1. See Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough (Aslund, Anders & McFaul, Michael eds., Carnegie Endowment Intl. Peace 2006)Google Scholar; Wilson, Andrew, Ukraine's Orange Revolution (Yale U. Press 2005)Google Scholar.

2. Adrian Karatnycky, Ukraine's Orange Revolution, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20050301faessay84205/adrian-karatnycky/ukraine-s-orange-revolution.html?mode=print (accessed Apr. 7, 2007); Aslund, Anders, Betraying a Revolution, Wash. Post A17 (05 18, 2005)Google Scholar.

3. Old Ghosts and New, Economist 55 (09 24, 2005)Google ScholarPubMed.

4. On the history of Ukraine's independence since 1991 and on the 2004-05 Orange Revolution, see Kuzio, Taras and Wilson, Andrew, Ukraine: Perestroika to Independence (St. Martin's Press 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Motyl, Alexander J., Dilemmas of Independence: Ukraine After Totalitarianism (Council For. Rel. Press 1993)Google Scholar; Wilson, Andrew, The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation (Yale U. Press 2000)Google Scholar; d'Encausse, Hélène Carrère, The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations (Basic Books 1993)Google Scholar; Solchanyk, Roman, Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition (Roman & Littlefield 2001)Google Scholar; Harasymiw, Bohdan, Post-Communist Ukraine (Canadian Inst. Ukrainian Stud. Press 2002)Google Scholar; Revolution in Orange, supra n. 1; Wilson, supra n.

5. On this process, see Amsden, Alice H., Kochanowicz, Jacek, & Taylor, Lance, The Market Meets Its Match: Restructuring the Economies of Eastern Europe (Harv. U. Press 1994)Google Scholar.

6. For a background to Ukrainian Independence and the Constitution of Ukraine 1996, see Subtelny, Orest, Ukraine: A History 573–632 (3d ed., U. Toronto Press 2000)Google Scholar; Diuk, Nadia, Ukraine: Situation Analysis and Trend Assessment 8–18, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RSDCOI&id=419333064 (Nov. 2004)Google Scholar.

7. Constitution of Ukraine, Art. 41, http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm#r2 (accessed Apr. 7, 2007).

8. Land Code of Ukraine Arts. 78(3), 80(a) (English translation by Leonard Rolfes). See also id. at Arts. 22(4), 81(2), 82(2).

9. Id. at Art. 90(1). See also ULTI Project, Land Auctions Manual (ULTI Project2003); see Bondar, Anatoliy & Lilje, Boo, Land Privatization in Ukraine 9–10, http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2002/Ts7-6/TS7_6_bondar_lilje.pdf (Apr. 21, 2006)Google Scholar; Arthur A. Nitsevych, Real Estate In Ukraine (Land Issues), http://www.murs.com.ua/en/articles/land_law/ukr_real/estate/ (accessed Apr. 8, 2007); Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Information on the Address of Anatoly Danylenko, http://www.ukrainaemb.se/News/Land%20Code%20Inform.htm (May 16, 2002).

10. See Alexander, Gregory S., The Global Debate Over Constitutional Property: Lessons for American Takings Jurisprudence (U. Chi. Press 2006)Google Scholar.

11. Constitution of Ukraine, supra n. 7, at Art. 13.

12. Id. at Art. 41.

13. Land Code of Ukraine Art 1(3). See also id. at Arts. 1(2), 78(1), 78(2), 91. See also Ziff, Bruce, Principles of Property Law 2–4 (3d ed., Carswell 2000)Google Scholar.

14. Id. at Art. 91. See also Anton Lymar & Sergei Onishchenko, Ukrainian Legal Developments: New Land Code, http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/BINIS/BULLETIN/apr02bull4.htm (Apr. 2002).

15. Singer, Joseph William, Entitlement: The Paradoxes of Property 78 (Yale U. Press 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16. This conclusion is based upon correspondence and conversations over 2004-06 with Vlad Vernygora, a Ukrainian lawyer, who advises that law generally is one of the least developed and underanalysed aspects of Ukraine's history since independence in 1991. In a personal e-mail dated July 14, 2006 (on file with the author), Mr. Vernygora wrote that the main explanation for the lack of literature and documents related to that part of the historiography, which Mr. Vernygora described either as “historical aspects of the constitutional provisions” or “legislative aspects of history,” is that the whole constitutional process in Ukraine “was not as transparent as the West understands transparency. That is why it is always hard to get to the depth of the issue and answer the question: ‘Why did they end up with this particular formula, but not with the other one?’”

17. Other former Soviet states have done the same thing. In the case of Russia, for instance, the change to a market economy and its concomitant modification came in rapid stages. See Sukhanov, Evgueny A., The Right of Ownership in the Contemporary Civil Law of Russia, 44 McGill L.J. 301 (1999)Google Scholar. See also Amsden, Kochanowicz & Taylor, supra n. 5.

18. See Alexander, supra n. 10, at 97-197.

19. Singer, supra n. 15, at 78-79.

20. See Heller, Michael A., Three Faces of Private Property, 79 Or. L. Rev. 417, 418–419 (2000)Google Scholar; Harris, J.W., Property and Justice 6 (Clarendon Press 1996)Google Scholar; George, Alexandra, The Difficulty of Defining “Property,” 25 Oxford J. Leg. Stud. 793 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21. See Lametti, David, The Morality of James Harris's Theory of Property, in Properties of Law: Essays in Honour of Jim Harris 138 (Endicott, Timothy, Getzler, Joshua & Peel, Edwin eds., Oxford U. Press 2006)Google Scholar.

22. With the notable, and welcome, exception of Singer, Joseph William, The Edges of the Field: Lessons on the Obligations of Ownership 38–62 (Beacon Press 2000)Google Scholar, who considers Jewish, Christian and Muslim understandings of the morality of private property. And see also Salsich, Peter W. Jr., Toward a Property Ethic of Stewardship: A Religious Perspective, in Property and Values: Alternatives to Public and Private Ownership 21 (Geisler, Charles & Daneker, Gail eds., Island Press 2000)Google Scholar.

23. Singer, supra n. 22, at 38-62.

24. See Sen, Amartya, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny 2-5, 32-39, 181 (W.W. Norton 2006)Google Scholar.

25. See e.g. Jenkins, Philip, The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice (Oxford U. Press 2003)Google Scholar.

26. See Grisez, Germain Gabriel & Shaw, Russell B., Beyond the New Morality: The Responsibilities of Freedom (U. Notre Dame Press 1980)Google Scholar; Finnis, John, Natural Law and Natural Rights (Oxford U. Press 1999)Google Scholar; George, Robert P., In Defense of Natural Law (Oxford U. Press 2001)Google Scholar.

27. In the vein of something like Berman, Harold J, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Harv. U. Press 1983)Google Scholar; Berman, Harold J., Faith and Order: The Reconciliation of Law and Religion (W.B. Eerdmans 2000)Google Scholar.

28. See Subtelny, supra n. 6, at 33, 41, 49, and generally Plokhy, Serhii & Sysyn, Frank E., Religion and Nation in Modern Ukraine (Canadian Inst. Ukrainian Stud. Press 2003)Google Scholar; Gnesko, M.M., Christianity in Ukraine (Edmonton St. Basil Parish UCWLC 1987)Google Scholar; Nahayewsky, Isidore, History of Ukraine (Am. Publg. H. Ukrainian Catholics Am. 1962)Google Scholar.

29. See Lametti, supra n. 21, at 149-162; Singer, supra n. 22, at 38-62.

30. See Munzer, Stephen R., Property as Social Relations, in New Essays in the Legal and Political Theory of Property 36 (Munzer, Stephen R. ed., Cambridge U. Press 2001)Google Scholar. Social relations seems recently to have been re-badged the “citizenship model” by Singer, Joseph William, The Ownership Society and Takings of Property: Castle, Investments, and Just Obligations, 30 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 309 (2006)Google Scholar.

31. Munzer, supra n. 30, at 36.

32. There is insufficient space in this article to provide a full biography of Metropolitan Andrei. For those unfamiliar with the life and work of this significant Ukrainian Christian and political leader, excellent biographical background is found in Krawchuk, Andrii, Christian Social Ethics in Ukraine: The Legacy of Andrei Sheptytsky (Canadian Inst. Ukrainian Stud. Press 1997)Google Scholar; Morality and Reality: The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptyts'kyi (Magocsi, Paul Robert ed., Canadian Inst. Ukrainian Studies 1989)Google Scholar; Galadza, Peter, The Theology and Liturgical Work of Andrei Sheptytsky (1865-1944) (Pontificio Istituto Orientale 2004)Google Scholar; Laba, Vasyl, Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky: His Life and Accomplishments (Koropeckyj, Oksana B. trans., St. Clement's Ukrainian Cath. U. Rome 1984)Google Scholar; Lewin, Kurt I., A Journey Through Illusions 51–103 (Fithian Press 1994)Google Scholar; Kania, Andrew, The Light that Shone in Darkness: Andrii Sheptyts'kyi and the Jewish Holocaust, 82 Australasian Cath. Rec. 299 (2005)Google Scholar.

33. Gnesko, supra n. 28; Nahayewsky, supra n. 28.

34. See Serhii Plokhy, Church, State and Nation in Ukraine, in Plokhy & Sysyn, supra n. 28, at 166.

35. For background to the life and work of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts'kyi, see Laba, supra n. 32, passim, 54-67.

36. Subtelny, supra n. 6, at 442.

37. Id. at 441-442.

38. Himka, John-Paul, Sheptyts'kyi and the Ukrainian National Movement before 1914, in Morality and Reality: The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptyts'kyi 29 (Magocsi, Paul Robert ed., Canadian Inst. Ukrainian Stud. 1989)Google Scholar.

39. See Budurowycz, Bohdan, Sheptyts'kyi and the Ukrainian National Movement after 1914, in Morality and Reality: The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptyts'kyi 47 (Magocsi, Paul Robert ed., Canadian Inst. Ukrainian Stud. 1989)Google Scholar.

40. Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 255-257.

41. Subtelny, supra n. 6, at 440.

42. Some of Sheptyts'kyi's contemporaries also wrote about private property—Ivan Franko, for instance, wrote about it from a socialist perspective. Sheptyts'kyi, though, wrote in opposition to the socialist view of property, which was essentially a position of abolition, and therefore cannot be seen as supporting the work of Franko, although they share an underlying motivation—the dignity of the person. See Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 2, n. 2; Krawchuk, Andrii, Sheptyts'kyi and the Ethics of Christian Social Action, in Morality and Reality: The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptyts'kyi 247, 251–261 (Magocsi, Paul Robert ed., Canadian Inst. Ukrainian Stud. 1989)Google Scholar [hereinafter Krawchuk, Sheptyts'kyi].

43. Krawchuk, Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 42, at 247. On the Eastern foundations of Sheptyts'kyi's theological thought, see Bilaniuk, Petro B. T., Sheptyts'kyi's Theological Thought, in Morality and Reality: The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptyts'kyi 165 (Magocsi, Paul Robert ed., Canadian Inst. Ukrainian Stud. 1989)Google Scholar. But compare Bilaniuk with Galadza, supra n. 32.

44. Metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts'kyi, O kvestii sotsiial'nii (On the Social Question) as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32. A full review of On the Social Question and Sheptyts'kyi's ethics of Christian social action can be found in Krawchuk, Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 42, and see especially 247.

45. Metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts'kyi, ‘Pro myloserdia’ (‘Tsile dilo…’) (On Christian Mercy) as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 224-227.

46. Leo, Pope XIII, Rerum Novarum (On Capital and Labor) (05 15, 1891)Google Scholar.

47. Galadza, supra n. 32, at 109.

48. Id. at 110.

49. See Munzer, supra n. 30, at 36-38.

50. On this point, see also Zizioulas, John, Preserving God's Creation: Three Lectures on Theology and Ecology, 12 King's Theological Rev. 1, 41 (1989)Google Scholar; 13 King's Theological Rev. 1 (1990).

51. Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 2.

52. Id. at3.

53. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 7, ¶¶ 14-15, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 3, n. 3.

54. Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 6; Krawchuk, Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 42, at 247; Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 18, ¶ 52, at 22, ¶ 67, at 15, ¶ 43, at 13, ¶ 39, at 12, ¶ 33, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 5-6, nn. 11, 12, 19, 21.

55. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 3, ¶ 1, at 68-69, ¶ 227, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 4-5, nn. 9-10.

56. Krawchuk, Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 42, at 247-248.

57. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 18, ¶ 52, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 5,n. 11.

58. See id. at 7. See also Krawchuk, Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 42, at 249.

59. Krawchuk, Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 42, at 249.

60. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 29, ¶ 93, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7, n. 23.

61. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 22, ¶ 68, at 24, ¶ 76, at 26, ¶ 81, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7, nn. 25-27. See also Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 15; Pope Leo XIII, supra n. 46, at ¶¶ 6, 9, 11.

62. Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7.

63. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 45, at ¶ 26, 172, at ¶ 24, 171, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 224-225, nn. 103-104. See also Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 227. In this, one hears echoes of Locke, John, Two Treatises of Government ch. II (Laslett, Peter ed., Cambridge U. Press 1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Pipes, Richard, Property and Freedom 34–37 (Alfred A. Knopf 1999)Google Scholar.

64. Metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts'kyi, ‘Pro nebezpeku zanedbannia potribnoi pratsi’, Mytropolychyi Ordynariiat (documents issued from the Archeparchial Chancery Office), No. 48 (Feb.-Mar. 1940) in Pys'ma-Poslannia Mytropolyta Andreia z Chasiv Bol'shevyts'koi Okupatii, Biblioteka Lohosu, vol. 24, at 22–28 (1961)Google Scholar, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 160, n. 28.

65. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 45, at ¶¶ 29-30, 173-174, at ¶ 47, 179, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 212, nn. 58-59.

66. Id. at 160-161.

67. The social relations view of private property can be traced to the seminal work of Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld— Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb, Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning, 23 Yale L.J. 16 (1913)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb, Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning, 26 Yale L.J. 710 (1917)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. These ideas, reproduced in Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb, Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning (Cook, Walter Wheeler ed., Yale U. Press 1919)Google Scholar & Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb, Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning: And Other Legal Essays (Cook, Walter Wheeler ed., Yale U. Press 1923)Google Scholar—were subsequently taken up by the early American legal realists— Cohen, Morris R., Property and Sovereignty, 13 Cornell L. Q. 8 (1927)Google Scholar; Cohen, Felix S., Dialogue on Private Property, 9 Rutgers L. Rev. 357 (1954)Google Scholar; Hale, Robert L., Bargaining, Duress, and Economic Liberty, 43 Colum. L. Rev. 603 (1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hale, Robert L., Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State, 38 Political Sci. Q. 470 (1923)CrossRefGoogle Scholar— and, more recently, extensively developed and expanded, especially by those of the critical legal studies movement; see Macpherson, C.B., The Meaning of Property, in Property: Mainstream and Critical Positions 1 (Macpherson, C.B. ed., U. Toronto Press 1978)Google Scholar & Macpherson, C.B., Liberal-Democracy and Property, in Property: Mainstream and Critical Positions 199 (Macpherson, C.B. ed., U. Toronto Press 1978)Google Scholar; Macpherson, C.B., Capitalism and the Changing Concept of Property, in Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond 104 (Kamenka, Eugene & Neale, R.S. eds., Edward Arnold 1975)Google Scholar [hereinafter Macpherson, Capitalism]; Nedelsky, Jennifer, Law, Boundaries, and the Bounded Self, 30 Representations 162 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nedelsky, Jennifer, Reconceiving Autonomy: Sources, Thoughts and Possibilities, 1 Yale J.L. & Feminism 7 (1989)Google Scholar; Nedelsky, Jennifer, Reconceiving Rights as Relationship, 1 Rev. Constitutional Stud. 1 (1993)Google Scholar [hereinafter Nedelsky, Reconceiving Rights]; Kennedy, Duncan, The Stakes of Law, or Hale and Foucault!, 15 Leg. Stud. Forum 327 (1991)Google Scholar; Singer, supra n. 15; Singer, supra n. 22; Singer, Joseph William, Property Law: Rules, Policies, and Practices (2d ed., Aspen 1997)Google Scholar; Singer, Joseph William, The Legal Rights Debate in Analytical Jurisprudence from Bentham to Hohfeld, Wis. L. Rev. 975 (1982)Google Scholar; Singer, Joseph William, The Reliance Interest in Property, 40 Stan. L. Rev. 611 (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar [hereinafter Singer, Reliance Interest]; Singer, Joseph William, Re-Reading Property, 26 New Eng. L. Rev. 711 (1992)Google Scholar; Singer, Joseph William & Beermann, Jack M., The Social Origins of Property, 6 Canadian J. L. & Juris. 217 (1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Singer, Joseph William, Sovereignty and Property, 86 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1 (1991)Google Scholar [hereinafter Singer, Sovereignty and Property]; Rose, Carol M., Property & Persuasion: Essays on the History, Theory, and Rhetoric of Ownership (Westview Press 1994)Google Scholar; Baker, C. Edwin, Property and its Relation to Constitutionally Protected Liberty, 134 U. Pa. L. Rev. 741 (1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Underkuffler, Laura S., The Idea of Property: Its Meaning and Power (Oxford U. Press 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar [hereinafter Underkuffler, The Idea of Property]; Underkuffler, Laura S., On Property: An Essay, 100 Yale L. J. 127 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar [hereinafter Underkuffler, On Property].

68. Singer, Joseph William, Introduction to Property 2 (Aspen Publishers 2001)Google Scholar.

69. Some might, however, argue otherwise (see Underkuffler, The Idea of Property, supra n. 67, at 6, 15 & 33; Waldron, Jeremy, The Right to Private Property 30-33, 432–439 (Clarendon Press 1988)Google Scholar). See also George, supra n. 20.

70. Singer & Beermann, supra n. 67, at 228. And see also the fuller explication of this proposition in Singer, supra n. 68; Singer, supra n. 15; Singer, supra n. 22.

71. Singer & Beermann, supra n. 67, at 228.

72. Baker, supra n. 67, at 744.

73. This is a summary of id. at 744-755.

74. While there is no evidence that either Pope Leo XIII or Metropolitan Andrei knew anything of Jeremy Bentham, the notion that private property requires human law for existence is similar to Bentham's axiom that “[p]roperty and law are born and die together. Before laws were made there was no property; take away laws and property ceases.”: Bentham, Jeremy, Theory of Legislation 113 (Hildreth, R. trans., Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner 1904)Google Scholar.

75. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 24, ¶ 74, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7, n. 29. See also Pope Leo XIII, supra n. 46, at ¶¶ 7-10.

76. Id. at 22, ¶ 68, at 24, ¶ 76, at 26, ¶ 81, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7, nn. 25-27. See also Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 15; Pope Leo XIII, supra n. 46, at ¶¶ 6, 9, 11.

77. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 22-24 and 27, ¶¶ 69-74 and 85, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7, nn. 28 & 30. See also Pope Leo XIII, supra n. 46, at ¶¶ 6-7, 13.

78. Metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts'kyi, Idealom nashoho natsional'noho zhyttia …,' Decree of the Sobor of 1942 to the clergy ¶¶ 10-1, 2-3 (1941), as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 216, n. 70.

79. Metropolitan Andrei Sheptyts'kyi, Slovo Mytropolyta Andreia pro bol'shevyzm (Oct. 6, 1941) in Zakhidnia Ukraina pid Bol'shevykamy, IX.1939-VI.1941 9–10 Google Scholar (Milena Rudnyts'ka ed., 1958), as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 216, n. 70.

80. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 45, at ¶¶ 25-26, 172, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 225, n. 105.

81. Baker, supra n. 67, at 742-743. See also Singer, Reliance Interest, supra n. 67, at 655; Singer, Sovereignty and Property, supra n. 67, at 2, 15-16; Singer, supra n. 22, at 18-37; Singer, supra n. 15, at 134-139.

82. Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the Laws of England: Volume II Of the Rights of Things (1766), at 2 (U. Chi. Press 1979) (italics added)Google Scholar.

83. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 27, ¶ 85, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7, n. 30. See also Pope Leo XIII, supra n. 46, at ¶ 13.

84. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 20, ¶¶ 60-61, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7, n. 31. See also Pope Leo XIII, supra n. 46, at ¶ 5.

85. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 44, at 18, ¶ 53, at 21, ¶ 61, at 28, ¶ 92, at 18-19, ¶¶ 53-55, at 28, ¶¶ 90, 92, at 28, ¶ 88, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7-8, n. 32.

86. Land Code of Ukraine Art. 90(1).

87. Lametti, David, The Concept of Property: Relations Through Objects of Social Wealth, 53 U. Toronto L.J. 325, 342–347 (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar [hereinafter Lametti, The Concept of Property]. See also Lametti, David, Property and (Perhaps) Justice. A Review Article of James W. Harris, Property and Justice and James E. Penner, The Idea of Property in Law, 43 McGill L. J. 663, 670–672 (1998)Google Scholar [hereinafter Lametti, Property and (Perhaps) Justice].

88. Singer & Beermann, supra n. 67, at 228.

89. Lametti, The Concept of Property, supra n. 87, at 346-347.

90. On this view, see Munzer, Stephen R., A Theory of Property 15–36 (Cambridge U. Press 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Waldron, supra n. 69, at 26-61; Penner, J.E., The “Bundle of Rights” Picture of Property, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 711 (1996)Google Scholar.

91. Recall Baker's list—use-value, welfare, personhood, protection, allocation, and sovereignty—Baker, supra n. 67, at 744-755.

92. Nedelsky, Reconceiving Rights, supra n. 67, at 7.

93. See Singer, supra n. 15, at 130-131; Baker, supra n. 67.

94. Nedelsky, Reconceiving Rights, supra n. 67, at 8.

95. Singer, supra n. 15, at 131.

96. Id.

97. Id. (citing Nedelsky, Reconceiving Rights, supra n. 67, at 8).

98. Id.

99. Id. (citing Nedelsky, Reconceiving Rights, supra n. 67, at 8).

100. Id. at 203.

101. Underkuffler, On Property, supra n. 67, at 147-148.

102. Id. at 129.

103. Lametti, The Concept of Property, supra n. 87, at 346-348 Westlaw. See also Lametti, Property and (Perhaps) Justice, supra n. 87.

104. Singer & Beermann, supra n. 67, at 228.

105. Lametti, supra n. 21, at 154.

106. Singer, supra n. 15, at 205-206.

107. Id. at 208; Lametti, supra n. 21, at 164; Underkuffler, On Property, supra n. 67, at 143-144.

108. See Macpherson, Capitalism, supra n. 67, at 121.

109. Singer, supra n. 15, dust jacket.

110. Singer, supra n. 15, at 204. See also Honoré, A.M., Ownership, in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence 107 (Guest, A.G. ed., Oxford U. Press 1961)Google Scholar (especially regarding the duty to prevent harm and the liability to execution). Singer, supra n. 15, at 78-79, makes this point in relation to the United States's system of private property, although it can easily be extended to the legal system of any Western, capitalist, market economy.

111. Singer, supra n. 15, at 204.

112. Id. at 18.

113. See supra nn. 50-80 and accompanying text.

114. See Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 7.

115. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 45, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 224-227.

116. Id. at ¶ 26, 172, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 225, n. 106.

117. On Sheptyts'kyi's law of love, see id. at 208-227. On the necessity of taking account of the consequences of one's actions and a Christian conscience within the law of love, see Krawchuk, Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 42, at 249-256.

118. Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 225.

119. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 45, at ¶¶ 28, 173, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 225, n. 107, & at 224, 102.

120. Id. at ¶¶ 27-28, 173, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 225, nn. 108-109.

121. Krawchuk, supra n. 3 2, at 225.

122. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 45, at ¶¶ 28, 173, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 226, n. 110.

123. Id. at ¶¶ 34, 175, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 225, n. 111.

124. Id. at ¶¶ 35, 175, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 225, n. 112.

125. Id. at ¶¶ 29, 173, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 227, n. 113.

126. Id. at ¶¶ 29, 174, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 227, n. 114.

127. Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 227. There is, in fact, a rather long Catholic lineage behind the notion that one can take the private property of another, even without permission, when in dire need, dating back to Aquinas, St. Thomas, Summa Theologica 304–311 (Father English Dominican Province trans., Benziger Bros. 1947)Google Scholar.

128. Sheptyts'kyi, supra n. 45, at ¶ 3, 165, as cited & translated in Krawchuk, supra n. 32, at 227, n. 116.

129. Singer, supra n. 22, at 41-42.

130. Constitution of Ukraine, supra n. 7, at Arts. 13, 14, 41; Land Code of Ukraine Arts. 1(2), 1(3), 78(1), 78(2), 91.

131. Bondar & Lilje, supra n. 9, at 1, 7-8.

132. Subtelny, supra n. 6, at 619.

133. Id. at 619-624.

134. Id. at 619.

135. Id. at 621.

136. Id. at 621. See also id. at 622.

137. Id. at 589.

138. Id. (citing Fin. Times (Jan. 27, 1993)).

139. Id. at 618.

140. Constitution of Ukraine, supra n. 7, at Art. 41; Land Code of Ukraine Art. 1(3).

141. Land Code of Ukraine specifies numerous penalties for breach of good neighborliness or environmental harm (chs. 17, 18, 26-28, & § VIII) although there is no mention of the consequences for failure to comply with the requirement not to harm the rights, freedoms and dignity of citizens and the interests of society.

142. Singer, supra n. 15, at 78-79 (citing Echikson, William, Euphoria Dies Down in Czechoslovakia, Wall St. J. A26 (09 18, 1990)Google Scholar).

143. It is amazing how closely Singer, supra n. 15, at 140-141, captures the very thing that has happened in post-independence Ukraine:

You are advising the new government of an Eastern European country that has just emerged from communism and is seeking to institute a private property regime. As an advocate of private property, you recommend that the government organize a program to privatize government-owned industries, housing, and farms. Your goal is to create a free and democratic society characterized by individual liberty and a market economy. Imagine your reaction if the prime minister proudly announced to you that the government had privatized all its properties in one day by handing out all the land, buildings, and industry in the country to the ten families who had formed the crux of the aristocracy in the nineteenth century. Those owners were chosen because their families had historic roles of leadership and could be trusted to guide the country out of the darkness of dictatorship and into the bright future of freedom. These new owners are free to do what they want with their property. Everyone is free to make a living without government interference—no more government ownership, no more communism, no more welfare, no more regulation. All the state will do is enforce property and contract rights and protect individuals from personal harm. With the establishment of private property, the prime minister looks forward to joining the free world, where individual initiative and personal responsibility reign—no more coercion, no more oppression, no more government handouts, no more restrictions on liberty. Of course, some kind of court system and police force will be necessary to protect these new rights and to enforce their attendant obligations, but that is a minor detail.

You would think the prime minister had a screw loose.

144. On the subordinate or consequential legislation required of a constitutionalized social obligation of private property, see Alexander, supra n. 10, at 97-197.

145. It has the power to do so pursuant to Land Code of Ukraine chs. 2, 3.

146. Reid, Barbara E., Reading Luke with the Poor, 32 The Bible Today 283, 288 (1994)Google Scholar.

147. Culpepper, R. Alan, The Gospel of Luke, in The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume IX, at 26 (Abingdon 1995)Google Scholar.

148. Although for an intriguing recent take on the extent to which civil law may impose positive obligations, see Singer, supra n. 30.

149. Singer, supra n. 22, at 41-42.