Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T13:17:57.718Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Judicial Impact and Factual Allegations: How the Supreme Court Changed Civil Procedure through the Plausibility Standard

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2022

Morgan L. W. Hazelton
Morgan L. W. Hazelton*
Affiliation:
Saint Louis University, USA
*
Contact the author at [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Researchers often study the impact of legal change by investigating judges’ decisions and ignoring litigants. Many scholars believe the Supreme Court’s decisions in Twombly and Iqbal increased how specific factual allegations must be to avoid dismissal, but studies generally fail to find an effect. Using text analysis, I find evidence that litigants and their lawyers changed the information they provided after the decisions in certain types of cases. These results call into question prior studies and illustrate the need to consider the behavior of litigants. They also help shed light on issues of access to courts and separation of powers.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Law and Courts , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , Spring 2021 , pp. 159 - 188
Copyright
© 2021 by the Law and Courts Organized Section of the American Political Science Association. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The judges who granted my requests for exemptions from Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) fees and to release the data, and the judges and attorneys who allowed me to interview them, have my deepest-felt gratitude. I am also grateful to Scott Hendrickson, William Hubbard, Michael Nelson, Keith Schnakenberg, Amy L. Steigerwalt, Joe Cecil, and participants in the Fall 2012 Northwestern Law School Political Economy Seminar, 2012 Midwest Law and Economics Association annual meeting, 2013 American Political Science Association annual meeting, 2014 Midwest Political Science Association annual meeting, 2015 Southern Political Science Association annual meeting, and 2018 Civil Justice Research Initiative Meeting for helpful comments regarding this project. I also thank my research assistants, especially Raymond Flores, Shengron Liu, and Jeffrey Zhao, for all their hard work in collecting, coding, and processing data and technical assistance. This project would not have been possible without support from the Center for Empirical Research in the Law.

References

Baicker-McKee, Steven, Janssen, William M., and Corr, John Bernard. 2020. A Student’s Guide to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. St. Paul, MN: West.Google Scholar
Barnes, Jeb, and Burke, Thomas F. 2006. “The Diffusion of Rights: From Law on the Books to Organizational Rights Practices.” Law and Society Review 40 (3): 493–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, Lawrence. 1988. “Measuring Policy Change in the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Political Science Review 82 (3): 905–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, Lawrence. 2011. “Probing the Power of the Supreme Court, Reviewing Tom S. Clark, The Limits of Judicial Independence and Matthew E. K. Hall, The Nature of Supreme Court Power.” Tulsa Law Review 48 (2): 203–13.Google Scholar
Becker, Theodore Lewis, and Feeley, Malcom eds. 1973. The Impact of Supreme Court Decisions: Empirical Studies. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Benesh, Sara C., and Malia, Reddick. 2002. “Overruled: An Event History Analysis of Lower Court Reaction to Supreme Court Alteration of Precedent.” Journal of Politics 64 (2): 534–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, Sarah A., and Smith, Steven S. 1997. Politics or Principle? Filibustering in the United States Senate. Washington, DC: Brookings.Google Scholar
Bird, S., Klein, E., and Loper, E.. 2009. Natural Language Processing with Python. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly.Google Scholar
Bowen, Lauren. 1995. “Do Court Decisions Matter?” In Contemplating Courts, ed. Epstein, Lee 376–89. Washington, DC: CQ Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Christina L. 2009. “Placing Federal District Courts in the Judicial Hierarchy.” PhD diss., Washington University in St. Louis.Google Scholar
Boyd, Christina L. 2010. “Federal District Court Judge Ideology Data.” http://clboyd.net/ideology.html.Google Scholar
Boyd, Christina L. 2015. “Litigant Status and Trial Court Appeal Mobilization.” Law and Policy 37 (4): 294–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Christina L. 2017. “Gatekeeping and Filtering in Trial Courts.” In The Oxford Handbook of US Judicial Behavior, ed. Lee Epstein and Lindquist, Stefanie A. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, Christina L., and Hoffman, D. A.. 2013. “Litigating toward Settlement.” Journal of Law Economics, and Organization 29 (4): 898–929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Christina L., Hoffman, David. A., Zoran Obradovic, and Ristovski, Kosta. 2013. “Building a Taxonomy of Litigation: Clusters of Causes of Action in Federal Complaints.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 10 (2): 253–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos, Sergio J., Cotton, Christopher. S., and Li, Cheng. 2015. “Deterrence Effect under Twombly: On the Costs of Increasing Pleading Standards in Litigation.” International Review of Law and Economics 44:61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canon, Bradley C. 1973. “Reactions of State Supreme Courts to a U.S. Supreme Court Civil Liberties Decision.” Law and Society Review 8 (1): 109–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canon, Bradley C., and Johnson, Charles A. 1999. Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact. Washington, DC: CQ Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantone, Jason A., Cecil, Joe. S., and Jani, Dhairya. 2014. “Whither Notice Pleading: Pleading Practice in the Days before Twombly.” Southern Illinois University Law Journal 39 (1): 23–70.Google Scholar
Carp, Robert A., Songer, Donald, Rowland, C. K., and Stidham, Ronald. 1992. “Voting Behavior of Judges Appointed by President Bush.” Judicature 76 (6): 298–303.Google Scholar
Cecil, Joe S., Cort, George. W., Williams, Margaret. S., and Bataillon, Jared J. 2011. “Motions to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim after Iqbal: Report to the Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on Civil Rules.” Federal Judicial Center, Washington, DC. https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/motioniqbal_1.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clermont, Kevin M., and Schwab, Stewart J. 2009. “Employment Discrimination Plaintiffs in Federal Court: From Bad to Worse.” Harvard Law and Policy Review 3 (1): 103–32.Google Scholar
Cox, James D., Thomas, Randall. S., and Bai, Lynn. 2008. “There Are Plaintiffs and … There Are Plaintiffs: An Empirical Analysis of Securities Class Action Settlements.” Vanderbilt Law Review 61 (2): 355–86.Google Scholar
Coyle, Marcia. 2013. The Roberts Court: The Struggle for the Constitution. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Curry, Jill L., and Ward, Matthew A. 2013. “Are Twombly and Iqbal Affecting Where Plaintiffs File? A Study Comparing Removal Rates by State.” Texas Tech Law Review 45 (4): 827–75.Google Scholar
Dodson, Scott. 2010. “New Pleading, New Discovery.” Michigan Law Review 109 (1): 53–89.Google Scholar
Dodson, Scott. 2012. “A New Look at Dismissal Rates in Federal Civil Cases.” Judicature 96 (3): 127–35.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, Theodore, and Lanvers, Charlotte. 2009. “What Is the Settlement Rate and Why Should We Care?” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 6 (1): 111–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engstrom, David Freeman. 2013. “The Twiqbal Puzzle and Empirical Study of Civil Procedure.” Stanford Law Review 65 (6): 1203–371.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, Landes, William. M., and Posner, Richard A. 2013. The Behavior of Federal Judges. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin, Jeffrey A. Segal, and Westerland, Chad. 2007. “The Judicial Common Space.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 23 (2): 303–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federal Judicial Center. 2014a. “History of the Federal Judiciary.” http://www.fjc.gov.Google Scholar
Federal Judicial Center. 2014b. “How the Federal Courts Are Organized: Federal Judges and How They Get Appointed.” http://www.fjc.gov.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Brian T. 2011. “Twombly and Iqbal Reconsidered.” Notre Dame Law Review 87 (4): 1621–46.Google Scholar
Fox, Craig R., and Birke, Richard. 2002. “Forecasting Trial Outcomes: Lawyers Assign Higher Probability to Possibilities That Are Described in Greater Detail.” Law and Human Behavior 26 (2): 159–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, B., and Martin, A. D.. 2011. “Looking for Law in All the Wrong Places.” In What’s Law Got to Do with It? What Judges Do, Why They Do It, and What’s at Stake, ed. Geyh, Charles, 143–72. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1974. “Why the ‘Haves’ Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change.” Law and Society Review 9 (1): 95–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garner, Bryan A. 1996. Black’s Law Dictionary. Pocket ed. Eagan, MA: West Group.Google Scholar
Garre, Gregory. 2009. Testimony in Has the Supreme Court Limited Americans’ Access to Court: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary. 111th Cong., S. Doc. No. J-111-64. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Gelbach, Jonah B. 2012. “Locking the Door to Discovery—Assessing the Effects of Twombly and Iqbal on Access to Discovery.” Yale Law Journal 121 (8): 270–345.Google Scholar
Gelbach, Jonah B. 2016. “Material Facts in the Debate over Twombly and Iqbal.” Stanford Law Review 68 (2): 369–425.Google Scholar
Genkin, Alexander, Lewis, David. D., and Madigan, David. 2007. “Large-Scale Bayesian Logistic Regression for Text Categorization.” Technometrics 49 (3): 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, Micheal W., Hettinger, Virginia. A., and Peppers, Todd. 2001. “Picking Federal Judges: A Note on Policy and Partisan Selection Agendas.” Political Research Quarterly 54 (3): 623–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman-Delahunty, Jane, Granhag, Pär Anders, Hartwig, Maria, and Loftus, Elizabeth F. 2010. “Insightful or Wishful: Lawyers’ Ability to Predict Case Outcomes.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 16 (2): 133–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Leslie A. 2011. “Convoluted in Court: For Federal Plaintiffs, Twombly and Iqbal Still Present a Catch-22.” ABA Journal Online, January 1.Google Scholar
Grimmer, Justin, and Stewart, Brandon. 2013. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21 (3): 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Joel B., and Sarat, Austin. 1981. “Access to Justice and the Limits of Law.” Law and Policy 3 (2): 125–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Matthew E. K. 2011. The Nature of Supreme Court Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Matthew E. K. 2017. “Judicial Impact.” In The Oxford Handbook of US Judicial Behavior, ed. Epstein, Lee and Lindquist, Stefanie. A., 460–82. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hamburg, Rebecca M., and Koski, Matthew C. 2010. “Summary of Results of Federal Judicial Center Survey of NELA Members.” Report by the National Employment Lawyers Association. https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/nela_summary_of_results_of_fjc_survey_of_nela_members.pdf Google Scholar
Hannon, Kendall W. 2007. “Much Ado about Twombly—a Study on the Impact of Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly on 12(b)(6) Motions.” Notre Dame Law Review 83 (4): 1811–46.Google Scholar
Hatamyar, Patricia W. 2010. “The Tao of Pleading: Do Twombly and Iqbal Matter Empirically?” American University Law Review 59 (3): 553–731.Google Scholar
Hazelton, Morgan L. W. 2014. “Procedural Postures: The Influence of Legal Change on Strategic Litigants and Judges.” PhD diss., Washington University in St. Louis.Google Scholar
Hoekstra, Valerie J. 2000. “The Supreme Court and Local Public Opinion.” American Political Science Review 94 (1): 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, Kenneth M. 1981. “The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure—a Policy Evaluation.” Law and Policy 3 (2): 209–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, Daniel J., and King, Gary. 2010. “A Method of Automated Nonparametric Content Analysis for Social Science.” American Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 229–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, William H. J. 2012. “Testing for Change in Procedural Standards, with Application to Bell Atlantic v. Twombly.” Journal of Legal Studies 42 (1): 35–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, William H. J. 2013. “A Theory of Pleading.” Working Paper no. 466, University of Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/public_law_and_legal_theory/432/.Google Scholar
Hubbard, William H. J. 2017. “The Effects of Twombly and Iqbal.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 14 (3): 474–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, Robert J. 2009. How Courts Impact Federal Administrative Behavior. New York: Taylor & Francis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Charles A. 1987. “Law, Politics, and Judicial Decision Making: Lower Federal Court Uses of Supreme Court Decisions.” Law and Society Review 21 (2): 325–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keck, Thomas M. 2009. “Beyond Backlash: Assessing the Impact of Judicial Decisions on LGBT Rights.” Law and Society Review 43 (1): 151–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, Daniel. 1996. “Institutional Causes of Delay in the Settlement of Legal Disputes.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 12 (2): 432–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. 1997. “Contingency Fee Lawyers as Gatekeepers in the Civil Justice System.” Judicature 81 (1): 22–29.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. 2002. “Seven Dogged Myths Concerning Contingency Fees.” Washington University Law Quarterly 80 (3): 739–94.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. 2004. Risks, Reputations, and Rewards: Contingency Fee Legal Practice in the United States. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. 2008. “Daubert in the Law Office: Routinizing Procedural Change.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 5 (1): 109–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. 2015. Lawyers at Work. New Orleans: Quid Pro.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M., and Zemans, Frances Kahn. 1993. “Local Legal Culture and the Control of Litigation.” Law and Society Review 27 (3): 535–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lax, Jeffrey R. 2011. “The New Judicial Politics of Legal Doctrine.” Annual Review of Political Science 14:131–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Emery G., and Willging, Thomas E. 2010a. “Attorney Satisfaction with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: Report to the Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on Civil Rules.” Federal Judicial Center, Washington, DC. http://www.fjc.org.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Emery G., and Willging, Thomas E. 2010b. “Defining the Problem of Cost in Federal Civil Litigation.” Duke Law Journal 60 (3): 765–88.Google Scholar
Levin, Hillel Y. 2008. “Making the Law: Unpublication in the District Courts.” Villanova Law Review 53 (5): 973–1001.Google Scholar
Levine, James P. 1973. “Constitutional Law and Obscene Literature: An Investigation of Bookseller Censorship Practices.” In The Impact of Supreme Court Decisions: Empirical Studies, ed. Theodore Lewis Becker and Feeley, Malcolm, 119–38. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, Mitchell. 2018. “Empirical Patterns of Pro Se Litigation in Federal District Courts.” University of Chicago Law Review 85 (7): 1819–67.Google Scholar
Louis, Annie, and Nenkova, Ani. 2011. “General versus Specific Sentences: Automatic Identification and Application to Analysis of News Summaries.” Technical Report no. MS-CIA-11-07, Department of Computer and Informational Science, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Marshall, C. Kevin, and Postman, Warren. 2010. “Pleading Facts and Arguing Plausibility: Federal Pleading Standards a Year after Iqbal.” Jones Day, June. http://www.jonesday.com/.Google Scholar
Martinez, Anthony. 2009. “Plausibility among the Circuits: An Empirical Survey of Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly.” Arkansas Law Review 61 (4): 763–86.Google Scholar
McCubbins, Mathew D., Noll, Roger. G., and Weingast, Barry R. 1987. “Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 3 (2): 243–77.Google Scholar
McGuire, Kevin T., Vanberg, Georg, Smith, Charles E. Jr, and Caldeira, Gregory A. 2009. “Measuring Policy Content on the US Supreme Court.” Journal of Politics 71 (4): 1305–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, Colleen. 2007. “The Law of Unintended Consequences: Shockwaves in the Lower Courts after Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly.” Suffolk University Law Review 41 (4): 851–71.Google Scholar
Michalski, Roger, and Wood, Abby K. 2017. “Twombly and Iqbal at the State Level.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 14 (2): 424–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Arthur R. 2010. “From Conley to Twombly to Iqbal: A Double Play on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Duke Law Journal 60 (1): 1–130.Google Scholar
Moller, Mark. 2009. “Twombly and Iqbal: Reality Check.” Cato at Liberty, October 13. http://www.cato-at-liberty.org.Google Scholar
New York Times. 2009. “Restoring Access to the Courts.” December 22.Google Scholar
Noll, David L. 2010. “The Indeterminacy of Iqbal.” Georgetown Law Journal 99 (1): 117–49.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Michol. 2019. O’Connor’s Federal Civil Forms. Albuquerque, NM: Thomson Reuters.Google Scholar
Pierce, Carl A., Cornett, Judy. M., and Long, Alex B. 2011. Professional Responsibility in the Life of the Lawyer. Eagan, MN: West Group.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith T. 2014. “Common Space Scores, Congresses 1st–112th (June 2014).” Voteview. http://voteview.com/basic.htm.Google Scholar
Priest, George L., and Klein, Benjamin. 1984. “The Selection of Disputes for Litigation.” Journal of Legal Studies 13 (1): 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, J. Scott. 2011. “The Hidden Costs of Pleading Plausibility: Examining the Impact of Twombly and Iqbal on Employment Discrimination Complaints and the EEOC’s Litigation and Mediation Efforts.” Temple Law Review 83 (3): 757–92.Google Scholar
Redish, Martin H., and Epstein, Lee. 2008. “Bell Atlantic v. Twombly and the Future of Pleading in the Federal Courts: A Normative and Empirical Analysis.” Working paper, SSRN eLibrary.Google Scholar
Reed, Douglas S. 2001. “Not in My Schoolyard: Localism and Public Opposition to Funding Schools Equally.” Social Science Quarterly 82 (1): 34–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinert, Alexander A. 2010. “The Costs of Heightened Pleading.” Indiana Law Journal 86 (1): 119–335.Google Scholar
Reinert, Alexander A. 2015. “Measuring the Impact of Plausibility Pleading.” Virginia Law Review 101 (8): 2117–83.Google Scholar
Roberts, John. 2018. “2018 Year-End Report on the Federal Judiciary.” US Supreme Court, Washington, DC. https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/year-end/2018year-endreport.pdf.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald N. 2008. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring about Social Change? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowland, Charles K., and Carp, Robert A. 1996. Politics and Judgment in Federal District Courts. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Schauer, Fred. 1987. “Precedent.” Stanford Law Review 39 (3): 571–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Elizabeth M. 2010. “The Changing Shape of Federal Civil Pretrial Practice: The Disparate Impact on Civil Rights and Employment Discrimination Cases.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 158 (2): 517–70.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Victor E., and Appel, Christopher E. 2010. “Rational Pleading in the Modern World of Civil Litigation: The Lessons and Public Policy Benefits of Twombly and Iqbal.” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 33 (3): 1107–50.Google Scholar
Seiner, Joseph A. 2009. “The Trouble with Twombly: A Proposed Pleading Standard for Employment Discrimination Cases.” University of Illinois Law Review 2009 (4): 1011–60.Google Scholar
Seiner, Joseph A. 2010. “Pleading Disability.” Boston College Law Review 51 (1): 95–149.Google Scholar
Sherwin, Emily. 2008. “The Jurisprudence of Pleading: Rights, Rules, and Conley v. Gibson.” Howard Law Journal 52 (1): 73–98.Google Scholar
Singer, Jordan M. 2014. “Gossiping about Judges.” Florida State University Law Review 42 (2): 427–78.Google Scholar
Songer, Donald R. 1987. “The Impact of the Supreme Court on Trends in Economic Policy Making in the United States Courts of Appeals.” Journal of Politics 49 (3): 830–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Songer, Donald R., Cameron, Charles. M., and Segal, Jeffrey A. 1995. “An Empirical Test of the Rational-Actor Theory of Litigation.” Journal of Politics 57 (4): 1119–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaeth, Harold, Epstein, Lee, Ruger, Theodore, Whittington, Keith, Segal, Jeffrey. A., and Martin, Andrew D. 2011. “Supreme Court Database Code Book 2011 Release 03.” Supreme Court Database, Washington University in St. Louis. http://scdb.wustl.edu/.Google Scholar
Spencer, A. Benjamin. 2008. “Plausibility Pleading.” Boston College Law Review 49 (2): 431–94.Google Scholar
Spiller, Pablo T., and Ferejohn, John. 1992. “The Economics and Politics of Administrative Law and Procedures: An Introduction.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 8 (1): 1–7.Google Scholar
Spriggs, James F. 1996. “The Supreme Court and Federal Administrative Agencies: A Resource-Based Theory and Analysis of Judicial Impact.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (4): 1122–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinman, Adam. 2016. “Ever Wonder Which SCOTUS Cases Have Been Cited the Most?” Civil Procedure and Federal Courts Blog, September 21. https://lawprofessors.typepad.com/civpro/2016/09/ever-wonder-which-scotus-cases-have-been-cited-the-most.html Google Scholar
Stewart, Devon J. 2010. “Take Me Home to Conley v. Gibson, Country Roads: An Analysis of the Effect of Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal on West Virginia’s Pleading Doctrine.” West Virginia Law Review 113 (1): 167–208.Google Scholar
Stidham, Ronald, and Carp, Robert A. 1982. “Trial Courts’ Responses to Supreme Court Policy Changes—Three Case Studies.” Law and Policy Quarterly 4 (2): 215–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunshine, Benjamin, and Pereyra, Victor Abel. 2015. “Access-to-Justice v. Efficiency: An Empirical Study of Settlement Rates after Twombly and Iqbal.” University of Illinois Law Review 2015 (1): 357–400.Google Scholar
Sweet, Martin J. 2010. Merely Judgment: Ignoring, Evading, and Trumping the Supreme Court. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Swenson, Karen. 2004. “Federal District Court Judges and the Decision to Publish.” Justice System Journal 25 (2): 121–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Congress. 2009a. Access to Justice Denied: Ashcroft v. Iqbal. Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the Committee on the Judiciary. 111th Cong., H.R. Doc. No. 111–36. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US Congress. 2009b. “Notice Pleading Restoration Act of 2009.” 111th Cong., S. 1504.Google Scholar
US Congress. 2010. “Notice Pleading Restoration Act of 2010.” 111th Cong., S. 4054.Google Scholar
US Congress. 2011. Barriers to Justice and Accountability: How the Supreme Court’s Recent Rulings Will Affect Corporate Behavior. Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary. 112th Cong., S. Doc. No. J-112-31. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US Courts. 2018a. “Judicial Business of 2018.” http://www.uscourts.gov/.Google Scholar
US Congress. 2018b. “Table C-2. U.S. District Courts––Civil Cases Commenced, by Basis of Jurisdiction and Nature of Suit, During the 12-Month Periods Ending March 31, 2017 and 2018.” https://www.uscourts.gov/statistics/table/c-2/federal-judicial-caseload-statistics/2018/03/31s.Google Scholar
US Supreme Court. 2010. “Rules of the Supreme Court.” http://www.supremecourt.gov.Google Scholar
Wasby, Stephen L. 1984. The Supreme Court in the Federal Judicial System. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Wasserman, Howard. 2012. “Overcoming Iqbal.” PrawfsBlawg, June 26. http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com.Google Scholar
Wedeking, Justin. 2010. “Supreme Court Litigants and Strategic Framing.” American Journal of Political Science 54 (3): 617–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, Darren A. 2010. “Methodological, Theoretical and Topical Challenges in Judicial Implementation and Impact Studies.” Indiana Journal of Political Science 13:18–26.Google Scholar
Willging, Thomas E., and Lee, Emery G. 2010. “In Their Words: Attorney Views about Costs and Procedures in Federal Civil Litigation.” Federal Judicial Center, Washington, DC. http://www.fjc.gov.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yackee, Jason Webb, and Yackee, Susan Webb. 2010. “Administrative Procedures and Bureaucratic Performance: Is Federal Rule-Making ‘Ossified’?” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 20 (2): 261–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yacobucci, Peter, and McGovern, Patrick. 2014. “The Missed Revolution: How Twombly and Iqbal Tilted the Legal Playing Field While Political Science Remained Silent.” Politics, Bureaucracy and Justice 4 (1): 42–49.Google Scholar
Yoon, Albert, and Baker, Tom. 2006. “Offer-of-Judgment Rules and Civil Litigation: An Empirical Study of Automobile Insurance Litigation in the East.” Vanderbilt Law Review 59 (1): 153–96.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Hazelton Supplementary material
Download undefined(File)
File 549.7 KB