Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T12:21:45.416Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Running out of road? Dilemmas and issues for the British Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party in their search for a ‘modern’ welfare state narrative

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2020

Robert M. Page
Robert M. Page*
Affiliation:
School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
*
*Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Following significant electoral defeats in 2010, both the British Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) have been re-considering their approach to the welfare state. This article outlines some of the key themes of social democracy and social democratic social policy before discussing the evolution of the latter in both Sweden and Britain. The paper explores the cumulative effect of the revisionist approaches adopted by both parties over time which has resulted in a distancing from a welfare state strategy based on equality, universalism and publicly provided services. It is concluded that both parties now have little road left to construct a modern welfare state narrative that reflects “core” social democratic principles.

Keywords

social democracysveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti [SAP]labour partywelfare state
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , June 2014 , pp. 107 - 126
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 Taylor & Francis

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 10th ESPANET conference at the University of Edinburgh, September, 2012.

References

Agius, C. (2007). Sweden's 2006 parliamentary election and after: Contesting or consolidating the Swedish model?. Parliamentary Affairs, 60(4), 585–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, O. (2012). Settling in? A case study of Somalian Refugees living in Stockholm, Sweden. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Alexandersson, M. (2011). Equivalence and choice in combination: The Swedish dilemma. Oxford Review of Education, 37(2), 195–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amnå, E. (2006). Playing with fire? Swedish mobilization for participatory democracy. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(4), 587–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, J. G. (2012). Universalism and de-universalism of unemployment protection in Denmark and Sweden. In Anttonen, A., Haikio, L., & Stefansson, K. (Eds.), Welfare state, universalism and diversity (pp. 162–186). Cheltanham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Andersen, R., Smedby, B., & Vågerö, D. (2001). Cost containment, solidarity and cautious experimentation: Swedish dilemmas. Social Science and Medicine, 52, 1195–1204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersson, J. (2006). Between growth and security. Manchester: Manchester University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, J. (2010). The library and the workshop. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Arreman, I. E., & Holm, A.-S. (2011). The privatization of public education? The emergence of independent upper secondary schools in Sweden. Journal of Education Policy, 26(2), 225–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arter, D. (1999). The Swedish general election of 20th September 1998: A victory for values over policies?. Electoral Studies, 18, 296–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arter, D. (2012). ‘Big bang’ elections and party system change in Scandinavia: Farewell to the ‘enduring party system’. Parliamentary Affairs, 65(4), 822–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aylott, N., & Bolin, N. (2007). Towards a two-party system? The Swedish parliamentary election of September 2006. West European Politics, 30(3), 621–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, M., & Hickson, K. (2014). Blue or purple? Reflections on the future of the labour party. Political Studies Review, 12(1), 75–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belfrage, C., & Ryner, M. (2009). Renegotiating the Swedish social democratic settlement: From pension fund socialism to neoliberalization. Politics and Society, 37(2), 257–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtsson, H. A. (2013). The Swedish model: Conflict or consensus? Stockholm: Fredrich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar
Berggren, H., & Trägårdh, L. (2010). Pippi longstocking: The autonomous child and the moral logic of the Swedish welfare state. In Mattsson, H. & Wallenstein, S.-O. (Eds.), Swedish modernism: Architecture, consumption and the welfare state (pp. 50–65). London: Black Dog.Google Scholar
Berman, S. (2006). The primacy of politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevir, M. (2011). The making of British socialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Björnberg, U. (2012). Social policy reforms in Sweden: New perspectives on rights and obligations. In Larsson, B., Letell, M., & Thörn, H. (Eds.), Transformations of the Swedish welfare state (pp. 71–85). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomberg, S., Edebalk, P. G., & Petersson, J. (2000). The withdrawal of the welfare state: Elderly care in Sweden in the 1990s. European Journal of Social Work, 3(2), 151–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Böhlmark, A., & Lindahl, M. (2012). Independent schools and long-run educational outcomes – Evidence from Sweden’s large scale voucher reform. Working Paper 2012:19. Uppsala: Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.Google Scholar
Borevi, K. (2012). Sweden: The flagship of multiculturalism. In Brochmann, G. & Hagelund, A. (Eds.), Immigration policy and the Scandinavian Welfare State 1945–2010. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Brandal, N., Bratberg, O., & Thorsen, D. E. (2013). The Nordic model of social democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broberg, G., & Tydén, M. (2005). Eugenics in Sweden: Efficient care. In Roll-Hansen, N. (Ed.), Eugenics and the welfare state: Sterilization policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland (pp. 77–149). Michigan: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, G. (1999). Equality – then and now. In Leonard, D. (Ed.), Crosland and new labour (pp. 35–48). Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. (2003). State and market: Towards a public interest test. Political Quarterly, 7(3), 266–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, J. (1986). Liberty, market and the state. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Bunar, N. (2010). Choosing for quality or inequality: Current perspectives on the implementation of school choice policy in Sweden. Journal of Education Policy, 25(1), 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, G. D. H. (1917). Self-government in industry. London: Parsons.Google Scholar
Cole, G. D. H. (1920a). Guild socialism re-stated. London: Bell & Sons.Google Scholar
Cole, G. D. H. (1920b). Chaos and order in industry. New York: F. A. Stokes.Google Scholar
Community Development Project. (1977). Gilding the Ghetto. London: CDP.Google Scholar
Cooke, G. (2011). New and blue. In Glasman, M., Rutherford, J., Stears, M., & White, S. (Eds.), The labour tradition and the politics of paradox (pp. 133–139). The Oxford London Seminars, 2010–11: ebook.Google Scholar
Crosland, C. A. R. (1956). The future of socialism. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Crouch, C. (2013). Making capitalism fit for society. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Cruddas, J. (Ed.). (2013). One nation labour – Debating the future. London: Labour List (ebook).Google Scholar
Dahlgren, G. (2008). Neoliberal reforms in Swedish primary health care: For whom and for what purpose. International Journal of Health Services, 38, 697–715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Ancona, M. (2013). In it together: The inside story of the coalition government. London: Viking.Google Scholar
Darlington, R. (2010). Open left: Why voters left labour? London: Open Left/Demos.Google Scholar
Davis, R. (2011). Tangled up in blue. London: Ruskin.Google Scholar
Davis, R. (2012). Shades of blue. In Denham, J. (Ed.), The shape of things to come (pp. 85–93). London: Fabian Society.Google Scholar
Derbyshire, J. (2013). Lost in thought?. Prospect, September, 34–39.Google Scholar
Dorey, P. (2009). ‘Sharing the proceeds of growth’: Conservative economic policy under David Cameron. The Political Quarterly, 80(2), 259–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorey, P. (2011). British conservatism. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Driver, S., & Martell, L. (2006). New labour (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Erixon, L. (2010). The Rehn–Meidner model in Sweden: Its rise, challenges and survival. Journal of Economic Issues, XLIV(3), 677–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ervasti, H., & Hjerm, M. (2012). Immigration, trust and support for the welfare state. In Ervasti, H., Andersen, J. G., Fridberg, T., & Ringdal, K. (Eds.), The future of the welfare state (pp. 153–171). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Etzemüller, T. (2010). Die Romantik der Rationalität. Alva & Gunnar Myrdal – Social engineering in Schweden. Bielefeld: Transcript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etzioni, A. (1997). The new golden rule. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Faucher-King, F., & Le Gales, P. (2010). The new labour experiment: Change and reform under Blair and Brown. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Field, F. (2000). The state of dependency. London: Social Market Foundation.Google Scholar
Fielding, S. (Ed.). (1997). The labour party ‘socialism’ and society since 1951. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Finlayson, A. (2011). Making sense of Maurice Glasman. Renewal, 19(2), 18–24.Google Scholar
Fredriksson, M. (2013). Is patient choice democratizing Swedish primary care?. Health Policy, 111, 95–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredriksson, M., Blomqvist, P., & Winblad, U. (2013). The trade-off between choice and equity: Swedish policymakers’ arguments when introducing patient choice. Journal of European Social Policy, 23(2), 192–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaffney, J., & Lahel, A. (2013). The morphology of the labour party's One Nation narrative: Story, plot and authorship. The Political Quarterly, 84(3), 330–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamble, A., & Wright, T. (Eds.). (1999). The new social democracy. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1998). The third way: The renewal of social democracy. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (2000). The third way and its critics. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (2002). Where now for new labour? Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Glasman, M. (2010). Labour as a radical tradition. Soundings, 46(Winter), 6–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasman, M. (2011). Analysis: Blue labour, Radio 4. London: BBC (21/3/11).Google Scholar
Glasman, M. (2013). Relationships, institutions, action: A relational approach to poverty and politics on. In Derbyshire, J. (Ed.), Poverty in the UK: Can it be eradicated? (pp. 30–35). London: Prospect Publishing.Google Scholar
Glasman, M., Rutherford, J., Stears, M., & White, S. (Eds.) (2011). The Labour tradition and the politics of paradox. London: The Oxford London Seminars (ebook).Google Scholar
Gould, A. (2001). Developments in Swedish social policy: Resisting dionysus. Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, P. (1998). The unfinished revolution. London: Little, Brown & Co.Google Scholar
Hacker, J., Jackson, B., & O'Neill, M. (2013). The politics of pre-distribution: Jacob Hacker interviewed by Ben Jackson and Martin O'Neill. Renewal, 21(2/3), 54–64.Google Scholar
Hacker, J., & Pierson, P. (2010). Winner-take-all-Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Hall, S. (1998, Nov./Dec.). The great moving nowhere show. Marxism Today, pp. 9–14.Google Scholar
Hall, S. (2011). The neoliberal revolution. Soundings, 48(Summer), 9–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hattersley, R., & Hickson, K. (2012). In praise of social democracy. The Political Quarterly, 83(1), 5–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hattersley, R., & Hickson, K. (Eds.) (2013). The socialist way. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Hay, C. (1999). The political economy of new labour. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hellström, A., & Nilsson, T. (2010). ‘We are the good guys'Ideological positioning of the nationalist party Sverigedemokraterna in contemporary Swedish politics. Ethnicities, 10(1), 55–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilson, M. (2008). The Nordic model: Scandinavia since 1945. London: Reaktion.Google Scholar
Hinnfors, J. (2006). Reinterpreting social democracy. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hinnfors, J., Sehar, A., & Bucken-Knapp, G. (2012). The missing factor: Why social democracy can lead to restrictive immigration policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 19(4), 583–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirdman, Y. (2010). The happy 30s: A short story of social engineering and social order in Sweden. In Mattsson, H. & Wallenstein, S.-O. (Eds.), Swedish modernism: Architecture, consumption and the welfare state (pp. 66–71). London: Black Dog.Google Scholar
Hirschman, A. O. (1990). Exit, voice, and loyalty (new ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Horton, T., & Gregory, J. (2009). The solidarity society. London: Fabian Society.Google Scholar
Hultin, A. (2009). Profit is the key to success in ‘Swedish Schools’. The Spectator, 3 October, 2009, p. 17.Google Scholar
Ishkanian, A., & Szreter, S. (Eds.) (2012). The big society debate. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jönson, H. (2005). Social democratic aging in the People's Home of Sweden. Journal of Aging Studies, 19, 291–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judt, T. (2010). Ill fares the land. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Kellner, P. (2012). A quiet revolution. Prospect, March, 30–34.Google Scholar
Kielos, K. (2012). One nation labour and Sweden's ‘people's home'. Renewal, 20(4), 5–8.Google Scholar
Klitgaard, M. B. (2007). Why are they doing it? Social democracy and market-oriented welfare state reforms. West European Politics, 30(1), 172–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuisma, M. (2011). Discursive smoke screens: The politics of Nordic welfare reform. Renewal, 19(1), 36–46.Google Scholar
Kuisma, M., & Ryner, M. (2012). Third way decomposition and the rightward shift in Finnish and Swedish politics. Contemporary Politics, 18(3), 325–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labour Party. (1945). Let us face the future: A declaration of labour policy for the consideration of the nation. London: Labour Party.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. (2002). Moral politics: How liberals and conservatives think. Chicago: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laski, H. (1925). The grammar of politics. London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Le Grand, J. (2003). Motivation, agency and public policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Grand, J. (2007). The other invisible hand. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lindbom, A. (2010). School choice in Sweden: Effects on student performance, school costs and segregation. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 54(6), 615–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindvall, J., & Rueda, D. (2013). The insider–outsider dilemma. British Journal of Political Science, July, 1–16.Google Scholar
Lindvall, K., Martinsson, J., & Oscarsson, H. (2013). Party choice in hard times: Group-specific responses to economic downturns in Sweden. Electoral Studies, 32, 529–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, G., & Muir, R. (2011). Localism under new labour. In Diamond, P. & Kenny, M. (Eds.), Reassessing new labour (pp. 96–107). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lundberg, U., & Tydén, M. (2010). In search of the Swedish model: Contested historiography. In Mattsson, H. & Wallenstein, S.-O. (Eds.), Swedish modernism: Architecture, consumption and the welfare state (pp. 36–49). London: Black Dog.Google Scholar
Madeley, J. T. S. (2003). The Swedish model is dead! Long live the Swedish model! The 2002 Riksdag election. West European Politics, 26(2), 165–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandelson, P. (2011). An effective state, not a big state: Forging a national strategy. In Philpot, R. (Ed.), The Purple Book (pp. 32–44). London: Biteback.Google Scholar
Mandelson, P., & Liddle, R. (1996). The Blair revolution. London: Faber.Google Scholar
Marshall, T. H. (1950). Citizenship and social class and other essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Martinsson, J. (2013). Economic voting in Sweden 1985–2010. Electoral Studies, 32, 470–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, H. (2012). The challenge of European Social Democracy: Communitarianism and cosmopolitanism united. In Meyer, H. & Rutherford, J. (Eds.), The future of European social democracy (pp. 152–164). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miliband, D. (2011). Why is the European left losing elections?. Political Quarterly, 82(2), 131–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, H., & Wadensjö, E. (Eds.) (2001). Gösta Rehn, the Swedish model and labour market policies. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Mulgan, G. (1998, Nov./Dec.). Whinge and a prayer. Marxism Today, pp. 15–16.Google Scholar
Mulgan, G. (2012). Government with the people: The outlines of a relational state. In Cooke, G. & Muir, R. (Eds.), The relational state (pp. 3–16). London: IPPR.Google Scholar
Myrdal, A., & Myrdal, G. (1934). Crisis in the Population Question. (Kris i befolkningsfrågan) Stockholm: Bonnier.Google Scholar
Nuder, P. (2012). Saving the Swedish model: Lessons From Sweden’s return to full employment in the late 1990s. London: IPPR.Google Scholar
Odmalm, P. (2011). Political parties and “the immigration issue”: Issue ownership in Swedish parliamentary elections 1991–2010. West European Politics, 34(5), 1070–1091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orange, R. (2011, September 10). Doubts grow over the success of Sweden's free schools experiment. The Guardian.Google Scholar
Orange, R. (2013, July 14). Tough on finance, tough on migrants: Man who brought Swedish left in from the cold. The Observer, p. 18.Google Scholar
Orange, R., & Adams, R. (2013, May 31). Swedish free school operator to close leaving hundreds of pupils stranded. The Guardian.Google Scholar
Page, R. M. (2010). David Cameron's Modern Conservative approach to poverty and social justice: Towards one nation or two?. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 18(2), 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, A., Clery, E., Curtice, J., Phillips, M., & Utting, D. (Eds.) (2012). British social attitudes 28. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpot, R. (2011a). Introduction: Today's choice before labour. In Philpot, R. (Ed.), The purple book (pp. 1–18). London: Biteback.Google Scholar
Philpot, R. (2011b). Conclusion: A progressive future for labour. In Philpot, R. (Ed.), The purple book (pp. 282–303). London: Biteback.Google Scholar
Pierson, C. (2001). Hard choices: Social democracy in the 21st century. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Policy Network. (2011). The quest for a new governing purpose. London: Policy Network.Google Scholar
Pontusson, J. (1992). The limits of social democracy. Investment politics in Sweden. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, M. (Ed.) (2002). Evaluating new labour’s welfare reforms. Bristol: Policy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, M. (Ed.) (2008). Modernising the welfare state. Bristol: Policy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, S., & Brant, P. (2011). From centralism to localism: Building cooperative communities. In Philpot, R. (Ed.), The purple book (pp. 255–269). London: Biteback.Google Scholar
Richards, P. (2011). Back to the future: The decentralised tradition and Labour's way forward. In Philpot, R. (Ed.), The purple book (pp. 45–60). London: Biteback.Google Scholar
Rooksby, E. (2011). Blue Labour and the limits of social democracy. Renewal, 19(3/4), 104–117.Google Scholar
Rothstein, B. (2011). Creating a sustainable solidaristic society: A manual. Social Europe Journal, 6(1), 22–32.Google Scholar
Rutherford, J. (2010). Labour's good society. Soundings, 46(Winter), 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutherford, J. (2011). The future is conservative. Soundings, 47(Spring), 54–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutherford, J. (2012). Dispossession. In Meyer, H. & Rutherford, J. (Eds.), The future of European social democracy (pp. 137–151). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryner, J. M. (2002). Capitalist restructuring, Globalisation and the third way: Lessons from the Swedish model. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnyder, G. (2012). Like a phoenix from the ashes? Reassessing the transformation of the Swedish political economy since the 1970s. Journal of European Public Policy, 19(8), 1126–1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, E. (1996). The labour party since 1945. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Shepherd, J., & Vasagar, J. (2010). Swedish-style free schools may increase social divide – study. The Guardian (22 July 2010), p. 2.Google Scholar
Stears, M. (2011). Leadership, democracy and organizing. Soundings, 47(Spring), 65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmo, S. (2010). The evolution of modern states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundström, E. (2012). The impressive rise of the Sweden's “new” Moderates. Policy Network Briefing (7/11/12).Google Scholar
Svallfors, S. (2011). A bedrock of support? Trends in welfare state attitudes in Sweden, 1981–2010. Social Policy & Administration, 45(7), 806–825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szebehely, M., & Trydegård, G.-B. (2012). Home care for older people in Sweden: A universal model in transition. Health and Social Care in the Community, 20(3), 300–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
A tale of two Mayors. (2013, November 9). The Economist. http:www.economist.com/node/21589485/printGoogle Scholar
Tawney, R. H. (1921). The acquisitive society. London: Bell & Sons.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. (2005). Sweden's new social democratic model. London: Compass.Google Scholar
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2013). The double crisis of the welfare state and what we can do about it. London: Pivot.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilson, T. (1990). The political theory of Swedish social democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Timonen, V. (2003). Restructuring the welfare state. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, J. (1998). Why so austere? The British welfare state of the 1940s. Journal of Social Policy, 27(1), 63–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toynbee, P., & Walker, D. (2001). Did things get better? An audit of labour’s successes and failures. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Toynbee, P., & Walker, D. (2010). The verdict: Did labour change Britain for the better? London: Granta.Google Scholar
Trägårdh, L. (2010). Rethinking the Nordic welfare state through a neo-Hegelian theory of state and civil society. Journal of Political Ideologies, 15(3), 227–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tullock, G. (1965). The politics of bureaucracy. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press.Google Scholar
Vabø, M., & Szebehely, M. (2012). A caring state for all older people?. In Anttonen, A., Häikiö, L., & Stefánsson, K. (Eds.), Welfare state, Universalism and diversity (pp. 121–143). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Veit-Wilson, J. (2011). Social democratic principles and values. English translation of Members’ Induction Booklet – Vår Ideologi (2007). http://www.nordichorizons.org/2011/09/the-swedish-social-democratic-party-our-principles-and-values.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wehling, E., & Lakoff, G. (2012). The new language of social democracy. In Meyer, H. & Rutherford, J. (Eds.), The future of European social democracy (pp. 93–106). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, S. (2010). The left and reciprocity. Soundings, 46(Winter), 18–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiborg, S. (2013). Neo-liberalism and universal state education: The cases of Denmark, Norway and Sweden 1980–2011. Comparative Education, 49(4), 407–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widfeldt, A. (2007). The Swedish parliamentary election of 2006. Electoral Studies, 26(4), 820–823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widfeldt, A. (2008). Party change as a necessity – the case of the Sweden democrats. Representation, 44(3), 265–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widfeldt, A. (2011). The Swedish parliamentary election of 2010. Electoral Studies, 30, 584–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J. (2012). Letting go: How Labour can learn to stop worrying and trust the people. London: Fabian Society.Google Scholar
Wood, S. (2013). Explaining one nation labour. The Political Quarterly, 84(3), 317–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, A. (2010). Where next? The challenge for centre-left politics. London: IPPR.Google Scholar