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Olfactory disturbances in ageing with and without dementia: towards new diagnostic tools

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2017

A Gros ,
V Manera ,
C A De March ,
N Guevara ,
A König ,
L Friedman ,
P Robert ,
J Golebiowski  and
R David
A Gros*
Affiliation:
Ressource and Research Memory Center, France CoBTek (Cognition – Behaviour – Technology), France Dijon Stroke Registry, EA4184, University Hospital and Medical School of Dijon, University of Burgundy, France
V Manera
Affiliation:
CoBTek (Cognition – Behaviour – Technology), France
C A De March
Affiliation:
Institute of Chemistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
N Guevara
Affiliation:
Department of Ear Nose Throat Surgery, Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Nice University Hospital, France
A König
Affiliation:
CoBTek (Cognition – Behaviour – Technology), France
L Friedman
Affiliation:
Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
P Robert
Affiliation:
Ressource and Research Memory Center, France CoBTek (Cognition – Behaviour – Technology), France
J Golebiowski
Affiliation:
Institute of Chemistry, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
R David
Affiliation:
Ressource and Research Memory Center, France CoBTek (Cognition – Behaviour – Technology), France
*
Address for correspondence: Dr A Gros, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Institut Claude Pompidou, 10 rue Molière 06100, Nice, France Fax: +33 61437170 E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Background:

Olfactory disorders increase with age and often affect elderly people who have pre-dementia or dementia. Despite the frequent occurrence of olfactory changes at the early stages of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, olfactory disorders are rarely assessed in daily clinical practice, mainly due to a lack of standardised assessment tools. The aims of this review were to (1) summarise the existing literature on olfactory disorders in ageing populations and patients with neurodegenerative disorders; (2) present the strengths and weaknesses of current olfactory disorder assessment tools; and (3) discuss the benefits of developing specific olfactory tests for neurodegenerative diseases.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed of literature published between 2000 and 2015 addressing olfactory disorders in elderly people with or without Alzheimer's disease or other related disorders to identify the main tools currently used for olfactory disorder assessment.

Results:

Olfactory disorder assessment is a promising method for improving both the early and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. However, the current lack of consensus on which tests should be used does not permit the consistent integration of olfactory disorder assessment into clinical settings.

Conclusion:

Otolaryngologists are encouraged to use olfactory tests in older adults to help predict the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Olfactory tests should be specifically adapted to assess olfactory disorders in Alzheimer's disease patients.

Keywords

SmellAgingDementiaAlzheimer DiseaseEarly Diagnosis
Type
Review Articles
Information
The Journal of Laryngology & Otology , Volume 131 , Issue 7 , July 2017 , pp. 572 - 579
Copyright
Copyright © JLO (1984) Limited 2017 

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