Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T06:10:27.219Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Capitalist Regime Loyalties and Redemocratization in Chile

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Eduardo Silva
Eduardo Silva*
Affiliation:
Center for International Studies at the University of Missouri-St. Louis
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Chile is Often portrayed as an exceptional case among recent transitions from authoritarian rule for a number of reasons. It was the last of the "bureaucratic authoritarian" regimes to democratize; the transition followed the timetable and conditions set by the military more closely than in Argentina and Uruguay; the prognosis for economic and political stability seems optimistic relative to the rest of the region. An important reason for Chilean exceptionality was the fact that, unlike in other cases, Chile's business and landowning elites supported the military government to the end. Why did they do so?

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , Winter 1992 , pp. 77 - 118
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alé, J. (1988) Author interview with Jaime Alé, Director of Planning for the Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF), 27 September, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Araya, P. (1989) Author interview with Pablo Araya, Director of Research for the Cámara Chilena de la Construccion (CchC), 3 May, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Brager, S. (1990) “The Chilean Elections of 1989: An Account, an Analysis, and a Forecast for the Future” (mimeo). San Diego, CA: University of California.Google Scholar
Büchi, H. (1990) “El presupuesto de 1991 no es reactivador.” Qué Pasa? (4 June): 29.Google Scholar
Business Latin America (1990a) “Chile's New Government Aims to Maintain Coalition, Preserve Past Economic Gains.” (26 March): 91.Google Scholar
Business Latin America (1990b) “Chile's Labor Code Reforms.” (23 July): 230.Google Scholar
Business Latin America (1990c) “Unions Threaten Strikes as Chile's New Labor Code Gets Bogged Down in Senate.” (3 September): 279, 283.Google Scholar
Business Latin America (1990d) “Chile Vexed by Inflation and Slowdown of Economy, Indexation under Scrutiny.” (12 November): 358–359.Google Scholar
Business Latin America (1990e) “Business Outlook: Chile.” (3 December): 392–393.Google Scholar
Business Latin America (1989a) “Chile's Opposition Agrees to Back Moderate Aylwin.” (10 July): 209–210.Google Scholar
Business Latin America (1989b) “Chile's Opposition Unveils Electoral Program Containing Moderate Social Reforms.” (14 August): 250–251.Google Scholar
Cámara Nacional de Comercio (CNC) (1988) Infonne económico anual, 1988. Santiago, Chile: Cámara de Comercio de Santiago.Google Scholar
Cámara Nacional de Comercio (CNC) (1983) Memorandum to Finance Minister Cáceres, No. 265/ 83; 4 November. Santiago, Chile: CNC.Google Scholar
Campero, C. (1984) Los gremios empresariales en el período 1970- 1983: Comportamiento sociopolítico y orientaciones ideológicas. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Latinoamericano de Estudios Transnacionales (ILET).Google Scholar
El Campesino (1988a) “Respaldo a proceso institucional.” Nos. 1-2 (January-February): 7.Google Scholar
El Campesino (1988b) “Vision de presente y futuro.” No. 5 (May): 9.Google Scholar
El Campesino (1988c)“Aniversario de Radio Agricultura.” No. 11 (November): 9-10.Google Scholar
El Campesino (1988d) “Inauguratión FISA ‘88: discurso del presidente de la SNA José Moreno.” No. 11 (November): 29–31.Google Scholar
El Campesino (1987a) “Acuerdo de Jahuel.” No. 6 (June): 10–15.Google Scholar
El Campesino (1987b) “Reforma agraria: plan fracasado y anejo.” No. 8 (August): 11–12.Google Scholar
El Campesino (1987c) “Inauguratión FISA ‘87: discurso del presidente de la SNA, José Moreno.” No. 11 (November): 17–19.Google Scholar
El Campesino (1986a) “Editorial: condiciones para el desarrollo sectorial.” Nos. 1-2 (January-February).Google Scholar
El Campesino (1986b) “Asamblea General de Socios.” No. 11 (November): 28.Google Scholar
Cardoso, F. H. (1986) “Entrepreneurs and the Transition to Democracy in Brazil,” pp. 137–153 in O'Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe, and Whitehead, Laurence (eds.) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Cavallo, A., Salazar, M., and Sepulveda, O. (1988) La historia oculta del regimen militar. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones La Epoca.Google Scholar
Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED) (1985) Qué social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: CED.Google Scholar
Centro de Investigación y Asesoría Sindical (CIASI) (1990) “Trabajadores/Empresarios: Desafio de Futuro” (Documento No. 6). Santiago, Chile: CIASI.Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. and Robinson, C. (1982) “Why Power Contenders Choose Liberalizatioa” International Studies Quarterly 26, 1 (March): 3–36.Google Scholar
Chile. Ministerio de Economía. (1986) Actas de las Reuniones de la Subcomision de Reintegros, 15 y 22 mayo, 22 julio, 6 agosto, y 10 setiembre. Santiago de Chile: Comisión Nacional de Comercio Exterior, Ministerio de Economía.Google Scholar
Corporacíon de Investigaciones Economicas para America Latina (Cieplan) (1983) Reconstruccion economica para la Democracia. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Aconcagua.Google Scholar
Claro, R. (1985) “Commentary,” pp. 256–259 in CED (ed..) concertación social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Collier, D. (ed.) (1979) The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Conaghan, C. and Espinal, R. (1990) “Unlikely Transitions to Uncertain Regimes? Democracy without Compromise in the Dominican Republic and Ecuador.” Journal of Latin American Studies 22, 3 (October): 553–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conaghan, C., Malloy, J., and Abugattas, L. (1990) “Business and the Boys: The Politics of Neoliberalism in the Central Andes.” Latin American Research Review 25, 2: 3–30.Google Scholar
Confederación de Production y Comercio (CPC) (1983) Minutes of Executive Committee, No. 591 (5 September). Santiago, Chile: CPC.Google Scholar
Constable, P. and Valenzuela, A. (1991) A Nation of Enemies: Chile under Pinochet. New York, NY: Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Dahse, F. (1979) El mapa de la extrema riqueza. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Aconcagua.Google Scholar
DE LA Cuadra, S. (1988) Author interview with Sergio de la Cuadra (Minister of Finance in 1982), 29 September, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Diaz, E. (1985) “La concertación desde una perspective sindical de izquierda,” pp. 219–229 in CED (ed.) Concertación social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Drake, P. (1991) “Introduction: Transformation and Transition in Chile, 1982-1990,” pp. 1–17 in Drake, Paul and Jaksic, Iván (eds.) The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1990. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Drake, P. and I., Jaksic (eds) (1990) The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1990. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Drake, P. and Silva, E. (1986) Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985. San Diego, CA: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies, Center for US-Mexican Studies, and Institute of the Americas.Google Scholar
Edwards, S. and Cox-Edwards, A. (1987) Monetarism and Liberalization: The Chilean Experiment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Fontaine, J. (1989) Author interview with Jorge Fontaine, President of the Confederacion de Produccion y Comercio (CPC) from 1968-1974 and 1982-1986, Santiago de Chile, 6 April.Google Scholar
La Epoca (1991) (20 January).Google Scholar
(1989) (16 December).Google Scholar
(1988) (26 December).Google Scholar
Epstein, E. (1984) “Legitimacy, Institutionalization, and Opposition in Exclusionary Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes: The situatión of the 1980s.” Comparative Politics 17, 1 (October): 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Estrategia (1988) (17 October).Google Scholar
Feliú, A. (1985) “El punto de vista de los empresarios,” pp. 266–271 in CED (ed.) Concertación social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Feliú, M. (1992) Author interview with Manuel Feliú, then President of the Confederacion de Produccion y Comercio (CPC) from 1986-1992, Santiago de Chile, 25 June.Google Scholar
Foxley, A. (1983) Latin American Experiments in Neoconservative Economics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foxley, A. (1982) “Algunas condiciones para una democratizacion estable: El case de Chile.” Coleccion Estudios Cieplan 9 (December).Google Scholar
Frieden, J. (1991) Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern polítical Economy and Latin America, 1965-1985. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Frieden, J. (1989) “Winners and Losers in the Latin American Debt Crisis: The polítical Implications,” in Stallings, Barbara and Kaufman, Robert (eds.) Debt and Democracy in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
García, A. (1987) “Crecimiento equitativo: políticas de empleo e ingresos” (Materiales para Discusion 191, September). Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
García, R. (1992) Author interview with Raul García of the Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura (SNA), 24 June, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Garreton, M.A. (1989) The Chilean polítical Process. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman Publishers.Google Scholar
Garreton, M.A. (1987) Reconstruir la política: Transition y consolidation democratica en Chile. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Andante.Google Scholar
García, J. (1992) Author interview with José Antonio García, then president (at time of interview) of the Confederación de Production y Comercio (CPC), 15 June, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1989) “Patricio Aylwin: vamos a ganar.” No. 626 (17 July): 3–8.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1985) “Acuerdo nacional para la plena democracia.” No.424 (2 September): 10–13.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1983a) “Empresarios: historia de un pliego secreto.” No. 311 (6 July): 27–28.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1983b) “Jorge Fontaine: la nueva embestida empresarial.” No. 313 (20 July): 23–24.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1983c) “Equipo economico: ataque a los mandos medios.” No. 321 (14 September): 28–30.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1983d) “Equipo economico: como en el cuento del lobo.” No. 326 (19 October): 11–12.Google Scholar
Hoy, (1983e) “Equipo economico: las ultimas definiciones.” No. 328 (2 November): 26–27.Google Scholar
Kaufman, R. (1986) “Liberalization and Democratization in South America: Perspectives from the 1970s,” pp. 85–107 in O'Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe, and Whitehead, Laurence (eds.) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Larrain, F. (1991) “The Economic Challenges of Democratic- Development,” pp. 276–301 in Drake, Paul and Jaksic, Iván (eds.) The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1990. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Larrain, F. (1988) “Desarrollo económico para Chile en democracia,” pp. 21–84 in Larrain, Felipe (ed.) Desarrollo económico en democracia. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones Universidad Catolica de Chile.Google Scholar
Latin America Regional Reports-Southern Cone Report (LARR-SC) (1990) “Economy: GoodNews Except on Inflation.”© August): 3.Google Scholar
Latin American Studies Association (LASA) (1988) “The Chilean Plebiscite: A First Step toward Redemocratization.” LASA Forum 19, 4 (Winter): 18–36.Google Scholar
Lecaros, A. (1989) “Representacion de los intereses de la sociedad en el Estado y los Consejos económico Sociales.” MA thesis, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (Institute de Ciencia política).Google Scholar
Leniz, F. (1985) “El dificil consenso economico,” pp. 50–56 in CED (ed.) Concertación social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Liziana, P. (1992) Author interview with Pedro Liziana, member of the Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) Executive Council, Santiago (Chile), 10 June.Google Scholar
Loveman, B. (1991) “¿Misión Cumplida?Civil-Military Relations and the Chilean polítical Transition.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33, 3 (Fall): 35–74.Google Scholar
Maxfield, S. (1989) “National Business, Debt-Led Growth, and polítical Transition,” pp. 75–90 in Stallings, Barbara and Kaufman, Robert (eds) Debt and Democracy in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Millan, R. (1988) Los empresarios ante el estado y la sociedad. Mexico (DF), Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores.Google Scholar
Molina, S. (1992) Statement of Minister of Planning and Development Sergio Molina at symposium centered on themes of the 1992 UN Human Development Report, held in former Congreso Nacional building in Santiago de Chile, 16 July.Google Scholar
Molina, S. (1987) “El compromiso de Chile: Constmir un orden social justo” (Materiales para Discusion 200, November). Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Mosca, G. (1938) The Ruling Class. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Mujica, A. (1992) Author interview with Alfonso Mujica, former Vice-President (at time of interview) of the Cámara Nacional de Comercio (CNC), 16 June, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. (1979) “Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy,” pp. 285–318 in Collier, David (ed.) The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. and Schmitter, P. (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G., Schmitter, P., and Whitehead, L. (eds.) (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ojeda, V. (1985) “Los problemas de la Economía y la relacion empresarios-trabajadores,” pp. 76–79 in CED (ed.) Concertación social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Perez, G. (1985) “Sindicalismoy redemocratizacion: posibilidadesy alcances de la concertación social,” pp. 80–100 in CED (ed.) concertación social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Prieto, H. (1988) Author interview with HumbertoPrieto, Secretary- General (at time of interview) of the Cámara Nacional de Comercio (CNC), 16 October, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Proyecto altemativo (1984) Proyecto alternative (Vol.2) Santiago, Chile: Editorial Aconcagua.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1990a) “Empresarios: ‘armados’ para la democracia.” No. 986 (1 March): 6–9.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1990b) “Entrevista: el gobiemo empieza a operar en una ruleta rusa.” No. 1021 (5 November): 4–7.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1989a) “Sergio Bitar: el crecimiento futuro sera mas lento.” No. 954 (20 July).Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1989b) “Tributacion: el terror de los empresarios.” No. 955 (27 July): 32–33.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1989c) No. 959 (24 August).Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1989d) “Programa Biichi: las cuatro tareas.” No. 964 (28 September): 14.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1988) “Post plebiscito: Frenando expectativas.” No. 914 (13 November): 37–38.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1987) “Empresarios: 1987, ano de sobresaltos?” No. 833 (26 March): 36–37.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1986) “Empresarios y política: ¿al margen hasta cuando? No. 785 (24 April): 10–11.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1983a) “Edgardo Boeninger: el mesianismo fue un pecado DC.” No. 613 (6 January): 15–17.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1983b) “Las proposiciones empresariales.” No. 639 (7 July): 12–14.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1983c) “Los postulados economicos de la Alianza.” No. 647 (1 September): 30–32.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1983d) “Anuncios economicos: ¿nuevo estilo de conduccion?” No. 649 (15 September): 15–16.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1983e) “Politicayeconomia: dos caras deuna crisis.” No.650 (22 September): 8–10.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1983f) “El gobierno y la oposicion: entre dimes y diretes.” No. 653 (13 October): 8–10.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1983g) “Operacion Cáceres.” No. 654 (20 October): 8–10.Google Scholar
Qué Pasa (1983h) “El plan Cerda.” No. 655 (27 October): 12–14.Google Scholar
Ramdohr, G. (1988) Author interview with Gustavo Ramdohr, past president of the Asociacion de Industrials Metalurgicos (ASIMET) and president (at time of interview) of the Asociacion de Exportadores de Manufacturas no Tradicionales (ASEXMA), who had participated in Concertación dialogues, 25 August, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Ramos, J. (1986) Neoconservative Economics in the Southern Cone of Latin America, 1973-1983. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ruiz, DE Giorgio, J. and Ruiz Dos Santos, J. (1985) “Concertación social: cambio posible y necesario,” pp. 230–255 in CED (ed.) Concertación social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Sanfuentes, A. (1984) “Los grupos economicos: Control y políticas.” Coleccion Estudios Cieplan 15 (December): 131–170.Google Scholar
Silva, E. (1993) “Capitalist Coalitions, the State, and Neoliberal Economic Restructuring: Chile, 1973-1988.” World Politics 45, 4 (July).Google Scholar
Silva, E. (1991) “Capitalist Coalitions and Economic Policymaking in Authoritarian Chile, 1973-1988.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-San Diego.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1979) States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, W. (1989) Authoritarianism and the Crisis of Argentine polítical Economy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) (1988) “Los industriales y la política.” Revista Industria [SFF newsletter] 91, 4: 6–8.Google Scholar
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) (1986/87) “Carta del presidente.” SFF Memoria. Santiago, Chile: SFF.Google Scholar
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) (1986a) “Acciones prioritarias 1986.” Revista Industria 89, 1: 11.Google Scholar
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) (1986b) “Editorial: los programas politicos y el sector productive” Revista Industria 89, 2: 51.Google Scholar
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) (1986c) “Derecho de propiedad, reforzamiento de la empresa privada y Economía libre.” Revista Industria 89, 2: 61–62.Google Scholar
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) (1986d) “Exposition del presidente de la Sociedad de Fomento Fabril en la 102 asamblea de socios.” Revista Industria 89, 3: 117–122.Google Scholar
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) (1986e) “Mensaje del presidente de SFF Ernesto Ayala: Analisis económico y social.” Revista Industria 89, 5: 207–212.Google Scholar
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SFF) (1985/86) “Carta del presidente.” SFF Memoria. Santiago, Chile: Sff.Google Scholar
Stallings, B. and Kaufman, R. (eds.) (1989) Debt and Democracy in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. (1988) Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thayer, L. (1985) Relaciones del trabajo en una institucionalidad democrática: un enfoque jurídico,” pp. 192–209 in CED (ed.) Concertación social y democracia. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Tironi, E. (1989) Es posible reducir la pobreza en Chile. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Zig-Zag.Google Scholar
Tironi, E. (1987) “Democracia y mejoramiento de remuneraciones” (Materiales para Discusion 178, July). Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo (CED).Google Scholar
Urenda, B. (1989) Author interview with Beltran Urenda, Chairman (at time of interview) of the Economic and Social Council, 31 May, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Valdes, J. G. (1989) La escuela de Chicago: Operacion Chile. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Zeta.Google Scholar
Ward, L. (1988) Author interview with Lee Ward, Director of the National Commission for Foreign Trade (Ministry of the Economy), 13 December, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar