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³ Gilbert, Dennis, La oligarquía peruana: historia de tres familias (Lima, 1982), pp. 49–52.Google ScholarBertram, Geoffrey, ‘Development Problems in an Export Economy: A Study of Domestic Capitalists, Foreign Firms and Government in Peru, 1919–1930’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Oxford, 1974), pp. 258–9, 279Google Scholar; Thorp, Rosemary, ‘Endeudamiento o inversión directa: consideraciones a partir del caso peruano’, in Eduardo, Ferrero C. (ed.), El Perú frente al capital extranjero: deuda e inversión (Lima, 1985), p. 33.Google Scholar This third position, the best formulated and researched yet, has opened fundamental avenues of research: the present study owes much to its approach.

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