Article contents
Property: A Relational Perspective
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 April 2015
Extract
The great and chief end … of men's uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property (John Locke).
The transformation of scattered private property, arising from individual labour, into capitalist private property is, naturally, a process incomparably more protracted, violent, and difficult, than the transformation of capitalist private property, already practically resting on socialized production, into socialized property. In the former case, we had the expropriation of the mass of the people by a few usurpers; in the latter, we have the expropriation of a few usurpers by the mass of the people. (Karl Marx).
Conditions of the common life of peoples have undergone a radical transformation from the seventeenth century to the present. The character of daily work, the form of family life, the structure of nations and empires in our times are fundamentally unlike those of three centuries ago. In the economic sector, property is among the categories of thought and practice whose features have been transfigured during the period.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University 1986
References
1. IILocke, J., Two Treatises of Government 124 (Laslett, P. rev. ed. 1966) (3d ed. 1698)Google Scholar.
2. Marx, K., Capital, in 50 Great Books xxxii (1952)Google Scholar.
3. Macpherson, , The Meaning of Property, in Property 1 (Macpherson, C.B. ed. 1978) [hereinafter Macpherson]Google Scholar.
4. See Whelan, F.G., Property as Artifice: Hume and Blackstone, in Property 114–25 (Roland, J. & Chapman, J. eds. 1980)Google Scholar.
5. 2 Blackstone, W., Commentaries 2Google Scholar, quoted in, id. at 118.
6. McClelland, J., Joseph Story and the American Constitution 214 (1971)Google Scholar.
7. Dietze, G., In Defense of Property 93 (1971)Google Scholar.
8. Id. at 39.
9. Id. at 126-27.
10. Hayek, F.A., The Mirage of Social Justice (1976)Google Scholar.
11. See Grey, T.C., The Disintegration of Property in Property 69–85 (Pennock, J. & Chapman, J. eds. 1980)Google Scholar.
12. Schlatter, R., Private Property: The History of an Idea 278 (1973)Google Scholar [hereinafter Schlatter].
13. Marx, K. & Engels, F., Manifesto of the Communist Party, in 50 Great Books 42526 (1952)Google Scholar.
14. 94 U.S. 113, 126 (1877).
15. Lippmann, W., The Public Philosphy 93 (1956)Google Scholar.
16. Lodge, G.C., The New American Ideology 198 (1976)Google Scholar [hereinafter Lodge].
17. Id. at 17-18.
18. Bogart, , Lockean Proviso and State of Nature Theories 95,4Ethics 832 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
19. See Chapman, J.W., Justice, Freedom and Property, in Property 289–324 (Pennock, J. & Chapman, J. eds. 1980)Google Scholar. Chapman outlines a broader and more detailed spectrum of fundamental positions of economic justice.
20. J. Locke, supra note 1, at 25.
21. Quoted in Macpherson, supra note 3, at 110.
22. Id. at 3-4, 6-9.
23. Honoré, , Ownership, in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence 137 (Guest, A.G. ed. 1961)Google Scholar [hereinafter Honoré].
24. Lewis, I. E., Medieval Political Ideas 89 (1974)Google Scholar.
25. Id.
26. See Scott, W.B., In Pursuit of Happiness: American Conceptions of Property from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century 137–47 (1977)Google Scholar.
27. Gwartney, , Private Property, Freedom and the West, 20,3Intercol. Rev. 48 (1985)Google Scholar.
28. Macpherson, supra note 3, at 11; see also id. at 4-6, 9-11.
29. Macpherson, supra note 3, at 206.
30. Donahue, , The Future of the Concept of Property Predicted from Its Past, in Property 56 (Pennock, J. & Chapman, J. eds. 1980)Google Scholar [hereinafter Donahue].
31. Minogue, The Concept of Property and Its Contemporary Significance, in id. at 14-15.
32. Rashdall, , The Philosophical Theory of Property, in Property: Its Duties and Rights 66 (Gore, C.et al. eds. 1922)Google Scholar [hereinafter Rashdall].
33. Id. at 66-67.
34. Quoted in Macpherson, supra note 3, at 98-99.
35. Reich, , The New Property, 73,5Yale L.J. 733 (1964)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
36. Id. at 786.
37. Honoré, supra note 23, at 123.
38. Rashdall, supra note 32, at xxiii.
39. Id. at xv.
40. Quoted in Macpherson, supra note 3, at 159.
41. Id. at 172.
42. Id. at 175.
43. Leopold, A., A Sand County Almanac viii (1968)Google Scholar.
44. Cobb, J.B. Jr., Is It Too Late? 55 (1972)Google Scholar.
45. IIHobbes, T., Leviathan 18 (1651)Google Scholar.
46. Ryan, A., Property and Political Theory (1984)Google Scholar [hereinafter Ryan].
47. Donahue, supra note 30, at 58.
48. Dietze, supra note 7, at 16.
49. Hunt, E.K., Property and Prophets 11 (1972)Google Scholar.
50. Parel, A., Aquinas' Theory of Property, in Theories of Property: Aristotle to the Present 89 (Parel, A. & Flanagan, T. eds. 1979)Google Scholar [hereinafter Parel].
51. Id. at 92. See I-II Summa Theologica, Q.2.
52. I-II Summa Theologica, Q. 4 Art. 7.
53. Parel, supra note 50, at 89.
54. I-II Summa Theologica, Q. 94 art. 5 ad. 3; see also II-II Id. at Q. 57 art. 3.
55. Parel, supra note 50, at 97.
56. II-II Summa Theologica Q. 66 art. 7.
57. II-II id. at Q. 118 art. 1 ad. 2.
58. 41 Aquinas, St. Thomas, Summa Theologiae, Virtues of Justice in the Human Community II-II, 101-22, 243 n.b. (1972)Google Scholar.
59. II-II Summa Theologica, supra note 51, at Q. 66 art. 7.
60. Id.
61. I id. at Q. 66 art. 2 ad. 2.
62. See II-II id. at Q. 118 art. 1.
63. II-II id. at Q. 118 art. 8.
64. See Wallerstein, I., Historical Capitalism ch. 13 (1983)Google Scholar.
65. See II-II Summa Theologica, supra note 51, at Q. 117 (on liberality) and Q. 58 (on justice).
66. II-II id. at Q. 58 art. 2.
67. See id. at II-II Q. 66 art. 8.
68. Schlatter, supra note 12, at 55.
69. Kariel, H.S., Beyond Liberalism 5 (1977)Google Scholar.
70. Schlatter, supra note 12, at 252.
71. Tully, The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke's Analysis of Property: A Contextual Reconstruction, in Parel, supra note 50, at 115 [hereinafter Tully]; Ryan, supra note 46, at 18-24.
72. Dunn, J., The Political Thought of John Locke 214 ff (1982)Google Scholar [hereinafter Dunn].
73. Macpherson, C.B., The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism 199 (1972)Google Scholar [hereinafter Possessive Individualism].
74. Id. at 221.
75. See Dunn, supra note 72; Tully, J., A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar [hereinafter Discourse]; Ryan, supra note 46; Eisenach, E.J., Two Worlds of Liberalism (1981)Google Scholar.
76. J. Locke, supra note 1, at 6.
77. Dunn, supra note 72, at 87.
78. J. Locke, supra note 1, at 6.
79. Id. at 57.
80. Id. at 135.
81. Tully, supra note 71, at 127-29; Discourse, supra note 75, at 43-50, 62, 163.
82. J. Locke, supra note 1, at 25.
83. Id. at 60.
84. Id. at 25.
85. Id. at 123.
86. Id. at 25.
87. Id. at 27.
88. Rashdall, supra note 32, at 47-50; see also Nozick, R., Anarchy, State and Utopia 174–82 (1974)Google Scholar.
89. Ryan, supra note 46, at 31-32.
90. Dunn, supra note 72, at 217.
91. Discourse, supra note 75, at 110.
92. J. Locke, supra note 1, at 27.
93. Id. at 31.
94. Id. at 32.
95. Id. at 36.
96. Id. at 50.
97. Possessive Individualism, supra note 73, at 208.
98. Discourse, supra note 75, at 150; cf. Dunn, supra note 72, at 248.
99. Discourse, supra note 75, at 166; see J. Locke, supra note 1, at 50, 123.
100. Discourse, supra note 75, at 170.
101. Winter, J.M., Introduction: Tawney the Historian, in History and Society: Essays by R.H. Tawney 8 (Winter, J.M. ed. 1978)Google Scholar [hereinafter Winter]. See also Winter, J.M. & Joslin, D.M., Introduction, in R.H. Tawney's Commonplace Book xx (Winter, J.M. & Joslin, D.M. eds. 1972)Google Scholar [hereinafter Winter & Joslin].
102. R.H. Tawney, The Study of Economic History (1933), in Winter, supra note 101, at 54-55. See also Tawney, R.H., Social History and Literature 6 (1958)Google Scholar.
103. Winter, supra note 101, at 2.
104. Nelson, , R.H. Tawney, in Some Modern Historians of Britain 334 (1951)Google Scholar [hereinafter Nelson].
105. Tawney, R.H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism 235 (1947)Google Scholar [hereinafter Religion].
106. Nelson, supra note 104, at 326.
107. Winter, supra note 101, at 15.
108. MacIntyre, A., Against the Self-Images of the Age 38–42 (1971)Google Scholar.
109. Winter & Joslin, supra note 101, at 45-46.
110. Id. at 56.
111. Tawney, , The Sickness of Acquisitive Society, 27 Hibbert Journal 353 (1919)Google Scholar [hereinafter Acquisitive Society[.
112. Tawney, R.H., The Acquisitive Society 26 (1920)Google Scholar.
113. Acquisitive Society, supra note 111, at 356-57. See also Tawney, id. note 112, at 29-30.
114. Tawney supra note 112, at 24.
115. Acquisitive Society, note 111, at 356; Tawney, supra note 112, at 28-29.
116. Tawney, supra note 112, at 8.
117. Id. at 85.
118. Id. at 45.
119. Tawney, R.H., Equality 271 (1931)Google Scholar [hereinafter Equality].
120. Tawney, supra note 112, at 53-54.
121. Acquisitive Society, note 111, at 370.
122. Tawney, R.H., The Attack and other Papers 188 (1953)Google Scholar [hereinafter Other Papers].
123. Tawney supra note 112, at 56.
124. Id. at 59.
125. Id. at 61-62.
126. Id. at 71-72. See also Equality, supra note 119, at 12-49.
127. Acquisitive Society, supra note 111, at 368.
128. Equality, supra note 119, at 50.
129. Id. at 130-31.
130. Other Papers, supra note 122, at 190-91 and Equality note 119, at 119-36.
131. Tawney, supra note 112, at 84.
132. Equality, supra note 119, at 153. (See the whole of chapter V., The Strategy of Equality, pp. 149-208).
133. Id. at 220.
134. Id. at 246, 262. See also Tawney, supra note 112, at 139-60 and Religion, supra note 105, at 232. On the other hand, see Tawney's comment in Commonplace Book, supra note 101, at 70-71: “If industry could be so organized that the mass of workers would feel convinced that the social order was just, a decrease in efficiency wld [sic] be cheap at the price.”
135. Livezey, L.G., Whitehead's Conception of the Public World (Chicago 1983) (unpublished doctoral dissertation)Google Scholar.
136. Whitehead, A.N., Science and the Modern World 281 (1939)Google Scholar [hereinafter Whitehead].
137. Whitehead, A.N., Process and Reality: Corrected Edition 290 (1979)Google Scholar [hereinafter Process and Reality].
138. Id. at 289 (italics added).
139. Whitehead, supra note 136, at 288.
140. Id. at 281-82.
141. Id. at 291-92.
142. Whitehead, A.N., Adventures of Ideas 13 (1967)Google Scholar [hereinafter Adventures of Ideas].
143. Id. at 15, 13.
144. Id. at 143.
145. Id. at 62.
146. Id. at 62-63.
147. Id. at 67.
148. Process and Reality, supra note 137, at 18.
149. Id. at 23.
150. Id. at 21.
151. Id. at 22.
152. This is the character of Lois Livezey's argument in her dissertation, supra note 135. See also her unpublished paper, “Rights, Goods, and Virtues: Toward an Interpretation of Justice in Process Thought,” delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Christian Ethics, January 1986.
153. Livezey, supra note 135, at 324.
154. Adventures of Ideas, supra note 142, at 28, 56.
155. Id. at 43.
156. Id. at 62.
- 1
- Cited by