Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-s9k8s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-16T04:27:54.988Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cityward Migration in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of Recife, Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Bainbridge Cowell Jr.
Bainbridge Cowell Jr.*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

From early colonial times to the end of the nineteenth century, urban life in Brazil centered in half a dozen coastal enclaves, each containing an area of export-oriented agriculture, focused on a single dominant port city. Three such capitals topped the urban hierarchy—Salvador (Bahia), Rio de Janeiro, and Recife (Pernambuco; see Figure 1). All arose on an economic base of sugar plantations, producing for an international market; Rio added gold exports in the eighteenth century and coffee in the nineteenth. Until just before independence, the Portuguese colonial capital at Salvador held first rank in size, political importance, and commercial wealth. Rio de Janeiro, seat of the central government after 1763, became the national metropolis under the Empire (1822-1889) and the Old Republic (1889-1930); its hegemony was challenged only in the twentieth century by the rise of industrial São Paulo (Conniff et al., 1971; Cowell, 1973).

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 17 , Issue 1 , February 1975 , pp. 43 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alden, D. (1968) Royal Government in Colonial Brazil. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Bevilaqua, C. (1927) História da Faculdade de Direito do Recife. Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Boxer, C. R. (1969) The Portuguese Seaborne Empire: 1415-1825. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Boxer, C. R. (1964) The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Boxer, C. R. (1957) The Dutch in Brazil, 1624-1654. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Bruno, E. S. (1967) História do Brasil, Geral e Regional. Vol. 2: Nordeste. Sao Paulo.Google Scholar
Buarque, de Holanda. S. [ed.] (1967) História Geral da Civilisaçao Brasileira. Tomo 2, vol. 2. São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro.Google Scholar
Burns, E. B. (1970) A History of Brazil. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Camargo, J. F. (1968) A Cidade e o Campo. Rio de Janeiro: Buriti.Google Scholar
Capistrano de Abreu, J. (1960) Caminhos Antigos e o Povoamento do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Briguiet.Google Scholar
Commissão Central de Soccorros aos Indigentes Victimas da Secca (1878) Relatorío… . (December 15) Recife.Google Scholar
Conniff, M. L., Hendrix, M. K., and Nohlgren, S. (1971) “Brazil,” pp. 36-52 in Morse, R. M. (ed.) The Urban Development of Latin America 1750-1920. Palo Alto: Stanford University Center for Latin American Studies.Google Scholar
Conrad, R. (1972) The Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, 1850-1888. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correia de Andrade, M. (1965) A Guerra dos Cabanos. Rio de Janeiro: Conquista.Google Scholar
Correia de Andrade, M. (1963) A Terra e o Homen no Nordeste. São Paulo.Google Scholar
Costa, M. A. [ed.] (1971) Migrações Internas no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Planejamento Econômico e Social.Google Scholar
Cowell, B. (1973) “Brasil,” pp. 79–117 in Morse, R. M. (ed.) Las Ciudades Latinoamericanas. Vol. 2: Desarrollo Histórico. México, D.F.: SepSetentas.Google Scholar
Cunniff, R. L. (1970) “The great drought: northeast Brazil, 1877-1880.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of Texas. (An. Arbor: University Microfilms, 1971.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. (1969) The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
De Carli, G. (1940) Aspectos acucareiros de Pernambuco. n.p.Google Scholar
Denslow, D. (1973) “As origens da desigualdade regional do Brasil.” Estudos Econômicos 3, 1 (April): 65–88.Google Scholar
Directoria Geral de Estatistica (1873-1876) Recenseamento da População do Imperio do Brazil… 1872. Part 13. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, P. L. (1974) The Sugar Industry in Pernambuco, 1840-1910. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, P. L. (1972) “Abolishing slavery: The process on Pernambuco's sugar plantations.” Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 52 (November): 580–597.Google Scholar
Figueira de Mello, J. M. (1852) Ensaio sobre a Estatistica Civil e Politica da Provincia de Pernambuco. Recife.Google Scholar
Freitas, O. (1919) Os Trabalhos de Hygiene em Pernambuco. Recife.Google Scholar
Freyre, G. (1970) Order and Progress. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Freyre, G. (1968) The Mansions and the Shanties. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Furtado, C. (1965) The Economic Growth of Brazil. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Galloway, J. H. (1971) “The last years of slavery on the sugar plantations of northeastern Brazil.” Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 51, 4 (November): 586–605.Google Scholar
Galloway, J. H. (1968) “The sugar industry of Pernambuco during the nineteenth century.” Annals of the Assn. of Amer. Geographers 58, 2 (June): 285–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galvao, S. V. (1908) Diccionario Chorographico, Histórico e Estatístico de Pernambuco. Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.Google Scholar
Gardner, G. (1846) Travels in the Interior of Brazil… During the Years 1836-1841. London.Google Scholar
Gonsalves de Mello, J. A. (1972) Inglêses em Pernambuco. Recife: Instituto Arqueológico, Histórico e Geográfico Pernambucano.Google Scholar
Gonsalves de Mello, J. A. (1947) Tempo dos Flamengos. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Goulart, J. A. (1959) Transportes nos Engenhos de Açúcar. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Goulart, J. A. (1950) Escravidáo Africano no Brasil. São Paulo.Google Scholar
Graham, D. (1973) “Internal and foreign migration and the question of labor supply in the early economic growth of Brazil.” Madison, Wis.: Latin American Studies Association meeting. (unpublished)Google Scholar
Graham, M. (1824) Journal of a Voyage to Brazil, and Residence There, During Part of the Years 1821, 1822, 1823. London.Google Scholar
Hall, M. M. (1969) “The origins of mass immigration in Brazil, 1871-1914.” Ph.D. dissertation. Columbia University. (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1972).Google Scholar
Haring, C. H. (1968) Empire in Brazil. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. (1821) A History of the Brazil. London.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, B. (1963) “The migrant population of urban Brazil.” America Latina 6, 2 (April-June): 41–71. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Jones, E. (1966) Towns and Cities. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Klein, H. (1971) “The internal slave trade in nineteenth-century Brazil: a study of slave importations into Rio de Janeiro in 1852.” Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 51, 4 (November): 567–585.Google Scholar
Klein, H. (1969) “The colored freedmen in Brazilian slave society.” J. of Social History 3, 1 (Fall): 30–52.Google Scholar
Koster, H. (1966) Travels in Brazil. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Lacerda de Melo, M. (1961) As migrações para o Recife. Vol. 1: Estudo Geográfico. Recife: Instituto Joaquim Nabuco de Pesquisas Sociais.Google Scholar
Lee, E. S. and Lalli, M. (1967) “Population,” pp. 25–37 in Gilchrist, D. T. (ed.) The Growth of the Seaport Cities 1790-1825. Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Leff, N. H. (1972) “Desenvolvimento económico e desigualdade regional: origens do caso Brasileiro,” Rev. Brasileira de Economia 26, 1 (January-March): 3–21. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Mata, M., Carvalho, E.W.R., and Castro e Silva, M.T.L.L. (1973) Migrações Internas no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Planejamento Econômico e Social.Google Scholar
Morgan, F. W. (1967) “Hinterlands,” pp. 376–387 in Mayer, H. M. and Kohn, C. F. (eds.) Readings in Urban Geography. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Morse, R. M. (1971) “Latin American cities in the 19th century: approaches and tentative generalizations,” pp. 1–21 in Morse, R. M. (ed.) The Urban Development of Latin America 1750-1920. Palo Alto: Stanford University Center for Latin American Studies.Google Scholar
Nohlgren, S. (1971) “Urban growth in northeast Brazil: 1750-1920.” Stanford University, (unpublished)Google Scholar
Pang, E. S. and Seckinger, R. L. (1972) “The Mandarins of Imperial Brazil.” Comp. Studies in Society and History 14, 2 (March): 215–244.Google Scholar
Pescatello, A. M. (1970) “Both ends of the journey: an historical study of migration and change in Brazil and Portugal, 1889-1914.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles. (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1970)Google Scholar
Pinto, E. (1949) História de urna Estrada-de-Ferro do Nordeste. São Paulo.Google Scholar
Poppino, R. E. (1973) Brazil: The Land and the People. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Prado, C. Jr. (1965) Formacão do Brasil Contemporâneo: Colônia. São Paulo: Editôra Brasiliense.Google Scholar
Presidente da Provincia (1879) Relatorio … . (of president of Pernambuco province, upon turning over the government to his successor, 18 September). Recife.Google Scholar
Presidente da Provincia (1878) Relatorio … (of president of Pernambuco province, upon turning over the government to his successor, 20 May). Recife.Google Scholar
Recife Parishes (1790-1922) Registers of marriage: Parishes of Santo Antônio, Boa Vista, Sao José and São Frei Pedro Gongalves; Recife, (unpublished)Google Scholar
Scully, W. (1868) Brazil; Its Provinces and Chief Cities. London.Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1968) Desenvolvimento Econômico e Evolução Urbana. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Smith, T. L. (1972) Brazil: People and Institutions. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Southey, R. (1822) History of Brazil. Part the Third. New York: Burt Franklin. (reprinted 1970)Google Scholar
Theophilo, R. (1922) Historia da Secca do Ceará (1877 a 1880). Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Vauthier, L. L. (1940) Diario Intimo do Engenheiro Vauthier, 1840-1846. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Viotti da Costa, E. (1969) “O escravo na grande lavoura,” pp. 135–188 in de Holanda, S. Buarque (ed.) História Geral da Civilisação Brasileira, tomo 2, vol. 3. São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro.Google Scholar
Viotti da Costa, E. (1966) Da Senzala á Colônia. São Paulo: Difusao Européia do Livro.Google Scholar
Wade, R. C. (1964) Slavery in The Cities: The South 1820-1860. Oxford: Oxford University.Google Scholar
Weber, A. F. (1967) The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Weigend, G. G. (1967) “Some elements in the study of port geography,” pp. 185–200 in Mayer, H. M. and Kohn, C. F. (eds.) Readings in Urban Geography. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar