity (pp. 5386). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
Bishop, R. (1996). Addressing issues of self-determination and legitimation in Kaupapa Maori research. In B. Webber (Ed.), He paepae korero:research perspectives in Maori education (pp. 143160). Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Council for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Bishop, R. Glynn, T. (1999). Researching in Maori contexts: An interpretation of participatory consciousness. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 20(2), 167182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V. Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V. Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. Los Angeles; London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Broderstad, E. G. (2010). Promises and challenges of Indigenous self-determination: The Sami case. International Journal, 66, 893907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buultjens, J., Waller, I., Graham, S. Carson, D. (2005). Public sector initiatives for aboriginal small business development in tourism. In R. Chris, & M. Aicken (Eds.), Indigenous Tourism (pp. 127147). Oxford: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp II, R. D., Anderson, R. B. Giberson, R. (2005). Aboriginal land rights and development: Corporations and trust. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2(2), 134148.Google Scholar
Cheung, M. (2008). The reductionist–holistic worldview dilemma. MAI Review, 3(5), 1.Google Scholar
Churchill, N. Lewis, V. (1983). The five stages of small business growth. Harvard Business Review, 61(3), 3050.Google Scholar
Clandinin, D. J. Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Educational Researcher, 6, 94118.Google Scholar
Clarkson, L., Morrissette, V. Regallet, G. (1992). Our responsibility to the seventh generation: Indigenous peoples and sustainable development. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development.Google Scholar
Covin, J. G. Covin, T. J. (1990). Competitive aggressiveness, environmental context, and small firm performance. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 14(4), 3550.Google Scholar
Covin, J. G. Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 7587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covin, J. G. Slevin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behaviour. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 16(1), 725.Google Scholar
Craig, J. B., Pohjola, M., Kraus, S. Jensen, S. H. (2014). Exploring relationships among proactiveness, risk-taking and innovation output in family and non-family firms. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(2), 199210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curry, J. A., Donker, H. Michel, P. (2016). Social entrepreneurship and indigenous people. Journal of Co-Operative Organization and Management, 4(2), 108115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, L., Maksimov, V., Gilbert, B. A. Fernhaber, S. A. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation and international scope: The differential roles of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4), 511524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darcy, C., Hill, J., McCabe, T. McGovern, P. (2014). A consideration of organisational sustainability in the SME context: A resource-based view and composite model. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(5), 398414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidsson, P. (2015). Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus: A re-conceptualization. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), 674695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, P. (2011). Māori enterprise and capital markets: Towards a Māori commercial model. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Puni Kōkiri.Google Scholar
De Bruin, A. (2003). Indigenous entrepreneurship. In A. De Bruin, & A. Dupuis (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: New perspectives in a global age (pp. 169184). Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
De Vries, H. Shields, M. (2006). Towards a theory of entrepreneurial resilience: A case study analysis of New Zealand SME owner operators. New Zealand Journal of Applied Business Research, 5(1), 3343.Google Scholar
Doherty, W. (2012). Ranga framework – He Raranga Kaupapa. In T. Black, D. Bean, W. Collings, & W. Nuku (Eds.), Conversations on Mātauranga Maori (pp. 1526). Wellington: New Zealand Qualifications Authority.Google Scholar
Durie, M. (2003). Ngā kāhui pou launching Māori futures. Wellington, New Zealand: Huia.Google Scholar
Durie, M. (2005). Indigenous knowledge within a global knowledge system. Higher Education Policy, 18(3), 301312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlay, S. J. (2011). Indigenous organising in global contexts . Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington.Google Scholar
Flyvbjerg, B. (2001). Making social science matter: Why social inquiry fails and how it can succeed again. Cambridge: Cambridge university press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, D. (2006a). Does business success make you any less Indigenous? Regional Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Retrieved November 5, 2015, from http://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/swin:7639/SOURCE1.Google Scholar
Foley, D. (2006b). Indigenous Australian entrepreneurs: not all community organisations, not all in the outback(). Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. pp. 129.Google Scholar
Foley, D. (2008). Does culture and social capital impact on the networking attributes of indigenous entrepreneurs? Journal of Enterprising Communities, 2(3), 204224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, D. (2010). The function of social (and human) capital as antecedents on Indigenous entrepreneurs networking. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 35(1), 6587.Google Scholar
Fraser, H. (2004). Doing narrative research analysing personal stories line by line. Qualitative Social Work, 3(2), 179201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frederick, H. Henry, E. (2003). Innovation and entrepreneurship amongst Pākehā and Māori in New Zealand. In C.S. Galbraith, & C.H. Stiles (Eds.), Ethnic entrepreneurship: Structure and process (Vol. 4, pp. 115140). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frenkel, M. Shenhav, Y. (2006). From binarism back to hybridity: A postcolonial reading of management and organization studies. Organization Studies, 27(6), 855876. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606064086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furneaux, C. W. Brown, K. A. (2007). Indigenous entrepreneurship: An analysis of capital constraints. In LM Gillin(Ed.), Australian Centre for Business Research; QUT Business School. (pp. 669682). Brisbane, Australia: Swinburne University of Technology.Google Scholar
Gallagher, B. M. (2015). Entrepreneurship and indigenous identity: Three studies on the connections between indigenous identity and entrepreneurial practices in Canada and Australia. PhD thesis. Beedie School of Business Faculty, Segal Graduate School. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://summit.sfu.ca/item/14967.Google Scholar
Guest, G., Bunce, A. Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 5982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haar, J. Delaney, B. (2009). Entrepreneurship and Maori cultural values: Using ‘whanaungatanga’ to understanding Maori business. New Zealand Journal of Applied Business Research, 7(1), 25.Google Scholar
Hanita, J., Rihia, J. Te Kanawa, R. (2016). Māui Rau: Adapting in a changing world. NZ: KPMG. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from https://home.kpmg.com/nz/en/home/insights/2016/05/maui-rau-adapting-in-a-changing-world.html.Google Scholar
Harmsworth, G. (2005). Maori values in the Maori business approach: An interim report investigating the incorporation of tikanga in Maori businesses and organisations. Retrieved November 10, 2015, from http://www.wakatohu.com/Research.aspx.Google Scholar
Hart, M. A. (2010). Indigenous worldviews, knowledge, and research: The development of an indigenous research paradigm. Journal of Indigenous Voices in Social Work, 1(1), 116.Google Scholar
Henare, M. (2001). Tapu, mana, mauri, hau, wairua. A Māori philosophy of vitalism and cosmos. In J. Grim (Ed.), Indigenous traditions and ecology: The interbeing of cosmology and community. (pp. 197224). Cambridge, MA: Distributed by Harvard Press for the Centre for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School.Google Scholar
Henry, E. (2017). The creative spirit: Emancipatory Māori entrepreneurship in screen production in New Zealand. Small Enterprise Research, 24(1), 2335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hindle, K. (2005). Contrasting Indigenous entrepreneurship in Australia and Canada: How three applied research perspectives can improve policy and programs. Small Enterprise Research, 13(1), 92106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hindle, K. Lansdowne, M. (2005). Brave spirits on new paths: Toward a globally relevant paradigm of indigenous entrepreneurship research. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 131141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hook, G. R., Waaka, T. Raumati, L. P. (2007). Mentoring Māori within a Pākehā framework. MAI Review LW, 1(3), 13.Google Scholar
Hughes, M. Morgan, R. E. (2007). Deconstructing the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance at the embryonic stage of firm growth. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(5), 651661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hult, G. T. M., Hurley, R. F. Knight, G. A. (2004). Innovativeness: Its antecedents and impact on business performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(5), 429438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, J. (1984). An introduction to Māori religion:its character before European contact and its survival in contemporary Māori and New Zealand culture. Bedford Park, SAust: Australian Association for the Study of Religions.Google Scholar
Isenberg, D. J. (2010). The Big Idea: How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 4050.Google Scholar
Isenberg, D. (2011). The entrepreneurship ecosystem strategy as a new paradigm for economic policy: Principles for cultivating entrepreneurship. Institute of International European Affairs, Dublin, Ireland.Google Scholar
Isenberg, D. (2014). What an entrepreneurship ecosystem actually is. Harvard Business Review, 5. Retrieved February 3, 2017, from https://hbr.org/2014/05/what-an-entrepreneurial-ecosystem-actually-is.Google Scholar
Jack, G., Zhu, Y., Brannen, M., Prichard, C., Singh, K. Whetten, D. (2013). Refining, reinforcing and reimagining universal and indigenous theory development in international management. Journal of Management Inquiry, 22(2), 148164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, K., Gilbert, K. Morrison-Briars, Z. (2005). Māori branding: A report investigating market demand for Maori cultural elements. Auckland, New Zealand: Mana Taiao Limited.Google Scholar
Kawagley, A. O., Norris-Tull, D. Norris-Tull, R. A. (1998). The indigenous worldview of Yupiaq culture: Its scientific nature and relevance to the practice and teaching of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 35(2), 133144.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keelan, T. J. Woods, C. (2006). Māuipreneur: understanding Māori entrepreneurship. International Indigenous Journal of Entrepreneurship, Advancement, Strategy and Education, 2(1), 120.Google Scholar
Khandwalla, P. N. (1977). The design of organizations. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Klyver, K. Foley, D. (2012). Networking and culture in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(7/8), 561588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, G. (2000). Entrepreneurship and marketing strategy: The SME under globalization. Journal of International Marketing, 1232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kollmann, T. Stöckmann, C. (2014). Filling the entrepreneurial orientation-performance gap: The mediating effects of exploratory and exploitative innovations. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 38(5), 10011026.Google Scholar
Koltko-Rivera, M. E. (2004). The psychology of worldviews. Review of General Psychology, 8(1), 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovach, M. E. (2010). Conversation method in Indigenous research. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 5(1), 4048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraus, S., Rigtering, J. P. C., Hughes, M. Hosman, V. (2012). Entrepreneurial orientation and the business performance of SMEs: A quantitative study from the Netherlands. Review of Managerial Science, 6(2), 161182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., Dickson, P. Weaver, M. K. (2010). Cultural influences on entrepreneurial orientation: The impact of national culture on risk taking and proactiveness in SMEs. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 34(5), 959983.Google Scholar
Kuortti, J. Nyman, J. (2007). Reconstructing hybridity: Post-colonial studies in transition (Vol. 51). Amsterdam: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvarfordt, K., Sikku, N-H, Teilus, M. Crofts, R., Svensk Information, & National Sámi Information Centre (Sweden) (2005). The Sámi: An Indigenous people in Sweden. Kiruna, Sweden: National Sámi Information Centre.Google Scholar
Kwon, S-W, Heflin, C. Ruef, M. (2013). Community social capital and entrepreneurship. American Sociological Review, 78(6), 9801008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. M. Peterson, S. J. (2000). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35(4), 401416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lester, D. L., Parnell, J. A. Carraher, S. (2003). Organizational life cycle: A five-stage empirical scale. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(4), 339354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, N. J. (2005). Toward a cultural model of indigenous entrepreneurial attitude. Academy of Marketing Science, 5, 117.Google Scholar
Lumpkin, G., Cogliser, C. C. Schneider, D. R. (2009). Understanding and measuring autonomy: An entrepreneurial orientation perspective. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(1), 4769.Google Scholar
Lumpkin, G. Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumpkin, G. T. Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mapunda, G. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership and Indigenous enterprise development. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 3(3), 116, 18–28.Google Scholar
Marino, L., Strandholm, K., Steensma, H. K. Weaver, K. M. (2002). The moderating effect of national culture on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and strategic alliance portfolio extensiveness. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 26(4), 145.Google Scholar
Marsden, M. (2003). The woven universe: selected writings of Rev. Māori Marsden. Otaki, NZ: Estate of Rev. Māori Marsden.Google Scholar
Mason, C. Brown, R. (2014). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth oriented entrepreneurship. Final Report to OECD, Paris, 138.Google Scholar
McNatty, W. Roa, T. (2002). Whanaungatanga: An illustration of the importance of cultural context. He Puna Korero: Journal of Maori and Pacific Development, 3(1), 8896.Google Scholar
Mead, H. M. (2012). Understanding Mātauranga Māori. In T Black, D Bean, W Collings, & W Nuku (Eds.), Conversations on mātauranga Maori. Wellington: New Zealand Qualifications Authority.Google Scholar
Mika, J. P. (2016). The role of elders in indigenous economic development: The case of kaumātua in Māori enterprises of Aotearoa New Zealand. In K Iankova, A Hassan, & R L’Abbee (Eds.), Indigenous people and economic development: An international perspective (pp. 151175). London; New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D. (2011). Miller (1983) revisited: A reflection on EO research and some suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 35(5), 873894.Google Scholar
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2015). Few Maori business-owners – report. Retrieved February 2, 2016, from http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/268545/few-maori-business-owners-report.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H. (1973). Strategy making in three modes. California Management Review, 16(2), 4453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mörkenstam, U. (2005). Indigenous peoples and the right to self-determination: The case of the Swedish Sami people. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 25(2), 433461.Google Scholar
Moruku, R. K. (2013). Does entrepreneurial orientation predict entrepreneurial behaviour? International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 17, 4160.Google Scholar
Mthanti, T. Ojah, K. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation (EO): Measurement and policy implications of entrepreneurship at the macroeconomic level. Research Policy, 46(4), 724739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, S. L. Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 5175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, D. K. Huuva, S. K. (2009). Limits to Sami tourism development: The case of Jokkmokk, Sweden. Journal of Ecotourism, 8(2), 115127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napoleon, V. (2005). Aboriginal self-determination: Individual self and collective selves. Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice, 29(2), 3146.Google Scholar
Nason, R. S., McKelvie, A. Lumpkin, G. T. (2015). The role of organizational size in the heterogeneous nature of corporate entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 45(2), 279304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overall, J., Tapsell, P. Woods, C. (2010). Governance and indigenous social entrepreneurship: When context counts. Social Enterprise Journal, 6(2), 146161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, J. A., Fritz, D. A. Davis, P. S. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and the performance of religious congregations as predicted by rational choice theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(1), 219248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peredo, A. M. Anderson, R. B. (2006). Indigenous entrepreneurship research: Themes and variations. In C. S. Galbraith, & C. H. Stiles (Eds.), Developmental entrepreneurship: Adversity, risk, and isolation (Vol. 5, pp. 253273). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peredo, A. M., Anderson, R. B., Galbraith, C. S. Honig, B. (2004). Towards a theory of indigenous entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 1(1), 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peredo, A. M. McLean, M. (2013). Indigenous development and the cultural captivity of entrepreneurship. Business & Society, 52(4), 592620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650309356201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez-Luño, A., Wiklund, J. Cabrera, R. V. (2011). The dual nature of innovative activity: How entrepreneurial orientation influences innovation generation and adoption. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(5), 555571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poon, J. M. L., Ainuddin, R. A. Junit, S. H. (2006). Effects of self-concept traits and entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance. International Small Business Journal, 24(1), 6182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posey, D. A. Balée, W. (1989). Resource management in Amazonia: Indigenous and folk strategies (Vol. 5). New York: New York Botanical Garden.Google Scholar
Posey, D. A. Dutfield, G. (1996). Beyond intellectual property: Toward traditional resource rights for indigenous peoples and local communities . Canada: IDRC.Google Scholar
Rante, Y. Warokka, A. (2012). The triple nexus of indigenous economic growth and SMEs performance: Local culture, government role, and entrepreneurial behaviour. Presented at the Innovation Vision 2020: Sustainable Growth, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development – Proceedings of the 19th International Business Information Management Association Conference, Barcelona, Spain, Vol. 4, pp. 2071–2087.Google Scholar
Rante, Y, & Warokka, A (2013). The interrelated nexus of indigenous economic growth and small business development: Do local culture, government role, and entrepreneurial behaviour play the role? Journal of Innovation Management in Small & Medium Enterprises, 1-19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T. Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 761787.Google Scholar
Redpath, L. Nielsen, M. O. (1997). A comparison of native culture, non-native culture and new management ideology. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 14(3), 327339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reihana, F., Sisley, M. Modlik, H. (2007). Maori entrepreneurial activity in Aotearoa New Zealand. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 4(5), 636653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, M. (2004). Indigenous intellectual property rights: Legal obstacles and innovative solutions. Lanham, MD: Rowman Altamira.Google Scholar
Roberts, M., Haami, B., Benton, R. A., Satterfield, T., Finucane, M. L., Henare, M. Henare, M. (2004). Whakapapa as a Maori mental construct: some implications for the debate over genetic modification of organisms. The Contemporary Pacific, 16(1), 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, M. Ghostkeeper, E. (1987). Native and local economics: A consideration of economic evolution and the next economy. Arctic, 40(2), 138144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, M. Ghostkeeper, E. (1988). Implementing the next economy in a unified context: A case study of the Paddle Prairie Mall Corporation. Arctic, 41(3), 173182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rønnning, L. (2007). Entrepreneurship among Sámi reindeer herders. In L.P. Dana, & R.B. Anderson (Eds.), International handbook of research on indigenous entrepreneurship (pp. 232245). UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Rossman, G. B. Marshall, C. (2010). When should a researcher choose a qualitative approach? Thousand Oaks CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
Ruwhiu, D. Cone, M. (2010). Advancing a pragmatist epistemology in organisational research. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 5(2), 108126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabah, S., Carsrud, A. L. Kocak, A. (2014). The impact of cultural openness, religion, and nationalism on entrepreneurial intensity: Six prototypical cases of Turkish family firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(2), 306324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saeed, S., Yousafzai, S. Y. Engelen, A. (2014). On cultural and macroeconomic contingencies of the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 38(2), 255290.Google Scholar
Sarason, Y., Dean, T. Dillard, J. F. (2006). Entrepreneurship as the nexus of individual and opportunity: A structuration view. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(3), 286305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarason, Y., Dillard, J. F. Dean, T. (2010). How can we know the dancer from the dance?: Reply to ‘Entrepreneurship as the structuration of individual and opportunity: A response using a critical realist perspective’. (Mole and Mole, 2008). Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 238243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semrau, T., Ambos, T. Kraus, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and SME performance across societal cultures: An international study. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 19281932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semyonov, M. Lewin-Epstein, N. (2013). Ways to richness: Determination of household wealth in 16 countries. European Sociological Review, 29(6), 11341148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoebridge, A., Buultjens, J. Peterson, L. S. (2012). Indigenous entrepreneurship in Northern NSW, Australia. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 17(3), 1.Google Scholar
Siu, W. Lo, E. S. (2013). Cultural contingency in the cognitive model of entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 37(2), 147173.Google Scholar
Smith, L. T. (2012). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples (2nd ed.). London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Spiller, C., Pio, E., Erakovic, L. Henare, M. (2011). Wise up: Creating organizational wisdom through an ethic of kaitiakitanga. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(2), 223235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stabinsky, D. Brush, S. B. (2007). Valuing local knowledge: Indigenous people and intellectual property rights. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Stam, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 17591769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stambaugh, J. E., Martinez, J., Lumpkin, G. T. Kataria, N. (2017). How well do EO measures and entrepreneurial behaviour match? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(3), 717737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stettler, T. R., Shirokova, G., Bogatyreva, K. Baldauf, A. (2014). A longitudinal cross-country study of entrepreneurial orientation. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), 14255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinney, J. Runyan, R. (2007). Native American entrepreneurs and strategic choice. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 257273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, S. Gray, D. E. (2016). Organisational learning and the organisational life cycle: The differential aspects of an integrated relationship in SMEs. European Journal of Training and Development, 40(1), 220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapsell, P. Woods, C. (2008a). Potikitanga: Indigenous entrepreneurship in a Maori context. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(3), 192203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapsell, P. Woods, C. (2008b). A spiral of innovation framework for social entrepreneurship: Social innovation at the generational divide. An International Transdisciplinary Journal of Emergence: Complexity & Organization, 10(3), 2534.Google Scholar
Te Puni Kōkiri (2007). Te Tirohanga Hou: Discovering the ‘Maori Edge’. Wellington: Te Puni Kōkiri p. 8.Google Scholar
Te Puni Kōkiri (2013). Ngā Takahanga Waewae o Ngā Kaipakihi Māori: The Footsteps of Māori Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from http://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/a-matou-mohiotanga/business-and-economics/nga-takahanga-waewae-o-nga-kaipakihi-maori-the-foo/.Google Scholar
Thaman, K. H. (2003). Decolonizing pacific studies: Indigenous perspectives, knowledge, and wisdom in higher education. The Contemporary Pacific, 15(1), 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voss, Z. G., Voss, G. B. Moorman, C. (2005). An empirical examination of the complex relationships between entrepreneurial orientation and stakeholder support. European Journal of Marketing, 39(9/10), 11321150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, D. (2003). Te Ao Maori/ A Maori worldview. In D. Walker, P. Bunt, & M. Stephens (Eds.), A Cultural Impact Assessment of Nelson Sewerage and Ponds.Google Scholar
Warriner, V. (2007). The importance of traditional Maori values for necessity and opportunity: Maori entrepreneurs – iwi-based and individually owned. In L.P. Dana & R. Anderson (Eds.), International handbook of research on indigenous entrepreneurship (pp. 558–564). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing entrepreneurship—Conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 165184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiklund, J. Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(1), 7191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A. Covin, J. G. (1995). Contextual influences on the corporate entrepreneurship-performance relationship: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(1), 4358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A. Nambisan, S. (2012). Entrepreneurship and strategic thinking in business ecosystems. Business Horizons, 55(3), 219229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zainol, F. A. (2013). The antecedents and consequences of entrepreneurial orientation in Malay family firms in Malaysia. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 18(1), 103123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zapalska, A. M., Perry, G. Dabb, H. (2002). The competency and life-cycle approach to analyzing Maori entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 16(2), 4559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar