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Surveying the Lands of Republican Indígenas: Contentious Nineteenth-Century Efforts to Abolish Indigenous Resguardos near Bogotá, Colombia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2019

Lina del Castillo Open the ORCID record for Lina del Castillo [Opens in a new window]
Lina del Castillo*
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of History and Latin American Studies, University of Texas at Austin
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*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected].
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Abstract

Nineteenth-century republicans across the political spectrum agreed: the Spanish monarchy produced ‘miserable Indians’. Abolishing tribute and privatising communal lands, known as resguardos in New Granada (roughly today's Panama and Colombia), would transform that wretched class into equal citizens. Drawing on late eighteenth-century privatisation efforts by the Spanish Crown, early republican leaders in Gran Colombia inaugurated an era seeking equal access to wealth from communal land for all indigenous community members. After Gran Colombia (the first Colombian Republic, 1819–30) dissolved into New Granada, Ecuador and Venezuela in 1830, New Granada's experiments with indigenous resguardo policies went further. By then, legislative efforts considered the needs of all resguardo members, including unmarried mothers and their illegitimate children. Complex laws, diverse ecological terrain and nuanced social realities required well-trained surveyors to ensure each eligible indigenous family received a fair share of land. Whereas indigenous communities in Pasto, Santa Marta and the Cauca river valley resorted to armed insurrection against liberal policies through the War of the Supremes (1839–42), those in the highlands near Bogotá did not. Instead, these republican indígenas – with their greater access to the levers of power housed in the national capital – chose to engage in the reforms of a decentralising state. This article reveals how contentious experiments seeking republican equality within indigenous resguardos as a path towards abolishing the institution were consistently stymied by efforts to ensure that indigenous community governance and communal landholding remained intact.

Spanish abstract

Los republicanos del siglo XIX de todas las tendencias políticas estaban de acuerdo con una idea: la monarquía española había producido ‘indios miserables’. Se pensó que abolir el tributo y privatizar las tierras comunales, conocidas como resguardos en la Nueva Granada (aproximadamente lo que es hoy Panamá y Colombia) transformarían a esta clase miserable en ciudadanos iguales. Basándose en las medidas de privatización de la Corona española de fines del siglo XVIII, los primeros líderes republicanos de la Gran Colombia (la primera república Colombiana, 1819–30) inauguraron una era que buscaba un acceso igualitario a la riqueza de las tierras comunales para todos los miembros de las comunidades indígenas. Tras la disolución de la Gran Colombia en Nueva Granada, Ecuador y Venezuela en 1830, los experimentos con los resguardos indígenas habían ido más lejos. Para entonces, los esfuerzos legislativos tuvieron en cuenta las necesidades de todos los miembros del resguardo, incluidas madres solteras y sus hijos ilegítimos. Leyes complejas, diversos terrenos ecológicos y realidades sociales específicas requerían de agrimensores bien capacitados para asegurarse que cada familia indígena elegible recibiera una parte justa de terrenos. Mientras que algunas comunidades indígenas en Pasto, Santa Marta y el valle del Cauca recurrieron a la insurrección armada en contra de las políticas liberales en la Guerra de los Supremos (1839–42), aquellas en las tierras altas de Bogotá no lo hicieron. Más bien, estos indígenas republicanos – con su mayor acceso a las palancas del poder establecidas en la capital – se involucraron en las reformas de un estado descentralizador. Este artículo muestra cómo experimentos contenciosos que buscaban una igualdad republicana al interior de los resguardos como camino hacia la abolición de la institución fueron consistentemente bloqueados por otros esfuerzos para asegurar que la gobernanza sobre comunidades indígenas y la tenencia de la tierra se mantuvieran intactas.

Portuguese abstract

Republicanos do século dezanove em todo o espectro político concordaram: A monarquia Espanhola produziu ‘índios miseráveis’. A abolição de tributos e a privatização de terras comunitárias indígenas conhecidas como resguardos em Nova Granada (região que hoje abrange o Panamá e a Colômbia) transformariam essa classe ignorada em cidadãos iguais. Partindo das medidas de privatização da Coroa Espanhola aos fins do século dezoito, os primeiros líderes republicanos da Grã-Colômbia (a primeira república Colombiana, 1819–30) inauguraram uma era que buscava acesso igualitário à riqueza de terras comunitárias para todos os membros da comunidade indígena. Após a Grã-Colômbia ter se transformado em Nova Granada, Equador e Venezuela em 1830, os experimentos de Nova Granada com as políticas de resguardos indígenas foram mais longe. Nessa época, os esforços legislativos consideravam as necessidades do todos os membros do resguardo incluindo mães solteiras e seus filhos ilegítimos. Leis complexas, terreno ecológico diverso e realidades sociais diferenciadas requereram agrimensores bem treinados que pudessem garantir que cada família indígena elegível recebesse uma parte justa de terrenos. Diferentemente das comunidades indígenas em Pasto, Santa Marta e no Vale do Rio Cauca, que recorreram a insurreições armadas contra políticas liberais através da Guerra dos Supremos (1839–42), as comunidades no planalto perto de Bogotá não o fizeram. Ao invés disso esses indígenas republicanos escolheram se engajar com as reformas que o Estado descentralizante ofereceu, tendo grande acesso aos eixos de poder localizados na capital nacional. Este artigo revela como experimentos contenciosos que buscavam igualdade republicana dentro dos resguardos indígenas como maneira de abolir tal instituição foram consistentemente obstruídos através de esforços para assegurar que a governança da comunidades indígena e posse de terra permanecessem intactos.

Keywords

New GranadaColombiaresguardosland surveysrepublicindigenous peoplesNueva GranadaColombiaresguardosmediciones de tierrarepúblicapueblos indígenasNova GranadaColômbiaresguardoslevantamento topográficorepúblicapovos indígenas
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Latin American Studies , Volume 51 , Issue 4 , November 2019 , pp. 771 - 799
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

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References

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20 Ibid., pp. 85–6. The war – by spreading disease – nevertheless affected indigenous people in the high plains surrounding Bogotá: 5,000 to 6,000 people died of smallpox. See Lleras, Andrés Soriano, ‘La medicina y la enseñanza médica en Colombia’, in Chaparro, Fernando and Sagasti, Francisco R. (eds.), Ciencia y tecnología en Colombia (Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura), p. 215Google Scholar.

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33 John Lynch dismisses this and other decrees by Bolívar on the Indian question, arguing that they ‘were limited in scope and misguided in intent’, because they made Indians only more vulnerable. See John Lynch, Simón Bolívar: A Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 154–5. Bolívar was nevertheless well aware of the need to gain legitimacy among indigenous populations, and his decree reflects this.

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36 [Congreso General de Colombia], ‘Ley 4 de octubre [1821] sobre estincion de los tributos de los indíjenas, distribución de sus resguardos, y esenciones que se les conceden’, in Cuerpo de leyes de la república de Colombia (Caracas: Impr. de V. Espinal, 1840), pp. 87–8.

37 Ibid. For the liberalism of the Cortes de Cádiz, see Rodriguez, Jaime O., ‘We Are Now the True Spaniards’: Sovereignty, Revolution, Independence, and the Emergence of the Federal Republic of Mexico, 1808–1824 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

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39 ‘Boyacá’, in Suplemento a la Gaceta de Colombia, no. 284, 25 March 1827.

40 ‘Decreto del Poder Ejecutivo’, Gaceta de Colombia, no. 379, 19 Dec. 1828, trimestre 30.

41 Ibid.

42 ‘Tesoreria Departamental de Cundinamarca’, Gaceta de Colombia, no. 545, 16 Oct. 1831, trimestre 43; ‘Tesoreria de Bogotá’, Gaceta de la Nueva Granada (hereafter GNG), no. 11, 5 Feb. 1832, trimestre 1; ‘Nombramientos en el ramo de hacienda …’, GNG, no. 15, 19 Feb. 1832.

43 Echeverri, ‘Popular Royalists, Empire, and Politics in Southwestern New Granada’.

44 Nueva Granada, Constitución Política del Estado de Nueva Granada de 1832, in Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, available at , last access 19 Nov. 2018.

45 GNG, no. 9, 29 Jan. 1832, trimestre 1.

46 Ibid.

47 Ibid.

48 For the law, see Lei 2.– Marzo 6 de 1832: ‘Sobre repartimiento de los resguardos de indíjenas’, in Pombo (ed.), Recopilación de leyes de la Nueva Granada, pp. 100–1.

49 Thurner, From Two Republics to One Divided.

50 Samper, Ensayo, pp. 60–4.

51 Ibid., p. 63.

52 Gaceta de Colombia, no. 530, 21 Aug. 1831, trimestre 42.

53 Lei 3.– Junio 2 de 1834: ‘Adicional á las leyes sobre repartimiento de los resguardos de indíjenas’.

54 Ibid.

55 Sanders, ‘Belonging to the Great Granadan Family’, p. 68.

56 Art. 5, Lei 3.– Junio 2 de 1834, p. 101.

57 Lleras, Lorenzo María, Catecismo de agrimensura, apropiado al uso de los granadinos (Bogotá: Imprenta de la Universidad, 1834)Google Scholar, in Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia (hereafter BNC), Fondo Anselmo Pineda, 711, pieza 9, available at , last access 19 Nov. 2018.

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61 Ibid., pp. 29–30.

62 Ibid., pp. 29, 30.

63 Ibid., p. 30.

64 Ibid.

65 El Constitucional de Cundinamarca (Bogotá), 6 Nov. 1836, pp. 195–6.

66 Mantilla, José María, Esposición que el jeneral José María Mantilla, gobernador interino de la provincia de Bogotá, presenta a la cámara de la misma en sus sesiones de 1835 (Bogotá: Nicomedes Lora, 1835), pp. 17–18Google Scholar, catalogued by the BNC, Fondo Anselmo Pineda, 242, pieza 1, available at , last access 5 Dec. 2018.

67 Craib, Cartographic Mexico, p. 115.

68 Art. 4, Lei 3.– Junio 2 de 1834, p. 101.

69 Art. 146, Cap. 21, ‘Concluye la ley que fija los derechos que corresponden a los jueces … ’, Gaceta de Colombia, no. 164, 5 Dec. 1824, trimestre 13.

70 Ibid.

71 Villoría, Ramón, ‘Estracto de la esposición de la provincial de Bogotá, presentado por su gobernador interino, Dr. Ramón Villoría a la Cámara Provincial en sus sesiones de este año’, Gaceta de la Nueva Granada (Bogotá), 22 Oct. 1837Google Scholar, catalogued in BNC, Fondo Anselmo Pineda, VFDUI–1574, pieza 1.

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74 Lei 3.– Junio 2 de 1834.

75 Herrán, Pedro Alcántara, Esposición del Secretario de Estado en el Despacho del Interior i Relaciones Esteriores del Gobierno de la Nueva Granada, al Congreso Constitucional del año de 1839 (Bogotá: Imp. de N. Lora, 1839), pp. 49–51Google Scholar, catalogued in BNC, Fondo Vergara, 264, pieza 3.

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77 For the fragmenting logic unleashed in New Granada by the abdication of the Spanish kings to Napoleon, see Ardila, Daniel Gutiérrez, Un nuevo reino: Geografía política, pactismo y diplomacia durante el interregno en Nueva Granada (1808–1816) (Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2010), pp. 41–234Google Scholar. For the War of the Supremes, see Uribe de Hincapié and López Lopera, Las palabras de la guerra, pp. 53–196; Earle, Rebecca, ‘The War of the Supremes: Border Conflict, Religious Crusade or Simply Politics by Other Means?’, in Earle, Rebecca (ed.), Rumours of Wars: Civil Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Latin America (London: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), pp. 119–34Google Scholar.

78 Repression went beyond indigenous guerrillas to include the men fleeing slavery in Cauca who also joined General José María Obando against the central government. See Uribe de Hincapié and López Lopera, Las palabras de la guerra, pp. 95–7.

79 Lei 4.– Junio 23 de 1843: ‘Sobre proteccion á los indíjenas’, in Pombo (ed.), Recopilación de leyes de la Nueva Granada, pp. 102–3.

80 Art. 7 in Ibid., p. 103. For this post under Spanish rule, see Novoa, Mauricio, The Protectors of Indians in the Royal Audience of Lima: History, Careers and Legal Culture, 1575–1775 (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

81 ‘Cuadro de los negocios que se han pasado a la segunda comision de peticiones …’, Gaceta Oficial (Bogotá), no. 984, 1 June 1848, p. 340.

82 Art. 21, Lei 3.– Junio 2 de 1834: ‘Adicional á las leyes sobre repartimiento’. For a selection of provinces that delayed or suspended resguardo partitioning by the 1840s, see ‘Extracto de la exposición que el jefe político encargado de la Gobernación de Neiva presentó a la Camara’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 1027, 18 Feb. 1849, trimestre 72, p. 49; ‘Informe que el Gobernador de Tuquerres presenta a la H. Camara Provincial’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 969, 6 April 1848, trimestre 69, pp. 217–21, here p. 221; ‘Extracto de la exposición que el Gobernador del Chocó presenta a la Camara Provincial en su última reunion’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 1024, 28 Jan. 1849, p. 26.

83 ‘Informe del Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores i Mejoras Internas’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 979, 14 May 1848, pp. 300–4, here p. 302.

84 ‘Informe del Secretario de Gobierno al Congreso Constitucional de 1849’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 1032, 25 March 1849, trimestre 72, pp. 93–8, here p. 95.

85 Ordenanza 47 de 5 de Octubre de 1848 (Bogotá), BNC, Fondo Caro, 2057.

86 Hand-written dedication at the top of El Constitucional de Cundinamarca (Bogotá), 24 Sept. 1849, in Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, Bogotá, Fondo Hemeroteca, no. topográfico 32819.

87 Appelbaum, Nancy, Mapping the Country of Regions: The Chorographic Commission of Nineteenth-Century Colombia (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

88 For maps drawn by Colegio Militar students, see Archivo General de la Nación (AGN): Sección Mapas y Planos (SMP) 1, ref. 67; SMP 1, ref. 69; SMP 1, ref. 143; SMP 2, ref. 1246; SMP 2, ref. 1–21; SMP 6, ref, 142; SMP 6, ref. 246; SMP 6, ref. 242 bis.

89 Agustín Codazzi, ‘No oficial: Colejio Militar’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 1028, 25 Feb. 1849, pp. 62–4.

90 Arboleda, Luis Carlos, ‘Introducción del sistema métrico decimal en Colombia a mediados del siglo XIX’, Cuadernos de Investigación y Formación en Educación Matemática, 9: 12 (2014), pp. 73–86Google Scholar.

91 Manuel Ponce [de León], ‘Representación’, El Constitucional de Cundinamarca (Bogotá), 22 Nov. 1851, p. 201.

92 Januario Salgar, ‘Invitación’, El Constitucional de Cundinamarca (Bogotá), 3 Jan. 1852, p. 4.

93 ‘Contrata’, El Constitucional de Cundinamarca (Bogotá), 14 Feb. 1852, pp. 27–8.

94 ‘Provincia de Bogotá: Informe del gobernador de la Cámara Provincial, Indíjenas’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 1435, 18 Oct. 1852, pp. 701–2, here p. 701.

95 Secretaría de Guerra, ‘Informe sobre los exámenes del colegio militar’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 1336, 7 April 1852, p. 246.

96 El Repertorio, no. 3 (1853), cited in Garcia-Mejia, ‘Transformation of the Indian Communities’, p. 101n76.

97 For decentralization see Paola Ruiz, ‘La génesis del federalismo en la Nueva Granada: Federación y descentralización a mediados del siglo XIX’, unpublished M.A. Thesis, Colegio de México, 2017; del Castillo, Crafting a Republic for the World.

98 J. Miguel Acevedo, ‘Provincia de Cipaquirá: Informe del gobernador a la Cámara Provincial’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 1435, 18 October 1852, pp. 702–4, here p. 703.

99 ‘Contrata’, El Constitucional de Cundinamarca (Bogotá), 14 Feb. 1852, pp. 27–8.

100 Garcia-Mejia, ‘Transformation of the Indian Communities’, p. 112.

101 Acevedo, ‘Provincia de Cipaquirá: Informe del gobernador a la Cámara Provincial’, p. 703.

102 Request from the indígenas of Suba and Cota to the provincial chamber, April 1853, AGN, Sección República, Gobernación de Bogotá, vol. 34, fos. 314r–315v, cited in Garcia-Mejia, ‘Transformation of the Indian Communities’, p. 102n77.

103 Gobernación de la provincia de Tequendama, ‘Invitacion’, Gaceta Oficial, no. 1507, 28 April 1853, p. 328–9, here p. 328.

104 ‘Provincia de Bogotá: Informe del gobernador de la Cámara Provincial, Indíjenas’, p. 701.

105 Ibid.

106 Rappaport, Joanne, Cumbe Reborn: An Andean Ethnography of History (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 24Google Scholar. By 1890, what had formerly been New Granada was known as the Colombian Republic.

107 Ibid., p. 26.

108 José Juan Leiva Millán, El Neo-Granadino (Bogotá), 1 Dec. 1853, p. 441.

109 ‘En cumplimiento del art. 7 del decreto ejecutivo de 31 de Octubre de 1861 sobre “formación de padrones”’, AGN Notarías, Notaría 4a/1888, f.161rv.

110 ‘Copia del Padrón de indígenas comuneros en el Resguardo del Distrito de Suba Año de 1877’, AGN Notarías, Notaría 4a/1888, f. 189r–200rv.

111 ‘Casación: Negocios civiles Corte Suprema de Justicia – Bogotá, diciembre siete de mil ochocientos noventa y cuatro’, Gaceta Judicial: Órgano oficial de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Año X, Bogotá 23 de Febrero 1895, no. 497, pp. 225–9.

112 Antorveza, Adolfo Triana, Legislación indígena nacional: Leyes, decretos, resoluciones, jurisprudencia y doctrina (Bogotá: Librería y Editorial América Latina, 1980), p. 33Google Scholar.

113 ‘Así viven los muiscas que sobreviven en Suba’, El Tiempo (Bogotá), 7 Feb. 2014.