Many people assisted me with this manuscript. First, the staff of the Biblioteca Nacional, Arquivo Nacional and the Arquivo Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro provided invaluable support and advice. This project would also not have been possible without the assistance of a local historian, Olivia Maria Rodrigues Galvão, who generously allowed me access to her microfilm copies of the minutes of meetings of the Sociedade de Resistência dos Trabalhadores em Trapiche e Café, and to those at the Sindicato dos Arrumadores in Gambôa who put me in contact with her. My thanks also to the Institute of Latin American Studies at La Trobe University, Melbourne, and in particular to Barry Carr and Ralph Newmark for their encouragement and research suggestions, as well as to Patrick Wolfe, Peter McPhee and David Goodman at the University of Melbourne.