Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T00:31:17.308Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chronic suppurative otitis media in Zimbabwean school children: a cross-sectional study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2020

C K Pedersen ,
P Zimani ,
M Frendø ,
N J Spindler ,
C Chidziva ,
C von Buchwald  and
R G Jensen
C K Pedersen*
Affiliation:
Department of ENT Surgery and Audiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
P Zimani
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
M Frendø
Affiliation:
Department of ENT Surgery and Audiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
N J Spindler
Affiliation:
Department of ENT Surgery and Audiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
C Chidziva
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
C von Buchwald
Affiliation:
Department of ENT Surgery and Audiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
R G Jensen
Affiliation:
Department of ENT Surgery and Audiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
*
Author for correspondence: Dr Christian Pedersen, Department of ENT Surgery and Audiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective

Chronic suppurative otitis media is a major cause of disabling childhood hearing loss, especially in low-income countries. Estimates on its prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa range from the lowest to the highest in the world (less than one per cent to more than five per cent). However, the prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media in Zimbabwe is largely unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of paediatric chronic suppurative otitis media and other middle-ear pathology in rural Zimbabwe.

Method

A cross-sectional study was performed in primary school children aged 4–13 years from the rural province of Mashonaland East. Participants underwent video otoscopy and tympanometry.

Results

Out of 451 examined children, two (0.4 per cent) had chronic suppurative otitis media. Acute otitis media was present in one (0.2 per cent), otitis media with effusion was present in five (1.1 per cent) and scarring was present in 69 (15.3 per cent).

Conclusion

Chronic suppurative otitis media and otitis media sequelae were surprisingly uncommon in this sample of rural primary school children in Zimbabwe. More studies, preferably population-based, are needed to enable more precise estimates of chronic suppurative otitis media prevalence in Zimbabwe.

Keywords

Otitis MediaDeveloping CountriesEpidemiologyOtoscopy
Type
Main Articles
Information
The Journal of Laryngology & Otology , Volume 134 , Issue 10 , October 2020 , pp. 867 - 871
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Dr C K Pedersen takes responsibility for the integrity of the content of the paper

References

Acuin, J. Chronic suppurative otitis media - burden of illness and management options. Geneva: WHO Libr Cat Data, 2004Google Scholar
Monasta, L, Ronfani, L, Marchetti, F, Montico, M, Brumatti, LV, Bavcar, A et al. Burden of disease caused by otitis media: systematic review and global estimates. PLoS One 2012;7;e36226CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, RG, Koch, A, Homøe, P. The risk of hearing loss in a population with a high prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013;77:1530–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kral, A, O'Donoghue, GM. Profound deafness in childhood. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1438–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, PE, Feldman, JJ, Dunbar, JL, McConkey-Robbins, A, Niparko, JK, Rittenhouse, RK et al. The societal costs of severe to profound hearing loss in the United States. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2000;16:1120–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olatoke, F, Ologe, FE, Nwawolo, CC, Saka, MJ. The prevalence of hearing loss among schoolchildren with chronic suppurative otitis media in Nigeria, and its effect on academic performance. Ear Nose Throat J 2008;87:E19Google ScholarPubMed
Dubey, SP, Larawin, V. Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media and their management. Laryngoscope 2007;117:264–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerberg, BD, Skowronski, DM, Stewart, IF, Stewart, L, Bernauer, M, Mudarikwa, L. Prevalence of hearing loss in primary school children in Zimbabwe. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005;69:517–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, L, Mulwafu, W, Knott, V, Ndamala, CB, Naunje, W, Dewhurst, S. Prevalence of paediatric chronic suppurative otitis media and hearing impairment in rural Malawi: a cross-sectional tele-otoscopy survey. PLoS One 2017;12Google Scholar
Simões, EAF, Kiio, F, Carosone-Link, PJ, Ndegwa, SN, Ayugi, J, Macharia, IM. Otitis media and its sequelae in Kenyan schoolchildren. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016;5:375–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bastos, I, Mallya, J, Ingvarsson, L, Reimer, Å, Andréasson, L. Middle ear disease and hearing impairment in northern Tanzania. A prevalence study of schoolchildren in the Moshi and Monduli districts. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1995;32:1–12CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPherson, B, Holborow, CA. A study of deafness in West Africa: the Gambian Hearing Health Project. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1985;10:115–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatcher, J, Smith, A, Mackenzie, I, Thompson, S, Bal, I, Macharia, I et al. A prevalence study of ear problems in school children in Kiambu district, Kenya, May 1992. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1995;33:197–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bastos, I, Reimer, A, Lundgren, K. Chronic otitis media and hearing loss in urban schoolchildren in Angola - A prevalence study. J Audiol Med 1993;2:129–40Google Scholar
Basanez, I, Nakku, D, Stangl, S, Wanna, GB. Prevalence of hearing loss among primary school children in Mbarara, Uganda. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015;79:2359–63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiz Ear Trust. In: https://www.wizear.org/ [23 November 2019]Google Scholar
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) and ICF International. Facts and figures. In: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR322/FR322.pdf [13 March 2019]Google Scholar
IMF. Report for selected countries and subjects. In: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C [14 March 2019]Google Scholar
UN. Country classification – United Nations, 2013. In: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2014wesp_country_classification.pdf [14 March 2019]Google Scholar
UNICEF. UNICEF Annual Report 2013 – Zimbabwe UNICEF Annual Report 2013. In: https://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Zimbabwe_COAR_2013.pdf [14 March 2019]Google Scholar
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) and ICF International. Zimbabwe demographic health survey, 2012. In: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR322/FR322.pdf [21 March 2019]Google Scholar
Smith, AW, Mackenzie, IJ. WHO Ear and Hearing Disorders Survey Protocol, 1999. In: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67892/WHO_PBD_PDH_99.8(1).pdf?sequence=1 [21 March 2019]Google Scholar
Jerger, J. Clinical experience with impedance audiometry. Arch Otolaryngol 1970;92:311–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiellau-Nikolajsen, M, Lous, J. Prospective tympanometry in 3-year-old children. A study of the spontaneous course of tympanometry types in a nonselected population. Arch Otolaryngol 1979;105:461–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organisation. World Health Organisation global estimates on prevalence of hearing loss. In: https://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/WHO_GE_HL.pdf [14 March 2019]Google Scholar
Mulwafu, W, Kuper, H, Ensink, RJH. Prevalence and causes of hearing impairment in Africa. Trop Med Int Heal 2016;21:158–65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minja, BM, Machemba, A. Prevalence of otitis media, hearing impairment and cerumen impaction among school children in rural and urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996;37:29–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
da Costa, JL, Navarro, A, Neves, JB, Martin, M. Household wood and charcoal smoke increases risk of otitis media in childhood in Maputo. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33:573–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lasisi, AO, Olaniyan, FA, Muibi, SA, Azeez, IA, Abdulwasiu, KG, Lasisi, TJ et al. Clinical and demographic risk factors associated with chronic suppurative otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007;71:1549–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO. Zimbabwe expanded programme on immunisation 2019. In: http://www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/country_docs/Zimbabwe/zimbabwe_epi_cmyp_2015_-_2019.pdf [3 November 2019]Google Scholar
Grijalva, CG, Poehling, KA, Nuorti, JP, Zhu, Y, Martin, SW, Edwards, KM et al. National impact of universal childhood immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on outpatient medical care visits in the United States. Pediatrics 2006;118:865–73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poehling, KA, Szilagyi, PG, Grijalva, CG, Martin, SW, LaFleur, B, Mitchel, E et al. Reduction of frequent otitis media and pressure-equalizing tube insertions in children after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 2007;119:707–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiedt, NJ, Butler, IRT, Hallbauer, UM, Atkins, MD, Elliott, E, Pieters, M et al. Paediatric chronic suppurative otitis media in the Free State Province: clinical and audiological features. S Afr Med J 2013;103:467–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chirwa, M, Mulwafu, W, Aswani, JM, Masinde, PW, Mkakosya, R, Soko, D. Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media at Queen Elizabeth central hospital, Blantyre, Malawi: a cross-sectional descriptive study. Malawi Med J 2015;27:120–4Google Scholar
Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Millear, AI, Rebecca, W, Shields, C, Brandon, V, Graetz, N et al. Mapping child growth failure in Africa. Nat Publ Gr 2018;555:41–7Google ScholarPubMed
Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Cork, MA, Sligar, A, Steuben, KM, Wilson, KF, Provost, NR et al. Mapping HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2017. Nature 2017;570:189–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar