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Necrotising otitis externa, epistaxis education and aerosol generation in coughing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2023

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Abstract

Type
Editorial
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of J.L.O. (1984) LIMITED

Necrotising otitis externa (previously ‘malignant otitis externa’) has been the topic of several articles in The Journal of Laryngology & Otology in recent years,Reference Stapleton and Watson1Reference Rojoa, Raheman, Saman, Mettias, Das and Rea3 and in other ENT journals,Reference Chawdhary, Pankhania, Douglas and Bottrill4 as incidence seems to be increasing for a variety of reasons. Patients are usually older adults, diabetic or may have other reasons for immunosuppression, with severe ‘deep’ ear pain being a key feature and diagnostic delay all too common. This issue has a paper from Manchester, UK,Reference Owen, Abrar and Stapleton5 by a group that has already published papers in The Journal on necrotising otitis externa. The paper describes a qualitative study that identified common themes based on interviews with patients; these themes come as no surprise, but are nonetheless interesting: ‘severe pain, mental health, quality of life and diagnostic delays’. This information can hopefully be used to improve patient pathways and guide research projects.

As a previous article in The Journal reminds us,Reference Ho and Chan6 in the management of epistaxis, it is often the ‘basics’ that are forgotten (assuming that they were known in the first place). Incorrect digital pinching position in epistaxis management is all too common, as are other basic aspects of first aid, such as head position, which can lead to more patients presenting to secondary care than might otherwise be the case. Published studies query the quality of some of the evidence for basic first aid measures, but publications have agreed on two measures in epistaxis management: digital compression and optimal head position.7,Reference Schlosser8 Ice application has been found to be more effective when administered in the mouth rather than on the exterior of the nose. This issue has a paper from The Royal London Hospital, UK,Reference Jamshaid, Banhidy, Ghedia and Seymour9 which examines knowledge of basic first aid for epistaxis in various healthcare workers in primary and secondary care, and in the general public, by means of a questionnaire. The knowledge was pitifully low in both groups, showing no real increase from previous similar studies, which would echo the experience of ENT doctors in managing this group of patients. It is very disappointing that only a quarter (24–25 per cent) of both healthcare workers and the general public know where to pinch the nose to help stop a nosebleed. Knowledge of optimal head tilt position was somewhat better for healthcare workers, but is hardly reassuring. Education has a long way to go for both groups.

The potential transmission of infectious disease via droplets and aerosols has been part of standard microbiology teaching, notably in relation to upper respiratory tract infection and tuberculosis. The details of this topic have become of enormous interest since the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in 2020.Reference Klompas, Milton, Rhee, Baker and Leekha10 This issue of The Journal has a paper from Helsinki, Finland, in which aerosol production was measured in an operating theatre environment.Reference Sanmark, Oksanen, Rantanen, Lahelma, Anttila and Lehtonen11 An intentional cough generated just as much aerosol as an unintentional cough, and there was a great variation of aerosol production between different individuals. The figures produced in this study can be used as a guide to aerosol transmission in this environment.

References

Stapleton, E, Watson, G. Emerging themes in necrotising otitis externa: a scoping review of the literature from 2011 to 2020 and recommendations for future research. J Laryngol Otol 2022;136:575–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chawdhary, G, Liow, N, Democratis, J, Whiteside, O. Necrotising (malignant) otitis externa in the UK: a growing problem. Review of five cases and analysis of national Hospital Episode Statistics trends. J Laryngol Otol 2015;129:600–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rojoa, DM, Raheman, FJ, Saman, Y, Mettias, B, Das, S, Rea, PA. Necrotising otitis externa – is poor outcome predictable? The application of a diagnosis-based scoring system in patients with skull base osteomyelitis. J Laryngol Otol 2022;136:379–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Owen, E, Abrar, R, Stapleton, E. Patients’ experience of necrotising otitis externa: a qualitative study. J Laryngol Otol 2023;137:353363Google Scholar
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Jamshaid, S, Banhidy, N, Ghedia, R, Seymour, K. Where should epistaxis education be focused? A comparative study between the public and healthcare workers on knowledge of first aid management methods of epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol 2023;137:409413Google Scholar
Klompas, M, Milton, DK, Rhee, C, Baker, MA, Leekha, S. Current insights into respiratory virus transmission and potential implications for infection control programs: a narrative review. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:1710–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanmark, E, Oksanen, L, Rantanen, N, Lahelma, M, Anttila, V, Lehtonen, L et al. Aerosol generation during coughing: an observational study. J Laryngol Otol 2023;137:443448Google Scholar