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2. District Court in The Hague, LJN: BU3104, Nov. 2, 2011. The court ruled that the school did not engage in an open and substantive conversation with Renkema. For this reason, it was not possible to determine if there were “additional circumstances” that justified firing the teacher. As a consequence, the Court found that there was discrimination on the “sole fact of sexual orientation” (and sexual relationship), which is a violation of Dutch equal treatment legislation. The settlement between Renkema and the school also influenced this court case, since the school could also have engaged in a conversation with the teacher to explore whether he could still credibly function at school, which would have given the judge more insight into the possible existence of additional circumstances that might have justified firing Renkema.

3. See COC, www.coc.nl.

4. Id.

5. Leerkracht trekt zaak bij Cgb in (Teacher withdraws equal treatment case), Reformatorisch DAGBLAD, Jan. 10, 2012.

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49. W.B.H.J. Van De Donk et al., at 105-08.

50. Id.

51. Id.

52. E. Klei, at 29.

53. Voerman, supra note 39, at 98.

54. King James Bible.

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62. Id. (follow “Kabinetten per tijdvak” hyperlink) (last visited Jan. 14, 2013).

63. Vollaard, H., Christelijke sporen in de Nederlandse politiek. De verhouding tussen ChristenUnie, Sgp en CDA, in Van De Marge Naar De Macht. De Christenunie 2000-2010, at 181 (Hippe, J. & Voerman, G. ed., Boom 2010)Google Scholar.

64. Id. at 175-96.

65. Van der Burg, Het ideaal van de neutrale Staat: Inclusieve, exclusieve en compenserende visies op godsdienst en cultuur.

66. Vereniging Gereformeerd Schoolonderwijs, Visienota Homoseksualiteit (Ridderkerk: Vgs 2008), intemal-pdf://Lit Vgs visienota 2008-3799113575/Lit Vgs visienota 2008.doc.

67. See Staten-Generaal Digitaal, www.statengeneraaldigitaal.nl.

68. Id.

69. Goslinga, H. & van der Laan, C., God en Allah horen achter de voordeur (God and Allah belong behind the front door), Trouw, Mar. 15, 2008.Google Scholar

70. Interview with Ina Veldhuizen, Chair CHJC, Middelburg, June 23, 2009.

71. Danish Institute for Human Rights, The Social Situation Concerning Homophobia and Discrimination On Grounds of Sexual Orientation In The Netherlands (Dihr 2009)Google Scholar; FRA, Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Eu Member States-Part II: The Social Situation (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) 2009).

72. This observation is based on interviews with chairs of Christian gay organizations. See also R. Seldenrijk, Als je je anders voelt. Homofiele gerichtheid, homoseksualiteit, transseksualiteit en de christelijke gemeente (2004); Vereniging Gereformeerd Schoolonderwijs, Visienota Homoseksualiteit (Ridderkerk: VGS, 2008), intemal-pdf://Lit Vgs visienota 20083799113575/Lit Vgs visienota 2008.doc; van der Laan, H.L., Buitenkerkse theorieen over homoseksualiteit (Amsterdam: Different 2007)Google Scholar.

73. Id.

74. See www.refoanders.nl.

75. Interview with Johan Quist, Chair Refoanders, Middelburg, June 23, 2009.

76. Interview with Richard Oostrum, Chair Different, Amsterdam, July 6, 2009.

77. Parliamentary proceedings 2008-09, Questions of the MPs Van Miltenburg (VVD) (no. 1110), Van der Ham (D66) (no. 1111), Van der Vlies (SGP) (no. 1275), Anker (CU) (no. 1276) to the Minister of Education, Culture and Sciences, about the quittal of subsidy to Onze Weg and the Letter of the Minister of Education, Culture and Sciences on whether to continue providing a subsidy to Foundation “Onze Weg” because of publicity about the ideas of “Onze Weg” on healing of homosexuality, Second Chamber, 27 017, no. 46 (Jan. 13, 2009).

78. Onze Weg verliest subsidie (Our Way looses subsidy), Nederlands DAGBLAD, Jan. 9, 2009.

79. Therapie voor homo's bestaat niet (Therapy for gays does not exist), Nederlands Dagblad, Jan. 17, 2012.

80. See www.contrario.nl.

81. Interview with Robert Daverschot, Chair Contrario, Amsterdam, July 6, 2009.

82. See Falk Moore, supra note 8, at 53. Cf. De Toekomst Van Gelijkheid; De Juridische En Maatschappelijke Inbedding Van De Gelijkebehandelingsnorm (Holtmaat et al. eds., Kluwer 2000) for an application of this concept to Dutch equal treatment legislation.

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85. Art. 2 and 26 ICCPR; Art. 2(2) ICESCR.

86. Art. 14 ECHR.

87. Art. 21 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

88. Art. 13(1) Eu Treaty as amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam, which enables the Council to take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. Currently Art. 10 and 19 Consolidated version of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (2010). Art. 10 provides that in defining and implementing its policies and activities, the Union shall aim to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. Art. 19(1) provides that Without prejudice to the other provisions of the Treaties and within the limits of the powers conferred by them upon the Union, the Council, acting unanimously in accordance with a special legislative procedure and after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.

89. Directive 2000/78/Ec of Nov. 27, 2000, establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.

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91. Algemene Wet Gelijke Behandeling (Equal Treatment Act) of Mar. 2, 1994.

92. Cf Van Berkum, J.W., Supergrondrecht bestaat niet (There is no superright), Reformatorisch Dagblad, 07 19, 2007Google Scholar; Van der Vlies, B.J. & De Bruyne, Menno, Christendom mag er zijn in de grondwet (Christianity has its place in the Constitution), Nederlands Dagblad, 04 5, 2006Google Scholar.

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94. Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij v. The Netherlands [ECHR], 58369/10, July 10, 2012.

95. Id at 73-74.

96. Art. 18 UDHR, Art. 18 ICCPR.

97. Echr May 25, 1993. Cf. Refah Partisi v. Turkey, Feb. 13, 2003 (ECHR).

98. Art. 13(3) ICESCR.

99. Art. 2 1st Protocol ECHR.

100. Art. 23 (2) and (5) Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

101. Art. 23 (6) Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

102. Supreme Court of the Netherlands, Maimonides, Ab 1988, Jan. 22, 1988.

103. Art. 1 and 2 Directive 2000/78/Ec of Nov. 27, 2000, establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.

104. Art. 4(2) Directive 2000/78/Ec of Nov. 27, 2000, establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.

105. Art. 1 Equal Treatment Act of Mar. 2, 1994.

106. Art. 5(2) Equal Treatment Act of Mar. 2, 1994.

107. Parliamentary proceedings 1992-93, Second Chamber, at 3412-71, 3501-33, 3567-3605 and 3612-14. Cf. parliamentary documents, Second Chamber, 22 014.

108. Parliamentary proceedings II 1992-1993, Second Chamber, no. 47, at 3508, 3510 (Feb. 10, 1993).

109. Parliamentary proceedings 1992-93, Discussion on the Equal Treatment Act, Second Chamber, no. 48, at 3592 (Feb. 11, 1993).

110. Interview with Koos van den Berg, former member of parliament SGP, Nunspeet, June 25, 2009.

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113. The examples are taken from Strijkers, M.J., Seksuele Gerichtheid en Burgerlijke Staat, in Gelijke Behandeling: Oordelen en Commentaar 2007, at 128 (Gerards, J.H.et al. eds., Wolf Legal Pub. 2008)Google Scholar.

114. See College Voor: De Rechten Van De MENS, www.mensenrechten.nl (follow “Oordelen” hyperlink).

115. Equal Treatment Commission, Apr. 29, 1999, ruling 1999-38.

116. Equal Treatment Commission, June 15, 2007, ruling 2007-100.

117. Leraar Ernst neemt afstand van Coc (Teacher Ernst distances himself from COC), Reformatorisch Dagblad, May 20, 2009; Leerkracht trekt zaak bij CGB, in (Teacher withdraws equal treatment case), Reformatorisch Dagblad, Jan. 10, 2012.

118. Parliamentary proceedings 2009-2010, Bill proposed by parliamentarians Van der Ham, Van Miltenburg, Klijnsma, Jasper van Dijk and Van Gent to amend the Equal Treatment Act and strike out the sole-ground construction in article 5(2), article 6(a)(2) and article 7(2), explanatory memorandum, Second Chamber, 32 476, no. 3 (Sept. 7, 2010).

119. Id

120. Id.

121. Bruggen slaan: Regeerakkoord VVD-PvdA (“Building bridges: governmental agreement Liberal Democrats and Social Democrats“, at 18), Oct. 29, 2012.

122. Baehr, P.R. & Castermans-Holleman, Monique C., The Promotion of Human Rights—the Netherlands at the UN, in The Netherlands and The United Nations: Selected issues 23 (Baehr, P.R. & Castermans-Holleman, Monique C. eds., T.M.C. Asser Instituut 1990)Google Scholar; Reiding, Hilde, The Netherlands and the Development of International Human Rights Instruments (Intersentia 2007; Voorhoeve, J.J.C., Peace, Profits and Principles: A Study of Dutch foreign Policy (Martinus Nijhoff 1985)Google Scholar.

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124. Art. 5(2) Equal Treatment Act.

125. Art. 4(2) Eu Directive 2000/78/Ec of Nov. 27, 2000, establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.

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129. Strijkers, M.J. (2008). Seksuele gerichtheid en burgerlijke staat. Gelijke behandeling: oordelen en commentaar 2007. CGB. Nijmegen, Wolf Legal Publishers: 121-35.

130. European Commission, Reasoned opinion and letter of formal notice to the Netherlands, pursuant to Article 226 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community in connection with the incorrect transposition of Article 2(1), Article 2(2)(a), Article 2(2)(b) and Article 4(2) of Council Directive 2000/78/Ec of Nov. 27, 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.

131. Kamer wil opheldering Europese kritiek homobeleid (Parliament wants clarity on European critique on gay policies), De Volkskrant, Feb. 4, 2008; van Dalen, F., Homo's hebben recht op een betere wet (Gays have the right to a better law), De Volkskrant, 02 27, 2008Google Scholar.

132. Parliamentary proceedings 2007-08, Motion Halsema c.s., on Reconsideration of Article 5, par. 2, of the Equal Treatment Act, Second Chamber, 27 017, no. 39 (Mar. 19, 2008).

133. See Geddes, supra note 72.

134. Interview with Bas van der Vlies, Sgp leader in parliament, The Hague, June 15, 2009, referring to euthanasia and abortion.

135. Group discussion, Vgs (Association of Reformed Schools), July 1, 2009.

136. Equal Treatment Commission, Advisory Opinion on the Letter of Formal Notice the Netherlands from the European Commission in connection with the incorrect transposition of Directive 2000/78/EC, Cgb advisory opinion 2008/02, March 2008.

137. Parliamentary proceedings 2009-2010, Advice Council of State on the sole-ground construction, Second Chamber, 28481, no. 7, 21 017 (May 18, 2009).

138. Hendriks, Aart & Terlouw, Ashley, Raad van State helpt Regering Europese Anti-Discriminatierichtlijn te ontduiken, Nederlands Juristenblad 1636 (2009)Google Scholar.

139. Jacobs, Antoine, Rug Recht En Hoofd Koel Met De Enkelefeitconstructie!, Nederlands Juristenblad 1484 (2009)Google Scholar.

140. Id

141. Id.

142. Commissioner for Human Rights, Report by the Commissioner for Human Rights Mr Thomas Hammarberg on His Visit to the Netherlands, Sept. 21-25, 2008 (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2008).

143. Id. at 4.

144. Bill of 7 November 2011 to change the Equal Treatment Act, the Civil Code, the Act Equal Treatment on the basis of Handicap or Chronic Disease, the Act Equal Treatment on the basis of Age concerning Labor and the Act Equal Treatment of Men and Women (adaptation of the definitions of direct and indirect distinction and some other clauses to the terminology in the directive), Parliamentary proceedings 2010, 31 832, no. 8 (Dec. 16, 2010).

145. Parliamentary proceedings 2010-11, On the Amendment of the Equal Treatment Act, 31 832, no. 106, item 2 (Sept. 14, 2011).

146. Id.

147. Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, Bruggen Slaan: Regeerakkoord VVD-PvdA (Den Haag 2012)Google Scholar.

148. Parliamentary proceedings 2009-10, Bill proposed by parliamentarians Van der Ham, Van Miltenburg, Klijnsma, Jasper van Dijk and Van Gent to amend the Equal Treatment Act and strike out the sole-ground construction in article 5(2), article 6(a)(2) and article 7(2), explanatory memorandum, Second Chamber, 32 476, no. 3 (Sept. 7, 2010).

149. Parliamentary proceedings 2011-12, Letter of the Minister of Education, Culture and Science, Second Chamber, 27 017, no. 91 (Nov. 25, 2011).

150. Id.

151. Id.

152. See www.coc.nl, under ‘Coc 60’, ‘Wapenfeiten.’

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154. The fact that the Coc could influence the governmental agreement to such a great extent also arises from the reality that the ChristianUnion, as orthodox Protestant party, joined the government for the first time, which made many people and organizations fearful that there would be a backlash against gay emancipation. See Van de marge naar de macht De Christenunie 2000-2010, at 120-22 (J. Hippe & G. Voerman ed., Boom 2010). Hence, the result was that there had never been more attention for gay emancipation in a governmental agreement before. and as became known later, the ChristianUnion proposed the text for the governmental agreement on addressing the problem of violence against gays.

155. Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, Samen Werken, Samen Leven: Coalitieakkoord tussen de Tweede Kamerfracties van CDA, PvdA en ChristenUnie (Den Haag 2007).

156. Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Simply Gay: Dutch Government's Lgbt Policy document 2008-2011 (The Hague: 2007).

157. FRA, Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Eu Member States-Part II: The Social Situation 29 (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) 2009).

158. Id.

159. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Mensenrechtenrapportage 2009 (MinBuza 2009)Google ScholarPubMed; Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Mensenrechtenrapportage 2010: Rapportage Over De Uitvoering Van De Mensenrechtenstrategie ‘Naar Een Menswaardig Bestaan’ In 2010 (MinBuza); cf. A/HRC/17/L.9/Rev.1.

160. Id.

161. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Mensenrechtenrapportage 2010: Rapportage Over De Uitvoering Van De Mensenrechtenstrategie ‘Naar Een Menswaardig BESTAAN’ in 2010 (The Hague: MinBuza)Google Scholar

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164. Parliamentary proceedings 2008-09, Assistance Letter of the Minister of Education to all primary and secondary schools, 21017 (Apr. 27, 2009).

165. Id.

166. Parliamentary proceedings 2008-09, Questions of the MPs Jan Jacob van Dijk and Schinkelshoek (both CDA) to the Minister of Education, Culture and Science about the assistance letter gay discrimination, Second Chamber, no. 2799, 2009Z09358 (May 1, 2009); Parliamentary proceedings 2008-09, Questions of the Mp Anker (ChristianUnion) to the Ministers of Interior Affairs and Kingdom Affairs; Justice; Education, Culture and Science; and Social Affairs and Employment about the implications of the Equal Treatment Act for the employment policy of schools, Second Chamber, no. 2798, 2009Z08348 (May 1, 2009).

167. Vereniging Gereformeerd Schoolonderwijs, Visienota Homoseksualiteit, 2009.

168. P. Moens, VGS, Apr. 28, 2009, as quoted on http://www.homo-emancipatie.pvda.nl/nieuws/nieuws/2009/04/Reacties+op+onderwijsbrief+Plasterk.html.

169. Eenvandaag, Lost verplicht stellen homolessen iets op? (Does mandatory gay education solve anything?), Dec. 8, 2011.

170. Wonderlijk gemaakt (Driestar Onderwijsadvies & Erdee Media Groep 2010)Google Scholar. See wonderlijkgemaakt.nl.

171. Id.

172. Parliamentary proceedings, Answer to questions by Van Gent and Klaver, Feb. 2, 2012, 1381.

173. Vera Bergkamp, chair COC, Dec. 8, 2011, as quoted on COC, www.coc.nl.

174. Interview with Johan Quist, Chair, Refoanders, Middelburg, June 23, 2009.

175. Interview with Pieter Moens Chair VGS, Ridderkerk, July 1, 2009.

176. Motion Dijkstra c.s., 30420, no. 163. Mar. 29, 2012, followed up by the letter from the Minister of Education, Safety at school, 29240, 47, May 16, 2012.

177. Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, Bruggen slaan: Regeerakkoord VVD-PvdA (Den Haag 2012).

178. Interview with Bas van der Vlies, leader Sgp in Parliament, The Hague, June 15, 2009.

179. N=5986.

180. Focus group discussion, July 22, 2009.

181. Interview July 7, 2009.

182. Interview with C. Dekker, political leader Sgp Middelburg, June 9, 2009.

183. Interview with Laurens van de Laan, Secretary Discussion group Bible and Homosexuality, Middelburg, June 30, 2009.

184. Interview with I. Veldhuizen, Chair, CHJC, June 23, 2009.