No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
The residual effect of coronovirus disease 2019 on olfactory acuity and mucociliary clearance time: a cross-sectional, controlled study
Part of:
JLO Coronavirus Collection
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 April 2022
Abstract
Objective
This study evaluated the olfactory, sinonasal and mucociliary functions of patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 long-term persistent olfactory dysfunction.
Method
Three groups of 30 patients each were formed: patients with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection with self-reported, persistent, sudden-onset olfactory dysfunction (group 1), patients with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection without any self-reported olfactory dysfunction (group 2) and healthy controls with no history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection (group 3). Saccharin time, Sniffin’ Sticks, Turkish Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 scores were compared.
Results
Turkish Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scores were similar between groups (p = 0.252). Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores were higher in group 1 than groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Saccharin time was significantly longer in group 1 than groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Group 1 had lower olfactory scores than groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively).
Conclusion
Mucociliary clearance time was significantly prolonged in patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 persistent olfactory dysfunction. Coronavirus disease 2019 infection was likely to cause asymptomatic olfactory dysfunction.
- Type
- Main Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of J.L.O. (1984) LIMITED
Footnotes
Dr A E Pamuk takes responsibility for the integrity of the content of the paper
References
Lechien, JR, Chiesa-Estomba, CM, De Siati, DR, Horoi, M, Le Bon, SD, Rodriguez, A et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020;277:2251–61CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boscolo-Rizzo, P, Guida, F, Polesel, J, Marcuzzo, AV, Antonucci, P, Capriotti, V et al. Self-reported smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a one-year prospective study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022;279:515–2010.1007/s00405-021-06839-wCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carfi, A, Bernabei, R, Landi, F. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute Covid-19. Jama 2020;324:603–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saussez, S, Sharma, S, Thiriad, A, Olislagers, V, Duc, IV, Le Bon, SD et al. Predictive factors of smell recovery in a clinical series of 288 coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction. Eur J Neurol 2021;28:3702–1110.1111/ene.14994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soylu Ozler, G, Akbay, E, Akkoca, AN, Soylu Karapınar, O, Özel Şimşek, G. Does menopause effect nasal mucociliary clearance time? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015;272:363–610.1007/s00405-014-3118-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baki, A, Damlaca, S, Yıldız, M, Gündoğar, S, Cırık, AA. Evaluation of nasal function in patients with COVID-19: nasal secretion, nasal clearance, and SNOT-22 score. B-ENT 2020;16:148– 5210.5152/B-ENT.2020.20028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koparal, M, Kurt, E, Altuntas, EE, Dogan, F. Assessment of mucociliary clearance as an indicator of nasal function in patients with Covid-19: a cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021;278:1863–810.1007/s00405-020-06457-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prajapati, DP, Shahrvini, B, MacDonald, BV, Crawford, KL, Lechner, M, DeConde, AS et al. Association of subjective olfactory dysfunction and 12-item odor identification testing in ambulatory COVID-19 patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020;10:1209–1710.1002/alr.22688CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karahatay, S, Tasli, H, Karakoc, O, Aydın, Ü, Türker, T. Reliability and validity of the Turkish Nose Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. Turk J Med Sci 2018;48:212–1610.3906/sag-1509-81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cakir Cetin, A, Kumus, O, Keskinoglu, P, Sütay, S, Ecevit, MC. Turkish validation of the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22. Clin Otolaryngol 2019;44:557–6410.1111/coa.13332CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asai, K, Haruna, S, Otori, N, Yanagi, K, Fukami, M, Moriyama, H. Saccharin test of maxillary sinus mucociliary function after endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 2000;110:117–2210.1097/00005537-200001000-00021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebholz, H, Pfaffeneder-Mantai, F, Knoll, W, Hassel, AW, Frank, W, Kleber, C. Olfactory dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 infection: focus on odorant specificity and chronic persistence. Am J Otolaryngol 2021;42:10301410.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raad, RA, Ganti, A, Goshtasbi, K, Lehrich, BM, Papagiannopoulos, P, LoSavio, P et al. Temporal patterns of nasal symptoms in patients with mild severity SARS-CoV-2 infeciton. Am J Otolaryngol 2021;42:10307610.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, DR, Wroblewski, KE, Kern, DW, Kozloski, MJ, Dale, W, McClintock, MK et al. Factors associated with inaccurate self-reporting of olfactory dysfunction in older US adults. Chemical senses 2017;42:223–31Google ScholarPubMed
Las Casas Lima, MH, Cavalcante, ALB, Leao, SC. Pathophysiological relationship between Covid-19 and olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021;25:S1808–8694Google Scholar
Ganger, S, Schindowski, K. Tailoring formulations for intranasal nose-to-brain delivery: a review on architecture, physico-chemical characteristics and mucociliary clearance of the nasal olfactory mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2018;10:11610.3390/pharmaceutics10030116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brann, DH, Tsukahara, T, Weinreb, C, Lipovsek, M, Van den Berge, K, Gong, B et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying Covid-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv 2020;6:eabc5801CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryche, B, St Albin, A, Murri, S, Lacote, S, Pulido, C, Ar Gouilh, M et al. Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters. Brain Behav Immun 2020;89:579–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zou, L, Ruan, F, Huang, M, Liang, L, Huang, H, Hong, Z et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1177–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanli, DET, Altundag, A, Kandemirli, SG, Yildirim, D, Sanli, AN, Saatci, O et al. Relationship between disease severity and serum IL-6 levels in Covid-19 anosmia. Am J Otolaryngol 2021;42:102796CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahman, N, Basharat, Z, Yousuf, M, Castaldo, G, Rastrelli, L, Khan, H. Virtual screening of natural products against type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), the priming agent of Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Molecules 2020;25:2271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das, G, Mukherjee, N, Ghosh, S. Neurological insights of Covid-19 pandemic. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020;11:1206–910.1021/acschemneuro.0c00201CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Child, KM, Herrick, DB, Schwob, JE, Holbrook, EH, Jang, W. The neuroregenerative capacity of olfactory stem cells is not limitless: implications for aging. J Neurosci 2018;38:6806–2410.1523/JNEUROSCI.3261-17.2018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, JL, Collier, AM, Hu, SS. Acquired ciliary defects in nasal epithelium of children with acute viral upper respiratory infections. N Engl J Med 1985;312:463–810.1056/NEJM198502213120802CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mori, K, Nagao, H, Yoshihara, Y. The olfactory bulb: coding and processing of odor molecule information. Science 1999;286:711–1510.1126/science.286.5440.711CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed