¹ For examples of recent studies of the Brazilian State, see: Sérgio Henrique Abranches, Empresa estatal e capitalismo: uma análise comparada’, paper delivered at the 27th meeting of S.B.P.C. in Brasília, July 1976; Baer, Werner, Kerstenetzky, Isaac and Villela, Anníbal, ‘The Changing Role of the State in the Brazilian Economy’, World Development, No. 1(1973), 23–4;CrossRefGoogle ScholarDam, Sulamis, ‘Empresa estatal e politica econômica no Brasil’, unpublished manuscript of FINEP, Mar. 1977;Google ScholarFitzgerald, E. V. K., ‘Some Aspects of the Political Economy of the Latin American State’, Development and Change, No. 7 (1976), 119–33;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSuzigan, Wilson, ‘As empresas do governo e o papel do Estado na economia brasileira’, in Aspectos da partidpação do governo na economia (eds. Silva, Fernando A. Rezende da et al. ,) (Rio, IPEA/INPES, 1976), pp. 77–107;Google Scholarda Silva, Fernando Antônio Rezende, ‘A evolução das funçõcs do govêrno e a expansāo do setor público brasileiro’, Pesquisa e Planejamento, No. I (1971), 235–82;Google ScholarLeff, Nathaniel H., ‘Uma perspectiva a longo prazo do desenvolvimento e do subdesenvolvimento brasileiro’, Revista Brasileira de Economia, No. 26 (1972), 147–68;Google ScholarBaer, Werner, Richard Newfarmer and Thomas Trebat, ‘On State Capitalism in Brazil: Some New Issues and Questions’, inter-American Economic Affairs, No. 30 (1976), 69–92.Google Scholar

² Myrdal, Gunner, Beyond the Welfare State; Economic Planning and its international Implications (New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 1960), II, 14–15.Google Scholar

³ Bakianoff, Eric, Fatôres externos no desenvolvimento econ6mico do ponto nevràlgico do Brasil: O Centro-Sul, 1889–1930’, Revista Brasikira de Economia, No. 21 (1967) 49;Google ScholarFilho, Alberto Venancio, A inrervenção do Estado no dominio económico (Rio, Fundaço Getúlio Vargas, 1968), p. 35.Google Scholar

⁴ Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Modern World System. Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, Academic Press, 1976) andGoogle ScholarWallerstein, , ‘The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, No. 16 (1974), 387–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Amin, Samir, Le développement inégal, Essai sur ks formations sociales di capitalisme péripherique (Paris, Les Editions de Minuit, 1973).Google Scholar

⁵ For more on the Republican Revolution in Brazil, see Boehrer, George C., Da Monarquia á República (Rio, Ministério da Educaço e Cultura, 1954),Google ScholarBoehrer, , The Brazilian Republican Revolution: Old and New Views ’, Luso-Brazilian Review, No. 3 (1966), 43–57;Google Scholarda Costa, Emilia Viottia, ‘Sobre as origens da República’, Anais do Museu Paulista, No. 18 (1964), 63–120,Google ScholarGraham, Richard, ‘Landowners and the Overthrow of the Empire’, Luso-Brazilian Review, No. 7 (1970), 44–56,Google ScholarMartin, Percy Alvin, ‘Causes of the Collapse of the Brazilian Empire’, Hispanic American Historical Review, No. 4 (1921), 4–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶ Duncan, Julian, Public and Private Operation of Railways in Brazil (New York, Columbia University 1932), p. 87;Google ScholarThe South American Handbook (London, Trade and Travel Publications, 1921), p. 43; Brazil, Repartilo Geral dos Teléegrafos, Relatorio, 1925 (Rio, Imprensa Nacional, 1925), PP. 45, 75; Diretoria Geral de Estatistica, Annuario Estatistico, 1912, p.: Economia e finanas (Rio, Typ. da EstatIstica, 5917), pp. LVI, LlX Rrazil, Minisrerio da Viao, Indstrias a Obras Publicas, Relatorio, 1925 (Rio, Imprensa Nacional, 1925), pp. 166–76; Congresso brasileiro de expansāo ecônmica, Congresso brasikiro de expansāo econnôica (Rio, Imprensa Nacional, 1906), pp. 525, 126, 28,.Google Scholar

⁷ I arrived at this conclusion about the Government's revenue as a share of the GNP by estimating Brazil's GNP for the years 1907, 1919, and 1926 from figures given in Anníbal Villela and Wilson Suzigan, Politica do governo e crescimento da economia brasileira, 1889–25 (Rio, IPEA/INPES, 1973), pp. 94, 241;Google ScholarSimonsen, Roberto, Evolução industrial do Brasil e outros estudos (ed. Carone, Edgard) (São Paulo, Editora Nacional e USP, 1973), p. 63;Google ScholarBaer, Werner, A industrialização e o desenvolvimento económico do Brasil (translated by Rodrigues, Paulo de Almeida, and ed., Rio, Fundação Getiúlio Vargas, 1975), p. 301.Google Scholar Brazilian revenue figures came from Wilenian's Brazilian Review, 11 Mar. 1926, pp. 303, 304. Revenue and GNP figures for the United States came from The Statistical History of the United States from Colonial Times to the Present (Stamford, Connecticut, Fairfield Publishers, 1965), pp. 141, 711, and for Great Britain from Phyllis Deane and Cole, W. A., British Economic Growth, 1688–1969 (2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 333.Google Scholar

⁸ Graham, Richard, Government Expenditures and Political Change in Brazil, 1880–1899: Who Got What’, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, No. 19 (1977), 343.Google Scholar

⁹ Faoro, Rayrnundo, Os donos do poder; formaçào do patronato politico brasileiro (2nd ed., a vols., São Paulo, Editora Globo/Editora da USP, 1975), and Simon Schwartzman, Sã Paulo e o estado nacional (São Paulo, DIFEL, 1975).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Carone, Edgard, A República Velha, instituiçoes e classes sociais (São Paulo, DIFEL, 1979), pp. 154–5;Google ScholarWirth, John D., ‘Minas e a naçao: um estudo de poder e dependência regional, 1885–1937’ in História geral da civilizafao brasileira, Vol. 8 (ed. Fausto, Boris), (São Paulo, DIFEL/Difusão Editorial, 1975), p. 87;Google ScholarLove, Joseph, Rio Grande do Sul and Brazilian Regionalism, 1882–1930 (Stanford University Press, 1971);Google Scholarde Almeida, BrunoMagalhães, Arthur Bernardes, estadista da República (Rio, Livraria José Olyrnpio Editora, 1973), p. 3.Google Scholar

¹¹ Gerschenkron, Alexander, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass., The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962).Google Scholar

¹² The best studies of industrialization policy during the First Republic are Baer, Werner, Industrialization and Economic Development in Brazil (Homewood, Illinois, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1965);Google ScholarDean, Warren, The lndustrialization of São Paulo (University of Texas Press, 1969);Google ScholarLuz, Nicia Vilela, A luta pela industrialização do Brasil (Sãb Paulo, Alfa-Omega, 1975);Google ScholarStein, Stanley, The Brazilian Cotton Manufacture; Textile Enterprise in an Underdeveloped Area (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1957),CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Villela and Suzigan, Politica do governo.Google Scholar Also see Topik, Steven, ‘The Role of the State and Economic Nationalism in an Underdeveloped Country; Brazil, 1889–1930’, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 1978, Chap. 3.Google Scholar

¹³ Rio News, Rio de Janeiro, 17 June 1891, p. 1. For more on the Encilhamento,Google Scholar see Wileman, J. P., Brazilian Exchange, The Study of Inconvertible Currency (1896. Rpt. New York, Greenwood Press, 1969),Google Scholar and Taunay, Aifredo d'Escragnolle, O Encilhamento (1893, Rpt. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Itatiaia Limitada, 1971).Google Scholar

¹⁴ da Fazenda, Ministorio, Relatorio, 1893, p. 72; Villela, Politica do governo, pp. 424, 451.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Pelaez, Carlos and Suzigan, Wilson, História monetdria do Brasil; análise da politica, comportamento e instituições monetárias (Rio, IPEA/INPES, 1976), pp. 376, 382.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Ibid., Ministerio da Fazenda, Rclatorio, 1918, p. VIII and 1918, p. VIII. Villela, Politico do governo, pp. 414, 455; Lough, William, Financtal Developments in South American Countries (Washington D.C., Government Printing Office, 1915), p. 24.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Villela, Poiutica do governo, p. 414.Google Scholar

¹⁸ de Campos Salles, Manoel Ferraz, Da propaganda a presidencia (Sãb Paulo, Typ. ‘A Editora’, 1908), pp. 186, 197.Google Scholar

¹⁹ da Fazenda, Ministerio, Relatório, 1906, p. v.Google Scholar

²⁰ Furtado, Celso, The Economic Growth of Brazil, a Survey from Colonial to Modern Times (translated by Ricardo Aguiar, W. and Drysdale, Eric Charles, University of California Press, 1971), p. 182;Google Scholarde Lacerda, Joaquirn Franco, Memorandum sobre a situação estatistica do café no mundo (Rio, Imprensa Nacional, 1898), pp. 19–21, 29.Google Scholar

²¹ Brazil, , Documentos Parlamentares, Caixa de Conuersão (Paris, Typographia Aillaud Alves & Cia., 1914), pp. 49, 59;Google ScholarLevy, Maria Bárbara, Hisgória dos bancos comerciais no Brasil (Rio, IBMEC, 1972), p. 56;Google ScholarNeuhaus, Paulo, Historía monetaria do Brasil, 1900–1945 (Rio, IBMEC, 1975), p. 41; Villela, Poiltica do governo, p. 41.Google Scholar

²² Brazil, Caixa de Conversão, p. 49; Villela, Politica do governo, pp. 314–16.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid., pp. 314–16. For more on the defense of coffee, see Boris Fausto, ‘Expansão do café e política cafeeira’ in História geral da civilização brasileira, Vol. 8; Fausto, Boris (ed.), O Brasil Republicano, estrutura de poder e economia (Sāo Paulo, DIFEL/Difusão Editorial, 1975);Google ScholarHolloway, Thomas H., The Brazilian Coffee Valorization of 1906 (Madison, Wisconsin, The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1971);Google ScholarManuel, Carlos Pelaez, ‘Análise econômica do programa brasileiro de sustentação do café, 1906–1945’, Revista Brasileira de Economia, No. 25 (1971), pp. 5–212;Google ScholarTaunay, Affonso d'Escragnolle, História do café no Brasil, Vols. 9, 10 (Rio, Departmento Nacional do Café, 1939); Topik, ‘The Economic Role of the State,’ Chap. 4.Google Scholar

²⁴ Villela, Politica do governo, pp. 314–16; Mensagem dirigida ao Congresso Nacional por Presidente Delfim Moreira, 3 May 1919 (Rio, Imprensa Nacional, 1919), p. 8.Google Scholar

²⁵ da Fazenda, Ministerio, Relatorio, 1898, pp. 554, 556.Google Scholar

²⁶ da Fazenda, Ministerio, Relatorio, 1918, p. VIII; Wileman's Brazilian Review, 30 April 1924, p. 555.Google Scholar

²⁷ da Fazenda, Ministerio, Relatorio, 1898, pp. 554, 556;Google ScholarBrazil, , Camara dos Deputados, Anais, 1897, 7 (Rio, Imprensa Nacional, 1897), 655, 656.Google Scholar

²⁸ Levy, História dos bancos, p. 71.Google Scholar

²⁹ de Estatística, Directoria Geral, Ann uario Estatlstica, 1912, p. xlvii.Google Scholar

³⁰ Camara dos Deputados, Anais, 1923, 23 July, pp. 214, 245.Google Scholar

³¹ Baer, A industrialização do Brasil, p. 262. For more on coffee, see footnote 23.Google Scholar

³² Duncan, Public Operation of Railways, p. 87.Google Scholar

³³ Brasil Ferro Carril, 15 Sept. 1920, pp. 529, 543;Google ScholarWalle, Paule, Au Brésil, Aperçu Générale (Paris, Librairie Orientale & Americaine 1912), p. 8;Google ScholarMensagem dirigida ao Congresso Nacional pelo Presidente … Campos Salles, 3 May 1901, p. 28 and Mensagem of President Deodoro da Fonseca, 15 June 1891.Google Scholar

³⁴ The Brazilian Review, 32 Nov. 1901, p. 768 and 17 Sept. 1907, p. 1073. Duncan, Public Operation of Railways, pp. 35–7; Commercio e Industria, July 1919, p. 245.Google Scholar

³⁵ Duncan, Public Operation of Railways, p. 82.Google Scholar

³⁶ Quoted in Brazilian Review, 7 May 1901, p. 320.Google Scholar

³⁷ Quoted in Brazilian Review, 9 May 1899, p. 300.Google Scholar

³⁸ Mensagem … Cam pos Salles, 3 May 1900, pp. 28, 29; Ministerio da Fazenda, Relatorio, 1898, pp. 5, 53; Alcindo Guanabara, A presidéncia Campos Salles (Rio, Laemmert, 1902).Google Scholar

³⁹ Review, Wileman's Brazilian, 25 Sept. 1937, p. 266;Google Scholarde Informaçoes Garantida, Empreza, Brazil Railroad (Rio, 1915).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ de Informações Garantida, Empreza, Brazil Railroad; The Brazil Yearbook, 1909 (ed. Wileman, J. P., New York, Fairbanks, G. R., 1909), pp. 792, 794.Google Scholar

⁴¹ For more examples of fears of foreign invasion and protest against the Brazil Railroad, see: Diario de Pernambuco, Recife, 27 June 1913, p. I; Brazilian Review, 6 June 1951, p. 560; Correio Paulistano (São Paulo) 2 Dec. 1912 p. I; Brasil Ferro Carril, 15 June 1913, p. I.Google Scholar

⁴² Baer, Werner, The Development of the Brazilian Steel Industry (Nashville, Tennessee, Vanderbilt University Press, 1969), p. 59;Google ScholarVillela, Politica do governo, p. 353; Jamal do Commercio, Rio, 17 May 1924, p. 3; Ministerio da Fazenda, Relatório, 1918 p. VIII; Brazil, Diana Official, 9 Sept. 1928, Congressional Supplement;Google ScholarSmith, Peter Seaborn, ‘Oil and Politics in Modern Brazi’, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of New Mexico, 1969, Pp. 55, 16, 20, 21;Google ScholarVillar, Frederico, A nacionalzzação dos seus scrviços (Rio, Typ. São Sebastião, 1924), pp. I, 2.Google Scholar

⁴³ Santos, Maria José et al. , Aspectos do crescimento da economia 1880–1969 (Rio, Fundaçio Getúlio Vargas, 1971), p. 243;Google ScholarVillela, Poiltica do governo, p. 353; Jornal do Commercio, Rio, 19 Feb. 1913, p. 7;Google ScholarBrazil, , Governo Provisional, Leis do Brasil, 1890, 8, 1782.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Geraldo Rocha, former head of the Brazil Railroad noted in Nacionalisino; politico e econónico (Rio, Oficinas da A Noite, 1937), pp. 7–9, that the Brazil Railroad requested that the State of Sāo Paulo take over the BR's Sarocabana railroad. Wileman's Brazilian Review, 25 Sept. 1917, p. 266 and Empreza de Informações Garantida, Brazil Railroad (Rio, Empreza de Informações Garantida, 1918) report that occasionally the Government purchased companies for less than the former owners desired as with the Novo Hamburgo railroad in Rio Grande do Sul or fell into arrears in making payments to the former owners as did the city of Salvador, Bahia, when it purchased a North American utility company.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ The State of Sāo Paulo took over a few companies that had been profitable because the private firms were providing inadequate service: Esiado de São Paulo (São Paulo) 26 Apr. 1920, p. 813; Jornal do Comrnercio (Rio) 2 Nov. 1919, p. 2;Google ScholarGreenfield, Gerald Michael,‘Dependency and the Urban Experience: São Paulo's Public Service Sector, 1885–1913’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 10 Pt. I (05, 1978), 37–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁶ The Economist, 20 Dec. 1924, p. 1026 and 23 Dec. 1922, p. 1183, and 9 Dec. 1922, p. 1072.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Wileman's Brazilian Review, 10 Apr. 1930, pp. 479, 480.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Brazilian Review, 30 July 1901, p. 548; Wilernan's Brazilian Review, 22 Oct. 1924, pp. 1416–19.Google Scholar