Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T03:46:20.746Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Expert Bioethics Testimony

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Extract

The question of whether the normative testimony of ethics experts should be admissible under the rules of evidence has been the subject of much debate. Professor Imwinkelried's paper is an effort to get us, for a moment, to change that subject. He seeks to turn our attention, instead, to a means by which bioethics experts’ normative analyses might come before the court without regard to the rules of evidence - a means lying formally outside those rules’ jurisdiction. The court, he argues, may freely consider evidence from expert bioethicists so long as it is performing a legislative rather than an adjudicative function. The rules of evidence apply to the court's efforts to find the facts of a particular case, Imwinkelried argues, but they do not constrain the court's investigations relative to its creative law-making efforts.

Type
Symposium
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Imwinkelried, E. J., “Expert Testimony by Ethicists: What Should be the Norm?” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 2 (2005): 198221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickens, C., Hard Times (London: Bradbury & Evans, 1854).Google Scholar
Imwinkelried, , supra note 1, at 206: “Professor Davis’ position was that the rules of evidence are inapplicable to legislative facts. This article urges the broader view that the rules of evidence do not apply when the judge accepts information…to enable the judge to perform an essentially legislative function.”Google Scholar
Davis, K. C., “An Approach to Problems of Evidence in the Administrative Process,” Harvard Law Review 55 (1942): 364425, at 402 (emphases added). Davis continues: “Creation of law and determination of policy usually do not rest upon uninformed a priori judgments having only an ethical or a logical basis. Frequently…choices of law or policy must depend on fact finding. But the fact finding process for such purposes is different from the process of finding facts which concern only the parties to a particular case and calls for different rules of evidence.”CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imwinkelried, , supra note 1, at 207.Google Scholar
Adv. Comm. Note to Subdivision (a), Fed.R.Evid. 201. Emphasis added.Google Scholar
Imwinkelried admits this in the final version of his article. Imwinkelried, , supra note 1, at 206–207.Google Scholar
Davis, K. C.,” Judicial Notice,” Columbia Law Review 55 (1955): 945973, at 950.Google Scholar
Advisory Committee Note, 2000 Amendments, to FRE 701. These items include, inter alia, “the appearance of persons or things, identity, the manner of conduct, competency of a person, degrees of light or darkness, sound, size, weight [and] distance.” Id.Google Scholar
Davis, K. C., “A System of Judicial Notice Based Upon Fairness and Convenience,” Perspectives of Law 69 (1964): 168192, at 82; cited in Advisory Committee Notes to FRE 201.Google Scholar
Davis, , supra note 8, at 951.Google Scholar
Id., quoting McCormick, C., Handbook of the Law of Evidence (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1954): at 712. See also Davis, K. C., “Judicial, Legislative and Administrative Lawmaking: A Proposed Research Service for the Supreme Court,” Minnesota Law Review 71, no. 1 (1986): 1–18 (recommending access by the Supreme Court to a research service resembling the Congressional Research Service).Google Scholar
Imwinkelried, , supra note 1 at 208.Google Scholar
Davis, , supra note 8 at 952.Google Scholar
Imwinkelried seems to share some of my uneasiness about following his argument all the way to where it leads, i.e., to the judical notice, without formal findings or formal notice, of experts' normative conclusions. Hence his comment, at 209, that “[a]t least when normative analysis is submitted in the testimonial or affidavit form, the opposing litigant has an opportunity to challenge the analysis and propose a contrary normative position.”Google Scholar
Imwinkelried, , supra note 1, at 206–207.Google Scholar
FRE 702. Testimony by Experts., as amended April 17, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Notably in Spielman, B. and Agich, G., “The Future of Bioethics Testimony: Guidelines for Determining Qualifications, Reliability and Helpfulness,” San Diego Law Review 36 (1999): 10431074, at 1043; see also Part III of Imwinkelried, , supra note 1, and sources cited therein.Google Scholar
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993).Google Scholar
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 119 S. Ct. 1167 (1999).Google Scholar
Mueller, C. and Kirkpatrick, L., Evidence (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2003): at 653; see also Spielman, and Agich, , supra note 18 at 1061ff.Google ScholarPubMed
Spielman, B. and Agich, G., supra note 15, at 1063–64.Google Scholar
Beauchamp, T. L. and Childress, J. F., Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Jonsen, A. R. and Toulmin, S. E., The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Levi, E., An Introduction to Legal Reasoning (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947).Google Scholar
Sunstein, C., Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Dworkin, R., Laws Empire (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Ackerman, B., We the People: Foundations, vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1991).Google Scholar
See MacCormick, N., Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978): at 155–56.Google Scholar
Dworkin, R., Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1978) at 24–27.Google Scholar
Margolis, H., Dealing with Risk: Why the Public and the Experts Disagree on Environmental Issues (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Or by force – but that is a different matter. For a more detailed discussion of professional authority and its distinction from persuasion and force, see Latham, S. R., “Medical Professionalism: A Parsonian View,” Mt. Sinai Journal of Medicine 69, no. 6 (2002): 365–7. My account leans heavily upon those found in Arendt, H., “What is Authority?” in Arendt, H., Between Past and Future (New York: Penguin Books, 1968): 91–142, at 93, 106, and 122–3; Arendt, H., “On Violence,” in Crises of the Republic (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969): 103–184 at 145; and Friedman, R. B., “On the Concept of Authority in Political Philosophy,” in Raz, J., ed., Authority (New York: NYU Press, 1990): 56–91 at 74–76.Google Scholar
Scofield, G., “Commentary: The Wizard of Oughts,” Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 28, no. 3 (2000): 232235, at 233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar