Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T07:30:03.496Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Aylwin Government and 'Tutelary' Democracy: A Concept in Search of a Case?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Rhoda Rabkin
Rhoda Rabkin*
Affiliation:
Center for International Affairs at Harvard University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The Literature on democratic transitions suggests two opposite sorts of dangers that the successful democratizer must avoid: too much uncertainty on the one hand, and too little on the other. The first can lead to conflict, violence, and abortive transitions (Karl and Schmitter, 199D; while the second means there is no democracy at all, but leads to something less which has been variously called: "tutelary democracy," "electoralism," or "democradura."

Before the government of Patricio Aylwin took office in Chile in March 1990, most observers anticipated that the return to democracy would bring considerable social conflict and political instability. Expressing a widely held view, one expert wrote: "Any return to democracy in Chile would entail vocal demands, from a variety of social groups and movements, to reverse the policies instituted by the regime since 1973" (Loveman 1986-87:29). The need to confront human rights abuses during the military government was another potentially explosive political issue.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , Winter 1992 , pp. 119 - 194
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aléxander, R. (1978) The Tragedy of Chile. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Análisis (1992a) Interview with Manuel Cabieses. No. 409 (3-16 February): 24–25.Google Scholar
Análisis (1992b) “Pleno socialista.” No. 409 (3-16 February): 12–13 Google Scholar
Análisis (1992c) “La oficina secreta de La Moneda.” No. 410 (17 February-1 March): 8–10.Google Scholar
Análisis (1992d) Interview with Sergio Bitar. No. 410 (17 Februaiy-1 March): 14–16.Google Scholar
Análisis (1992e) “Conscriptodenuncia al DINE.” No. 411 (2-15 March): 19–23.Google Scholar
Análisis (1992f) “Encuesta privada de la Concertacion.” No. 412 (16- 22 March): 32–35.Google Scholar
Análisis (1992g) Interview with Jorge Arrate. No. 413 (30 March-12 April): 23–26.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991a) “No hay guerra subversiva.” No. 378 (15-21 April): 4–6 Google Scholar
Análisis (1991b) “Desafio terrorista.” No. 378 (15-21 April): 7.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991c) Interview with Edgardo Boeninger. No. 382 (13-19 May): 6.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991d) “¿Quien enterró el informe Rettig?” No. 382 (13-19 May): 24.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991e) “¿Dos anos mas para Aylwin?” No. 389 (1-7 July): 8–9.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991f) “Jaime García acusa al General Contreras.” No. 389 (1-7 July): 23–26.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991h) “¿Transicion o democracia plena?” No. 395 (12-18 August): 5–7.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991f) “Caso Letelier.” No. 397 (26 August-1 September): 20–21.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991J) “El gobierno ante el espejo.” No. 399 (16-29 September): 22–23.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991k) “El destino actual de los jefes de la DINA.” No. 401 (14-27 October): 15–18.Google Scholar
Análisis (19911) “Seguridad ciudadana.” No. 405 (9-22 December): 8–9.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991m) Interview with President Aylwin. No. 405 (9-22 December): 16–19.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991n) “Cuestion de dignidad.” No. 406 (23 December-5 January): 5.Google Scholar
Análisis (1991o) Interview with Sebastian Piñera. No. 406 (23 December- 5 January): 18–20.Google Scholar
APSI (1992a) “El ruido de las armas.” No. 410 (14-27 January): 7.Google Scholar
APSI (1992b) Interview with Viera-Gallo. No. 412 (27 January-9 February): 11–13.Google Scholar
APSI (1992c) “Relaciones entre gobierno y policía.” No. 413 (10-23 February): 16–17.Google Scholar
APSI (1992d) Interview with José Zalaquett. No. 416 (9-22 March): 10–12.Google Scholar
APSI (1992e) “Dos años de gobierno: un éxito gracias a la oposicion.” No. 416 (9-22 March): 23.Google Scholar
APSI (1992f) “Cuanto vale la cabeza de un general.” No. 438 (30 November-13 December): 10–11.Google Scholar
APSI (1992g) Interview with Maria Luisa Sepulveda. No. 438 (30 November-13 December): 43–45.Google Scholar
APSI (1992h) Interview with Jorge Burgos. No. 440 (28 December 1992-10 January): 23–24.Google Scholar
APSI (1991a) “Los milliones y los muertos.” No. 378 (25 February- 10 March): 15.Google Scholar
APSI (1991b) “Dos balas acallaran el informe Rettig.” No. 382 (8- 21 April): 8–10.Google Scholar
APSI (1991c) Interview with Adolfo Zaldivar. No. 392 (15-28 July): 11–13.Google Scholar
APSI (1991d) Interview with Enrique Correa. No. 393 (29 July-11 August): 16–19.Google Scholar
APSI (1991e) “El gobierno camina como pisando huevos.” No. 394 (12-25 August): 11–13.Google Scholar
APSI (1991f) “Cuando la realidad no es lo Qué conviene.” No. 395 (August Special Issue): 18.Google Scholar
APSI (1991g) Interview with Carmen Lazo. No. 395 (August Special Issue): 38.Google Scholar
APSI (1991h) “La transición, ¿se termino?” No. 396 (26 August-8 September): 14–15.Google Scholar
APSI (1991i) “El ‘genio’ esta complicado.” No. 398 (23 September- 6 October): 6.Google Scholar
APSI (1991J) Interview with Ricardo Nunez. No. 400 (7-20 October): 10–12.Google Scholar
APSI (1991k) “Presupuesto militar para 1992.” No. 401 (21 October- 3 November): 22–24.Google Scholar
APSI (19911) “Entre el DINA y el frente.” No. 403 (4-17 May): 16–18.Google Scholar
APSI (1991n) “Los silencios del ministro.” No. 408 (16-29 December): 8–10.Google Scholar
APSI (1991o) Interview with Marcelo Schilling. No. 408 (16-29 December): 12–14.Google Scholar
APSI (1991p) “Con la ciencia y el olfato.” No. 408 (16-29 December): 15.Google Scholar
APSI (1991q) Interview with Ricardo Lagos. No. 409 (30 December 1991-12 January): 10–13.Google Scholar
APSI (1980) Special edition (21 October):Google Scholar
Arrate, J. (1985) La fuerza democratica de la idea socialista. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones del Ornitorrinco.Google Scholar
Arriagada, G. (1988) Pinochet: The Politics of Power. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Bachrach, P. and Baratz, M. (1962) “Two Faces of Power.” American polítical Science Review 56, 4 (December): 947–952 Google Scholar
Bagley, B. (1990) “Understanding Colombian Democracy. ” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, 2 (Summer): 143–155 Google Scholar
Balbontin, I. (1980) Hoy (24-30 September): 17.Google Scholar
Baloyra, E. (1987) “Democracy Despite Development.” World Affairs 150, 2 (Fall): 73–92.Google Scholar
Bitar, S. (1991) “Interview.” Análisis 380 (29 April-5 May): 4-6.Google Scholar
Boeninger, E. (1991a) “Consolidation in Chile.” Journal of Democracy 2, 3 (Summer): 57–60.Google Scholar
Boeninger, E. (1991b) “The Chilean polítical Transition to Democracy,” pp. 55–60 in Tulchin, J. and Varas, A. (eds.) From Dictatorship to Democracy: Rebuilding polítical Consensus in Chile. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Brown, C. (1991) Human Rights and the ‘Politics of Agreements': Chile During President Aylwin's First Year. New York, NY: Americas Watch.Google Scholar
Bulnes Aldunate, L. (1981) Constitution política de la republica de Chile. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Juridica.Google Scholar
Caviedes, C. (1991) Elections in Chile: The Road toward Redemocratization. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. (1977) “The Politicized State in Latin America,” pp. 23– 45 in Malloy, J. (ed.) Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Constable, P. and Valenzuela, A. (1991) Chile Under Pinochet: A Nation of Enemies. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Constable, P. (1989/90) “Chile's Return to Democracy.” Foreign Affairs 68, 5 (Winter): 169–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Contreras, M. (1989) “La actual situatión política y sus proyecciones,” pp. 112–138 in Redoles, Mauricio (ed.) Critica y socialismo: una reflexión desde Chile. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones CISPO.Google Scholar
Cuadra, F. (1992) “Reformas y reformas.” Hoy 765 (16-22 March):Google Scholar
Cumplido, F. (1989) “Presentation,” pp. 9–10 in Geisse, F. and Ramírez, J. (eds.) La reforma constitutional. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones Chile-America CESOC.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ditella, T. (1990) Latin American Politics: ATheoretical Framework. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Diaz, S., J. and Deves, E. V. (1989) Chilenos y Pinochet. Santiago, Chile” Zig-Zag.Google Scholar
Elster, J. and Slagstad, R. (1988) Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
((La) Epoca (1989) “Programa de gobierno de concertación de partidos por la democracia.” (25 July): 1–39.Google Scholar
Estudios Publicos (1991) “Respuestas de las fuerzas armadas y de orden al informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliation.” 41 (Summer): 449–504.Google Scholar
Fleet, M. (1985) The Rise and Fall of Christian Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
FRÜHling, H. (1984) “Repressive Policies and Legal Dissent in Authoritarian Regimes: Chile, 1973-1981.” International Journal of the Sociology of Law 12, 4 (November): 351–374.Google Scholar
Frundt, H. (1990) “Guatemala in Search of Democracy.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, 3 (Fall): 25–74.Google Scholar
Garreton, M. (1989) The Chilean polítical Process. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Geisse, F. and Ramirez, J.A. (1989) La reforma constitutional. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones ChileAmerica CESOC.Google Scholar
García, J. (1991) “A raiz del informe Rettig.” Ercilla 2902 (13-19 March): 16.Google Scholar
García, J. (1985) “Securidad nacional en la Constitution de 1980.” Revista de Derecho Publico 37-38 (January-December): 45-65.Google Scholar
García, J. (1980a) “Reflexiones y desafios ante de una nueva etapa.” Ercilla 2370 (31 December): 11.Google Scholar
García, J. (1980b) “Conclusiones del plebiscite” Ercilla 2355 (17 September): 12-13-Google Scholar
García, J. (1980c) “Plebiscite: definición política decisiva.” Ercilla 2350 (13 August): 10.Google Scholar
García, J. (1978) “La furia de la oposicion.” Ercilla 2252 (27 September): 12.Google Scholar
HOLMES, S. (1988a) “Gag Rules or the Politics of Omission,” pp. 19–58 in Elster, J. and Slagstad, R. (ed.) Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
HOLMES, S. (1988b) “Precommitment and the Paradox of Democracy,” pp. 195–240 in Elster, J. and Slagstad, R. (ed.) Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1992) “El segundo tiempo de Patricio.” No. 764 (9-15 March): 5–7.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991a) “Como gastar diez millones de dolares.” No. 724 (3- 9 June): 6–8.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991b) “Los secretos de HV-3.” No. 730 (15-21 July): 6–7.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991c) Interview with General Vega. No. 733 (5-11 August): 21–22.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991d) “El caso de ‘Charly,’ el espía.” No. 734 (12-18 August): 19–20.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991e) “Investigaciones nos torturo.” No. 737 (2-8 September): 6–10.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991f) “Caso Letelier.” No. 741 (21-27 October): 11.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991g) “Industria militar.” No. 742 (7-13 October): 30–37.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991h) “Ejercito: en pie de negociación.” No. 743 (14-20 October): 12–13.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991i) “Asuntos militares.” No. 744 (21-27 October): 11.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991j) “Militares: voto, conciencia, y fusil.” No. 747 (11-17 November): 20–23.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991k) “Intendencia de Santiago.” No. 749 (25 November-1 December): 16–18.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991m) “Medidas de seguridad pública.” No. 752 (16-22 December): 16–17.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1991n) “Ominami y la industria militar.” No. 752 (16-22 December): 19.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. (1957) The Soldier and the State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Belknap.Google Scholar
Karl, T. (1990) “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 23, 1 (October): 1–21.Google Scholar
Karl, T. (1986) “Imposing Consent’ Electoralism versus Democratization in El Salvador,” pp. 9–36 in Drake, P. and Silva, E. (eds.) Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-85. San Diego, CA: University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Karl, T. and Schmitter, P. (1991) “Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe.” International Social Science Journal 128 (May): 269–284.Google Scholar
Kenworthy, E. (1970) “Coalitions in the polítical Development of Latin America,” pp. 103–140 in Groennings, S., Kelley, E., Leiserson, M. (eds.) The Study of Coalition Behavior. New York, NY: Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Lagos, R. (1989) “Como vamos a triunfar, preparémonos todos para reconstruir a Chile.” Cauce (27 November): 5–9.Google Scholar
Latin American Studies Association (LASA) (1988) “The Chilean Plebiscite: A First Step Toward Redemocratization,” as reported by the International Commission of the Latin American Studies Association to Observe the Chilean Plebiscite. LASA Forum (newsletter) 19, 4 (Winter): 18–36.Google Scholar
Lechner, N., Brunner, J. and Flisfisch, A. (eds.) (1985) Partidos y democracia. Santiago, Chile.- Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO).Google Scholar
Lehmann, D. (1980) Democracy and Development in Latin America: Economics, Politics and Religion in the Post-War Period. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Loveman, B. (1991) “tM\si6n Cumplida? Civil-Military Relations and the Chilean polítical Transition.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33, 3 (Fall): 35–74.Google Scholar
Loveman, B. (1986-87) “Military Dictatorship and polítical Opposition in Chile, 1973-86.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28, 4 (Winter): 1–38.Google Scholar
Lowenthal, A. (ed.) (1976) Armies and Politics in Latin America. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Maira, L. (1991a) “En desacuerdo con el Presidente Aylwin.” Hoy 735 (19-25 August): 11.Google Scholar
Maira, L. (1991b) “Por Qué continúa la transición.” APSI 403 (4-17 November): 20-21.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio (1993) “Jueces acusados o un conflicto imprevisto.” (3 January): D1-D2.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio(1991a) “Los partidos polemizan.” (29 March).Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio(1991b) “Se ha cerrado el debate con las fuerzas armadas.” (4 April).Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio(1991c) “Asesinato de J. García altera perception política.” (20 April).Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio(1991d) “Auxiliares de Grange School detenidos.” (23 May): CI, C4.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio International (1992a) “CTC pidio renuncia.” (30 January- 5 February): 5.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio International (1992b) “Me siento mas identificado con el gobierno del Presidente Aylwin.” (30 January-5 February): 6.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio International (1991a) “Polemicas declaraciones formulo.” (1-7 August): 1.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio International (1991b) “El ultimo ‘pronunciamiento de Pinochet.'” (12-18 September): 6.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio International (1991c) “Como navega el gobierno.” (17-23 October): 6.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio International (1991d) “Delinquencia continúa siendo la principal preocupacion.” (7-13 November): 6.Google Scholar
(El) Mercurio International (1991e) “La semana política.” (19-24 December): 3.Google Scholar
New York Times (1990a) “New Chilean Leader Announces polítical Pardons.” (13 March): A3.Google Scholar
New York Times (1990b) “Cautiously, Chile Investigates polítical Killings.” (3 June): 6.Google Scholar
New York Times (1990c) “Chile's Chief and Pinochet Make Fragile Peace.” (27 September): A7.Google Scholar
New York Times (1989b) “Chile is Getting Independent Central Bank.” (11 December): Dl, D10.Google Scholar
New York Times (1989c) “How Chile is Devising a Democracy.” (17 December): E2.Google Scholar
Norden, D. (1990) “Democratic Consolidation and Military Professionalism: Argentina in the 1980s.” Journal of Interallied can Studies and World Affairs 32, 3 (Fall): 151–176.Google Scholar
North, L. (1976) “The Military in Chilean Politics, pp. 165–196 in Lowenthal, A. (ed.) Armies and Politics in Latin America. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Nun, J. (1976) “The Middle Class Coup Revisited,” pp. 49–86 in Lowenthal, A. (ed.) Armies and Politics in Latin America. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Nunez, R. (1991) “Intervencion del Presidente del Partido Socialista de Chile en la reunion evaluativa realizada en La Moneda el lunes 28 de octubre.” APSI supplement 403 (4-17 November): 1-4.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. (1979) “Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy,” pp. 285–318 in Collier, D. (ed.) The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. and Schmitter, P. (1989) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Pinochet, A. (1983) política, Politiquería y Demagogia. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Renacimiento.Google Scholar
Power, T. (1991) “Politicized Democracy: Competition, Institutions, and ‘Civic Fatigue’ in Brazil.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33, 3 (Fall): 75–112.Google Scholar
Politzer, P. (1990) Altamirano. Santiago, Chile: Melquiades.Google Scholar
Politzer, P. (1989) Fear in Chile: Lives under Pinochet. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Prats, C. (1985) Memorias; testimonio de un soldado. Santiago, Chile: Pehuén Editores.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. (1988) “Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflict,” pp. 59–83 in Elster, J. and Slagstad, R. (eds.) Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Punto Final (Santiago) (1991) “Editorial.” No. 259 (1-15 March): 3Google Scholar
Retamal Avila, J. (1990) Aylwin: La Palabra de un Democrata. Santiago, Chile: Planeta.Google Scholar
Rouquie, A. (1988) “Demilitarization and the Institutionalization of Military-dominated Polities in Latin America,” in O'Donnell, G., Schmitter, P.C., and Whitehead, L. (eds.) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rustow, D. (1970) “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model. Comparative Politics 2, 3 (April): 337–63.Google Scholar
Sartori, G. (1987) The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.Google Scholar
Schmitter, P. and Karl, T. (1991) “What Democracy is … and Is Not.” Journal of Democracy 2, 3 (Summer): 75–88.Google Scholar
Scully, T. (1992) Rethinking the Center: Party Politics in 19th and 20th Century Chile. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Sigmund, P. (1977) The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964-1976. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Silvert, K. (1961) The Conflict Society:. Reaction and Revolution in Latin America (revised ed.). New York, NY: Harper Colophon Books.Google Scholar
Shain, Y. and Linz, J. (1992) “The Role of Interim Governments.” Journal of Democracy 3, 1 (January): 73–89.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. (1988) Rethinking Military Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stepan, A.(1978) The State and Society: Perú in Comparative Perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. (1976) “The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion,” pp. 244–260 in Lowenthal, A. (ed.) Armies and Politics in Latin America. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Tironi, E. (1991) “Sobre el fin de la transition.” APSI 401 (21 October-3 November): 20–21.Google Scholar
Tironi, E. (1990) La Invisible Victoria. Santiago, Chile: Chile Ediciones Sur.Google Scholar
Valdes, G. (1991) “Interview.” Ercilla 2, 912 (22-28 May): 10.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, A. (1978) Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, A. and Valenzuela, J.S. (eds.) (1976) Chile: Politics and Society. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Valenzuelaj., S. (1992) “Democratic Consolidation in Post-transitonal Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions,” pp. 57– 104 in Mainwaring, Scott, O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Samuel Valenzuela, J. (eds.) Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Varas, A. (1991) “The Crisis of Legitimacy of Military Rule in the 1980s,” pp. 73–97 in Drake, Paul and Jaksic, Iván (eds.) The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1992. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Verdugo, P. (1991) “Reparación a víctimas de la represión.” APSI 392 (15-28 July): 20–23.Google Scholar
Walker, I. (1991) Author interview with Ignacio Walker, polítical aide to President Aylwin, Santiago de Chile, 18th June.Google Scholar
Weffort, F. (1988) “The Dilemmas of polítical Legitimacy.” CEPAL Review 35 (August): 127-142.Google Scholar
Whelan, J. (1989) Out of the Ashes: Life, Death, and Transfiguration of Democracy in Chile, 1833-1988. Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway.Google Scholar
Williams, P. (1990) “Elections and Democratization in Nicaragua: The 1990 Elections in Perspective.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, 4 (Winter): 13–34.Google Scholar