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Articulated early on by Westin, A., Privacy and Freedom (New York: Atheneum, 1967).Google Scholar

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Right to Financial Privacy Act, 12 U.S.C. § 3401 (1978); Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1232g (1974); Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681 (1970).Google Scholar

Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a (2)(a) (1974); Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (1966).Google Scholar

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See Health Privacy Project, Health Privacy Polling Data, at <http://www.healthprivacy.org/info-url_nocat2302/info-url_nocat.htm> (last updated September 13, 2001) (referencing the California HealthCare Foundation survey conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates in January 1999).+(last+updated+September+13,+2001)+(referencing+the+California+HealthCare+Foundation+survey+conducted+by+Princeton+Survey+Research+Associates+in+January+1999).>Google Scholar

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O'Harrow, R., “Prozac Maker Reveals Patient E-Mail Addresses,” Washington Post, July 4, 2001, at E1. For additional stories, see Health Privacy Project, Medical Privacy Stories, at <http://www.healthprivacy.org/info-url_nocat2302/info-url_nocat.htm> (last updated July 12, 2001). (last updated July 12, 2001).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=O'Harrow,+R.,+“Prozac+Maker+Reveals+Patient+E-Mail+Addresses,”+Washington+Post,+July+4,+2001,+at+E1.+For+additional+stories,+see+Health+Privacy+Project,+Medical+Privacy+Stories,+at++(last+updated+July+12,+2001).>Google Scholar

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In fact, DHHS did issue its first guidance on the regulation on July 6, 2001. See Office for Civil Rights, Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, at <http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/final/pvcguidel.htm> (last revised July 6, 2001). The thrust of this initial guidance does appear aimed at calming industry fears and directly correcting misstatements and hyperbole.+(last+revised+July+6,+2001).+The+thrust+of+this+initial+guidance+does+appear+aimed+at+calming+industry+fears+and+directly+correcting+misstatements+and+hyperbole.>Google Scholar

45 C.F.R. pts. 160 and 164. For a detailed summary of the regulations, see Health Privacy Project, Summary of HIPAA Privacy Regulations (February 5, 2001), available at <http://www.healthprivacy.org/usr_doc/Final_Summit_Summary2.pdf>..>Google Scholar

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Texas has been the first state to enact health privacy legislation since the federal rules went into effect. See Health Privacy Project, “New Medical Privacy Law in Texas,” at <http://www.healthprivacy.org/info-url_nocat2303/info-url_nocat_show.htm?doc_id=71582> (July 5, 2001).+(July+5,+2001).>Google Scholar

For example, see O'Harrow, R., “Patient Files Opened to Marketers, Fundraisers,” Washington Post, January 16, 2001, at E1.Google Scholar