2 This concept was used by the anthropologist, Kluckhohn, Clyde, Mirror for Man (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1949)Google Scholar.

3 Among some of the more notable studies were Redfield's, Robert The Folk Culture of Yucatan (Chicago, 111.: University of Chicago Press, 1941)Google Scholar and Tepoztlan: A Mexican Village (Chicago, 111.: University of Chicago Press, 1930) and Lewis, Oscar’ Tepoztlan Restudied: Life in a Mexican Village (Urbana, 111.: University of Illinois Press, 1951)Google Scholar.

4 Zeleny, Carolyn, “Relations Between the Spanish Americans and Anglo- Americans in New Mexico: A Study of Conflict and Accommodation in a Dual- Ethnic Situation” (Ph.D. thesis, Department of Sociology, Yale University, 1944)Google Scholar; Simmons, Ozzie G., “Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans in South Texas” (Ph.D. thesis, Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, 1952)Google Scholar.

5 This was carried out by a grant from the Carnegie Foundation to Professor Charles P. Loomis, then head of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Michigan State University. For a more detailed outline of the proposal, see “Processes of Technological and Social Change in the Inter-Cultural Setting of the Border Areas of the United States,” Michigan State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 1954 (mimeographed pamphlet).

6 As measured by foundation grants, graduate recipients of fellowships, and consensus among specialists in the field, the leading Latin American Institutes include those at Columbia University, University of California (Berkeley), University of Texas (Austin), University of Florida and the University of Wisconsin. Clearly their scope is much broader than the focus upon the Mexican-Americans in the Southwest by the Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration at UCLA and their Advance Report Series.

Likewise, the Texas A & M Experiment Station publications are directly relevant to problems concerning the border minorities. The intensive two-county studies at that institution by sociology graduate students, while not technically border studies, are also very closely related.

7 At the time of this writing, approximately $50,000 per year is appropriated for all university-sponsored research at the University of Texas at El Paso. A small portion of that which is given to Social Science is directed to cross-cultural research. University officials have requested additional research funds but these have been rejected by legislative action.

In contrast to the lack of concern evidenced by the above, the Federal Government has considered the El Paso area an exceptional situation for introducing welfare-related programs among the Mexican-American minority. During this past year alone, more than $1.5 million was allocated for projects related to Juvenile Delinquency, Neighborhood Community Centers, Migrant Labor, Operation “Head Start,” and Operation “Upward Bound,”—and more are planned.

8 D'Antonio, William V. and Form, William H., Influentials in Two Border Cities: A Study in Community Decision-Making (South Bend, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1965)Google Scholar.

9 Ibid., pp. 218-19.

10 Form, William H. and Rivera, Julius, “The Place of Returning Migrants in a Stratification System,” Rural Sociology, vol. 23 (September, 1958), 286-97Google Scholar. Also Form and Rivera, “Work Contracts and International Evaluations: The Case of a Mexican Border Village,” Social Forces (May, 1959), pp. 334-38.

11 Penalosa, Fernando and McDonagh, Edward C., “Social Mobility in a Mexican-American Community,” Social Forces, vol. 44 (June, 1966)Google Scholar.

12 Barbosa-DaSilva, G. F., “Reference Orientation among Spanish Surnames in a Border City,” Proceedings of the Southwestern Sociological Association, New Orleans, 1966 Google Scholar, and “Participation of Mexican-Americans and Anglo-Americans in Formal Organizations in a Border Town,” paper presented at National Council on Rural Poverty, Washington, D.C., 1966.

13 Ibid.

14 Watson, James B. and Samora, Julian, “Subordinate Leadership in a Bi-Cultural Community,” American Sociological Review, vol. 19 (August, 1954), 413-17CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Clifford, Roy A., Informal Group Actions in the Rio Grande Flood: A Report to the Committee on Disaster Studies, National Research Council, February, 1955Google Scholar.

16 Clifford, Roy A., The Rio Grande Flood: A Comparative Study of Border Communities in Disaster. Committee on Disaster Studies Report no. 7 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Publication, no. 517, 1958)Google Scholar.

17 Stoddard, Ellwyn R., “Catastrophe and Crisis in a Flooded Border Community: An Analytical Approach to Disaster Emergence” (Ph.D. thesis, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Michigan State University, 1961)Google Scholar.

18 Ibid., pp. 139-41, 146. The functional problems associated with crosscultural disaster relief were outlined in a forthcoming article by this author: “Latent Consequences of Bureaucratic Efficiency in Disaster Relief: A Comparative Analysis of the Red Cross and the Salvation Army.”

19 Clyde E. Kelsey, Jr., John M. Sharp, and Guido A. Barrientes, “Linguistic and Cultural Problems in the Study of Attitudes in the Latin American University,” paper presented at Texas Psychological Association Meetings, December 1-2, 1966. Also, by the same authors, “Preliminary Results of an Attitudinal Study in a Mexican University,” presented at the Rocky Mountain Conference of Latin American Studies, El Paso, Texas, April, 1966.

20 The Mexican university is structured vertically by autonomous escuelas within the larger administrative structure of the university. Spanish for engineers is taught within that escuela, Spanish for Medical Doctors is taught within a separate escuela. There is little differentiation between undergraduate and graduate level students. On the other hand, the university in the United States is somewhat integrated between the separate divisions or colleges, whereas the horizontal differentiation between lower division, upper division, and graduate student level is more clearly articulated. See Kelsey, et. al., op. cit.

21 Since the philosophy of higher education in Mexico does not include the physical and personal welfare of the student but concentrates on providing the intellectual milieu for learning, dormitory life as we know it does not exist on their campuses.

22 For a more complete description of this tendency see Stoddard, Ellwyn R., “Freedom Types and Ethnocentric Bias in the Liberal Tradition,” The Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, IV (October, 1967), 22–31 Google Scholar.

23 A sociology major, Barry J. O'Neill, his wife a citizen of Mexico and he himself contemplating legal request of Mexican citizenship, was able to gain access to those who had revoked their U.S. citizenship for Mexican citizenship in 1966. Personal interviews with each expatriate provided the data for this study.

24 One of the foremost exponents of the multi-group designation of Spanishspeaking Americans is Sánchez, George I., Forgotten People (Albuquerque, N.M.: University of New Mexico Press, 1940)Google Scholar.

25 An example of such a distinction is Clark S. Knowlton's “A Comparison of Spanish American and Mexican American Leadership Systems of Northern New Mexico and El Paso,” done in conjunction with Sal Ramirez (paper presented to Texas Academy of Science, December 10, 1965). The rural communities of northern New Mexico he designates as Spanish American, the El Paso Border residents are Mexican Americans. See also Knowlton's “Patron-Peon Pattern Among the Spanish Americans of New Mexico,” Social Forces, vol. 40 (October, 1962), 12-17; and “The Impact of Social Change Upon Certain Selected Social Systems of the Spanish- American Villages of Northern New Mexico,” paper presented at the Rural Sociological Society, Chicago, Illinois, 1965.

26 This research “An Institutional Approach to a U. S.-Mexican Border Community in Change” has been financed for three years by the University Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso.

27 Prior to the U. S. Census Spanish Surname designation in 1950, excellent demographic materials were restricted to analyses of immigrants and noncitizens such as José Hernández Alvarez, “A Demographic Profile of the Mexican Immigration to the United States: 1910-1950,” Journal of Inter-American Studies, VIII (July, 1966), 471-496. However, after 1950 a more precise demographic description of the Spanish Surname population itself was possible, one excellent source being J. Allen Beegle, Harold F. Goldsmith, and Charles Loomis, P., “Demographic Characteristics of the United States-Mexican Border,” Rural Sociology, XXV (March, 1960), 107–162 Google Scholar. Likewise, Browning, Harley L. and Dale McLemore, S., A Statistical Profile of the Spanish-Surname Population of Texas (Austin: Bureau of Business Research, 1964)Google Scholar. Although not strictly limited to the border region, the recent paperback monograph by Heller, Celia S., Mexican-American Youth: Forgotten Youth at the Crossroads (New York: Random House, 1966)Google Scholar is a very impressive and readable analysis of Spanish Surname demographic data and related materials.