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Consolidation after Imposition: Panama's 1992 Referendum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Margaret E. Scranton
Margaret E. Scranton*
Affiliation:
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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Extract

In November 1992, Panama held its first nationwide election since the United States invaded the country to remove General Manuel Noriega in December 1989. Many experts, applying the strictest standards, view this referendum as the first credible national election to be held in Panama in 60 years. Others dispute this verdict, citing 1960 as the most “clean” election to held in recent memory. Whatever the benchmark, the 1992 referendum was acclaimed by participants and international observers alike as one that was transparent, free, and fair. As such, the referendum marked a small, but significant, step in the institutionalization of democratic procedures under a civilian regime.

This referendum was especially important for Panama's democratic transition and, consequently, for our understanding of the democratization process in general.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 35 , Issue 3: Special Issue: The Future of Panama and the Canal , Fall 1993 , pp. 65 - 102
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1993

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