Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T04:14:48.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nonbinding Legal Instruments in Governance for Global Health: Lessons from the Global AIDS Reporting Mechanism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Allyn Taylor ,
Tobias Alfvén ,
Daniel Hougendobler  and
Kent Buse
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In recent debates surrounding World Health Organization (WHO) reform, international lawmaking has received unprecedented attention as a future priority function of the Organization. Although WHO's constitutional lawmaking authority was historically neglected and even resisted by WHO and its Member States until the adoption of its first treaty a decade ago, the widespread consensus in favor of a central role for lawmaking in visions of a reformed WHO reflects the crystallization of contemporary approaches to global health governance. Today it is widely recognized that the trends toward globalization that have restricted the capacity of sovereign states to protect health through unilateral action alone have made innovative mechanisms to promote global cooperation and coordination, including international lawmaking, an essential component of governance of public health.

Type
Independent
Information
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , Volume 42 , Issue 1 , Spring 2014 , pp. 72 - 87
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

WHO, WHOs Role in Global Health Governance: Report by the Director-General, Executive Board Report, EB 132/5 Add. 5 (January 18, 2013); WHO, WHO Reform: Report by the Director-General, World Health Assembly Document, A65/40 (March 22, 2012) (identifying international agreed instruments as a priority function of WHO in achieving its mandate to act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work). The Draft Twelfth General Progamme of Work emphasizes that WHOs multilateral convening function in bringing countries together to negotiate conventions and other international agreements is a practical expression of WHOs function to act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work and bring greater coherence and coordination to global health governance. The draft also identifies WHOs role in global health governance as a strategic priority. WHO, Draft Twelfth General Programme of Work, World Health Assembly Document, WHA 66/6 (April 19, 2013).Google Scholar
See Roemer, R. et al., “Origins of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control”, American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 6 (2005): 936–938; Taylor, A. L., Making the World Health Organization Work: A Legal Framework for Universal Access to the Conditions for Health, American Journal of Law and Medicine 18, no. 4 (1992): 301–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, A. L., “Governing the Globalization of Public Health”, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 3 (2004): 500–508; Hein, W., The New Dynamics of Global Health Governance, in Kickbusch, et al., eds., Global Health Diplomacy: Concepts, Issues, Actors, Instruments, Fora and Cases (New York: Springer, 2012): at 55–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Id.; Walt, G. Buse, K., and Harmer, A., Cooperation in Global Public Health, in Merson, M. H. Black, R. E., and Mills, A. J., eds., Global Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems, and Policies, 3rd ed. (Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012): at 853–884.Google Scholar
See Hein, , supra note 3, at 55; Buse, K. et al., Global Health Governance: The Emerging Agenda, in Buse, K. Hein, W., and Drager, N., eds., Making Sense of Global Health Governance: A Policy Perspective (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009).Google Scholar
Taylor, A. L. Dhillon, I. S., “An International Legal Strategy for Alcohol Control: Not A Framework Convention – At Least Not Yet”, Addiction 108, no. 3 (2013): 450–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNAIDS brings together the resources of the UNAIDS Secretariat and 11 organizations within the UN for coordinated and accountable efforts to unite the world against AIDS.Google Scholar
WHO, The Future of Financing for WHO, Report of an Informal Consultation Convened by the Director-General, Geneva, Switzerland, January 12–13, 2010 (2010).Google Scholar
WHO, WHO Reforms for a Healthy Future: Report by the Director-General, Report Presented to the WHO Executive Board, Special Session on WHO Reform, EBSS/2/2 (October 15, 2011).Google Scholar
WHO, WHOs Role in Global Health Governance, Executive Board document, EB 132/5 Add. 5 (January 18, 2013).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, About WHO, available at <http://www.who.int/about/en/> (last accessed February 7, 2014); Chow, J. C., Is the WHO Becoming Irrelevant? Foreign Policy, December 8, 2010, available at <http://www.foreign-policy.com/articles/2010/12/08/is_the_who_becoming_irrelevant/> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+accessed+February+7,+2014);+Chow,+J.+C.,+Is+the+WHO+Becoming+Irrelevant?+Foreign+Policy,+December+8,+2010,+available+at++(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
See, e.g., WHO, supra note 8.Google Scholar
See Taylor, , supra note 3.Google Scholar
Id. and Taylor, , supra note 2.Google Scholar
Id.; Kapur, D., Processes of Change in International Organizations, in Nayyar, D., ed., Governing Globalization: Issues and Institutions (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002): at 334–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buse, K. Naylor, C., Commercial Health Governance, in Buse, K. Hein, H., and Drager, N., eds., Making Sense of Global Health Governance: A Policy Perspective, (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009); see Taylor, , supra note 3.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, available at <http://www.who.int/fctc/signatories_parties/en/> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
See Taylor, Dhillon, , supra note 6.Google Scholar
Room, R. et al., “International Regulation of Alcohol: A Framework Convention is Needed, as for Tobacco Control”, BMJ 337, no. 7681 (2008): 1248–1249; Casswell, S. Thamarangsi, T., Reducing Harm from Alcohol: Call to Action, The Lancet 373, no. 9682 (2009): 2247–2257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Editorial, Urgently Needed: A Framework Convention for Obesity Control The Lancet 378, no. 9793 (2011): 741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, K. Marchant, G., and Sylvester, D., “A Framework Convention for Nanotechnology?”, Environmental Law Reporter 38 (2008): 10507–10514;Google Scholar
Kickbush, I., “Mapping the Future of Public Health: Action on Global Health”, Revue Canadienne De Santée Publique 97, no. 1 (2006): 6–8; Gostin, L. O., A Framework Convention on Global Health: Health for All, Justice for All, JAMA 307, no. 19 (2012): 2087–2092; Sidibée, M. Buse, K., A Framework Convention on Global Health: A Catalyst for Justice, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90, no. 12 (2012): 870–870aGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A. L., Global Health Law, in Kickbusch, et al., eds., Global Health Diplomacy: Concepts, Issues, Actors, Instruments, Fora and Cases (New York: Springer, 2012): at 37–54.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Palmer, G., “New Ways to Make International Environmental Law”, American Journal of International Law 86, no. 2 (1992): 259–283 (environmental law); Ho, D. E., Compliance and International Soft Law: Why Do Countries Implement the Basel Accord? Journal of International Economic Law 5, no. 3 (2002): 647–688; see, generally, Kirton, J. J. Trebilcock, M. J., Hard Choices, Soft Law (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2004) (giving multiple examples such as labor, forestry, corporate responsibility, etc.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsbury, B. Krisch, N., and Stewart, R., “The Emergence of Global Administrative Law”, Law and Contemporary Problems 68, no. 3/4 (2005): 15–62; Vogel, D., The Globalization of Pharmaceutical Regulation, Governance 11, no. 1 (1998): 1–22.Google Scholar
Abbott, K. Snidal, D., “Hard and Soft Law in International Governance”, International Organization 54, no. 3 (2000): 421–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See, e.g., supra notes 19–22.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Guzman, A. T. Meyer, T. L., “International Soft Law”, Journal of Legal Analysis 2, no. 1 (2011): 171–225; Grnchalla-Wesierski, T., A Framework for Understanding ‘Soft Law, McGill Law Journal 30, no. 1 (1984): 37–88; see Abbott, Snidal, , supra note 26; Taylor, Dhillon, , supra note 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Taylor, , supra note 23.Google Scholar
See Abbott, Snidal, , supra note 26.Google Scholar
See Guzman, and Meyer, , supra note 28.Google Scholar
See Abbott, Snidal, , supra note 26.Google Scholar
Hillgenberg, H., “A Fresh Look at Soft Law”, European Journal of International Law 10, no. 3 (1999): 499–515; see Abbott, and Snidal, , supra note 26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Id. (Hillgenberg); Abbott, Snidal, , supra note 26.Google Scholar
See Abbott, Snidal, , supra note 26.Google Scholar
See Guzman, Meyer, , supra note 28; Abbott and Snidal, supra note 26.Google Scholar
Id. (Abbott, Snidal, ).Google Scholar
See Hillgenberg, , supra note 33; but see Guzman, Meyer, , supra note 28, at 198 ([W]e are of the view that, all else equal, as a formal matter soft law is not significantly easier to amend than hard law).Google Scholar
See Hillgenberg, , supra note 33.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Food and Agriculture Organization, Code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries, available at <http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/v9878e/v9878e00.HTM> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, G.A. Dec. S-26/2, U.N. Doc. A/S-26/L.2 (June 27, 2001) [hereinafter Declaration of Commitment].Google Scholar
Alonzo, A. Reynolds, N., “Stigma, HIV and AIDS: An Exploration and Elaboration of a Stigma Trajectory”, Social Science & Medicine 41, no. 3 (1995): 303–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whiteside, A. FitzSimons, D., “The AIDS Epidemic: Economic, Political and Security Implications”, Conflict Studies 251, no. 1 (1992): 1–37; Fourie, P. Schoneich, M., Africas New Security Threat: HIV/AIDS and Human Security in Southern Africa, African Security Review 10, no. 4 (2001): 29–44.Google Scholar
S.C. Res. 1308, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1308 (July 17, 2000).Google Scholar
Id., at $5.Google Scholar
Id., at &Pr6.Google Scholar
G.A. Res. 55/13, &Pr1, U.N. Doc. A/RES/55/13 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Declaration of Commitment, supra note 41.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id., at &Pr94.Google Scholar
Id., at &Pr96.Google Scholar
Warner-Smith, M. et al., “Monitoring the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS”, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 52, Supp. 2 (2009): S77–S86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Nations General Assembly, Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, G.A. Res. 65/277, U.N. Doc. A/RES/65/277, &Pr3 (2011) [hereinafter 2011 Political Declaration].Google Scholar
Id., at &Pr54.Google Scholar
Id., at &Pr61.Google Scholar
See Warner-Smith, et al., supra note 54, at S78.Google Scholar
UNAIDS, Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting 2012: Guidelines: Construction of Core Indicators for Monitoring the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS 8 (2011) [hereinafter 2012 Reporting Guidelines]; see also UNAIDS, 2012 Progress Reports Submitted by Countries, available at <http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/> (last visited February 7, 2014); UNAIDS, Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting 2013 Guidelines, Construction of Core Indicators for Monitoring the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS 8 (2011) [hereinafter 2013 Reporting Guidelines], available at <http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2013/GARPR_2013_guidelines_en.pdf> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014);+UNAIDS,+Global+AIDS+Response+Progress+Reporting+2013+Guidelines,+Construction+of+Core+Indicators+for+Monitoring+the+2011+Political+Declaration+on+HIV/AIDS+8+(2011)+[hereinafter+2013+Reporting+Guidelines],+available+at++(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
See 2011 Political Declaration, supra note 55, at &Pr102.Google Scholar
Id., at &Pr105.Google Scholar
Id.; see 2012 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59.Google Scholar
See 2013 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59, at 15.Google Scholar
See 2012 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59, at 16.Google Scholar
Rugg, D. et al., “Are We on Course for Reporting on the Millennium Development Goals in 2015?”, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 52, Supp. 2 (2009): S69–S76, at S71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
See 2013 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
See Rugg, et al., supra note 65, at S71.Google Scholar
UNAIDS, Indicator Registry, available at <http://www.indicatorregistry.org/> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
See 2012 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59, at 105.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id., at 106.Google Scholar
Id., at 105.Google Scholar
See 2012 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59.Google Scholar
See 2013 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59.Google Scholar
UNAIDS, AIDSinfo, available at <http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
UNAIDS, Know Your Response, available at <http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/> (last visited February 7, 2014)+(last+visited+February+7,+2014)>Google Scholar
See Declaration of Commitment, supra note 41, at &Pr100.Google Scholar
Peersman, G. et al., “Increasing Civil Society Participation in the National HIV Response: The Role of UNGASS Reporting”, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 52, Supp. 2(2009): S97–S103, at S98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Id., at S100.Google Scholar
See 2012 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59, at 15.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
International Council of AIDS Service Organizations, AIDS Advocacy Alert: Reviewing National AIDS Responses – How to Get Involved, August 2007, available at <http://www.icaso.org/publications/aa_aug07_FINAL.pdf> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
Shadow reports received UNAIDS 2012.Google Scholar
UNAIDS, Three Ones Key Principles: Coordination of National Responses to HIV/AIDS Guiding Principles for National Authorities and Their Partners, Conference Paper 1, Washington Consultation, April 25, 2004, available at <http://data.unaids.org/una-docs/three-ones_keyprinciples_en.pdf> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
See Peersman, et al., supra note 83, at S98.Google Scholar
See Rugg, et al., supra note 65, at S72.Google Scholar
See 2012 Reporting Guidelines, supra note 59, at 16.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
UNAIDS, UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010 (November 23, 2010).Google Scholar
UNAIDS, UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012 (November 20, 2012).Google Scholar
See UNAIDS, supra note 94, at 208.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
UNICEF, Dublin Declaration on Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia, 24 February 2004, available at <http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/The_Dublin_Declaration.pdf> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Monitoring implementation of the European Commission Communication and Action Plan for Combating HIV/AIDS in the European Union and Neighbouring Countries, 2009 – 2013 (April 2012), at 34, available at <http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/publications/1203-interim-action-plan-hiv-aids.pdf> (last visited February 7, 2014).+(last+visited+February+7,+2014).>Google Scholar
See UNAIDS, supra note 80.Google Scholar
Piot, P. Timberlake, S., and Sigurdson, J., Governance and the Response to AIDS: Lessons for Development and Human Rights, in Clapham, A. Robinson, M., eds., Realizing the Right to Health (Switzerland: Ruffer & Rub, 2012): 331, at 338.Google Scholar
UNAIDS, 2010 National Composite Policy Index (NCPI) Reports – Countries, available at <http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/ncpi/2010countries/> (last visited February 9, 2014).+(last+visited+February+9,+2014).>Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
See Piot, Timberlake, , and Sigurdson, , supra note 101.Google Scholar
See, e.g., United Nations General Assembly, Uniting for Universal Access: Towards Zero New HIV Infections, Zero Discrimination and Zero AIDS-Related Deaths, Report of the Secretary-General, U.N. Rep. 65/797, U.N. Doc. A/65/797 (March 28, 2011).Google Scholar
See, e.g., Institute of Medicine, Evaluation of PEPFAR (2013), at 115.Google Scholar
See Peersman, et al., supra note 83, at S102.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Gruskin, S. Ferguson, L., Supporting Countries to Prepare for the Next Round of UNGASS Reporting: Human Rights and the NCPI, Program on International Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health (2009).Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Beaglehole, R. Bonita, R., and Horton, R., “Independent Global Accountability for NCDs”, The Lancet 381, no. 9867 (2013): 602–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
See Warner-Smith, et al., supra note 54, at S82–S83.Google Scholar
See Abbott, Snidal, , supra note 26, at 423.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Taylor, A. L. Dhillon, I., Transformative Diplomacy: Negotiation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, in Rosskam, E. Kickbusch, I., eds., Negotiating and Navigating Global Health (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing 2012): at 101–127.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Simmons, B., Compliance with International Agreements, Annual Review of Political Science 1 (1998): 75–93, available at <http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bsimmons/files/Simmons1998.pdf> (last visited February 17, 2014).CrossRef+(last+visited+February+17,+2014).>Google Scholar
See, generally, Franck, T., The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Sindico, F., “Soft Law and the Elusive Quest for Sustainable Global Governance”, Leiden Journal of International Law 19, no. 3 (2006): 829–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update: December 2000 (2000). Note that these estimates were later revised downward on the basis of more precise and comprehensive epidemiologic monitoring data. It is currently estimated that by the year 2000, 12 million people had died of AIDS, 28.3 million were living with HIV, and that during 2000, 3.3 million people were newly infected.Google Scholar
Collins, C. Coates, T., and Szekes, G., “Accountability in the Global Response to HIV: Measuring Progress, Driving Change”, AIDS 22, Supp. 2 (2008): S105–S111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
See Peersman, et al., supra note 83.Google Scholar
People with AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement, The Denver Principles (1983), available at <http://data.unaids.org/pub/ExternalDocument/2007/gipa1983denverprinciples_en.pdf> (last visited February 9, 2014).+(last+visited+February+9,+2014).>Google Scholar
The Paris Declaration, Paris AIDS Summit (December 1, 1994), available at <http://data.unaids.org/pub/ExternalDocument/2007/theparisdeclaration_en.pdf>(last visited February 9, 2014).(last+visited+February+9,+2014).>Google Scholar
See Taylor, Dhillon, , supra note 117.Google Scholar
See Taylor, , supra note 3; Kapur, , supra note 15; Murphy, H. Kellow, A., “Forum Shopping in Global Governance: Understanding States, Business and NGOs in Multiple Arenas”, Global Policy 4, no. 2 (2013): 139–149.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. L., Forum Shopping in International Health Law-making: Implications for Global Health Governance Reform, paper presented at the University of California Hastings College of Law Faculty Colloquium, October 2012.Google Scholar
Liberman, J., Alternative Legal Strategies for Alcohol Control: Not a Framework Convention – At Least Not Right Now, Response to Taylor, A. L. Dhillon, I. S., supra note 6.Google Scholar
See Murphy, Kellow, , supra note 131.Google Scholar