Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:33:46.882Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Archetypical barriers to adapting water governance in river basins to climate change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2017

CHRISTOPH OBERLACK  and
KLAUS EISENACK
CHRISTOPH OBERLACK*
Affiliation:
Centre for Development and Environment, Universität Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Institute of Geography, Universität Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
KLAUS EISENACK*
Affiliation:
Resource Economics Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
*
*Email: [email protected]
**Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Can we explain barriers to adaptation of collective action to changes in the natural environment? One reason for adaptation is the impacts of climate change. Ample case study evidence shows that such adaptation is rarely a smooth process. However, generalisable patterns of how and why barriers arise remain scarce. The study adopts a collective action perspective and the archetypes approach in a meta-analysis of 26 selected publications to explain how barriers arise in specific conditions. Focusing on adaptation of water governance in river basins, the study finds 21 reappearing patterns. Less well-established patterns relate to water property rights, hydrological standards, adaptation externalities, non-climatological uncertainty and vertical coordination. Results further show how barriers impede collective action in specific ways. The paper precisely introduces the archetypes approach, and shows that reported problems in adapting collective action under climate change arise from attributes of actors and pre-existing institutions rather than biophysical characteristics.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Institutional Economics , Volume 14 , Special Issue 3: Special Issue on Adapting Institutions to Climate Change , June 2018 , pp. 527 - 555
Copyright
Copyright © Millennium Economics Ltd 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Note: References to the publications included in the meta-analysis are provided in the appendix.Google Scholar
Agrawal, A. (2014), ‘Studying the commons, governing common-pool resource outcomes: some concluding thoughts’, Environmental Science & Policy 36: 86–91.Google Scholar
Barnett, J., Evans, L. S., Gross, G., Kiem, A. S., Kingsford, R. T., Palutikof, J. P., Pickering, C. M. and Smithers, S. G. (2015), ‘From barriers to limits to climate change adaptation: path dependency and the speed of change’, Ecology and Society, 20 (3): 5.Google Scholar
Berkhout, F., Hertin, J. and Gann, D. M. (2006), ‘Learning to adapt: organisational adaptation to climate change impacts’, Climatic Change, 78 (1): 135–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betzold, C. (2015) ʻAdapting to climate change in small island developing statesʼ, Climatic Change, 133 (3): 481–9.Google Scholar
Biesbroek, G. R., Klostermann, J. E. M., Termeer, C. J. A. M. and Kabat, P. (2011), ‘Barriers to climate change adaptation in the Netherlands’, Climate Law, 2: 181–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesbroek, G. R., Klostermann, J. E. M., Termeer, C. J. A. M. and Kabat, P. (2013), ‘On the nature of barriers to climate change adaptation’, Regional Environmental Change, 13 (5): 1119–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesbroek, G. R., Termeer, C. J. A. M., Klostermann, J. E. and Kabat, P. (2014), ‘Rethinking barriers to adaptation: mechanism-based explanation of impasses in the governance of an innovative adaptation measure’, Global Environmental Change, 26: 108–18.Google Scholar
Bisaro, A. and Hinkel, J. (2016), ʻGovernance of social dilemmas in climate change adaptationʼ, Nature Climate Change, 6: 354–9.Google Scholar
Blomquist, W. A., Dinar, A. and Kemper, K. (2005), ‘Comparison of institutional arrangements for river basin management in eight basins’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3636.Google Scholar
Bromley, D. W. (2006), Sufficient reason: Volitional pragmatism and the meaning of economic institutions. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ching, L. and Mukherjee, M. (2015), ʻManaging the socio-ecology of very large rivers: collective choice rules in IWRM narrativesʼ, Global Environmental Change, 34: 172–84.Google Scholar
Cosens, B. A. and Williams, M. K. (2012), ‘Resilience and water governance: adaptive governance in the Columbia River basin’, Ecology and Society, 17 (4): 3.Google Scholar
Cox, M. (2011), ‘Advancing the diagnostic analysis of environmental problems’, International Journal of the Commons, 5 (2): 346–63.Google Scholar
Cox, M. (2014), ‘Understanding large social–ecological systems: introducing the SESMAD project’, International Journal of the Commons, 8 (2): 265–76.Google Scholar
Cox, M., Arnold, G. and Villamayor-Tomas, S. (2010), ‘A review of design principles for community-based natural resource management’, Ecology and Society, 15 (4): 38–6.Google Scholar
Eisenack, K. (2012), ‘Archetypes of adaptation to climate change’, in Glaser, M., Krause, G., Ratter, B. M. W. and Welp, M. (eds), Human/Nature Interactions in the Anthropocene: Potentials of Social-Ecological Systems Analysis, New York, NJ: Routledge, pp. 107–22.Google Scholar
Eisenack, K. (2016), ‘Institutional adaptation to cooling water scarcity in the electricity sector under global warming’, Ecological Economics, 124: 153–63.Google Scholar
Eisenack, K., Lüdeke, M. and Kropp, J. (2006), ‘Construction of archetypes as a formal method to analyze social-ecological systems’, Proceedings of the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Synthesis Conference, Bali.Google Scholar
Eisenack, K., Moser, S., Hoffmann, E., Klein, R., Oberlack, C., Pechan, A., Rotter, M. and Termeer, C. J. A. M. (2014), ‘Explaining and overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation’, Nature Climate Change, 4: 867–72.Google Scholar
Eisenack, K. and Stecker, R. (2012), ‘A framework for analyzing climate change adaptations as actions’, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 17 (3): 243–60.Google Scholar
Eisenack, K., Stecker, R., Reckien, D., and Hoffmann, E. (2011), ‘Adaptation to climate change in the transport sector: a review of actions and actors’, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 17 (5): 451–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farley, K. A., Tague, C. and Grant, G. E. (2011), ‘Vulnerability of water supply from the Oregon Cascades to changing climate: linking science to users and policy’, Global Environmental Change, 21 (1): 110–22.Google Scholar
Frey, U. and Cox, M. (2015), ‘Building a diagnostic ontology of social-ecological systems’, International Journal of the Commons, 9 (2): 595–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganter, B and Wille, R. (1999), Formal Concept Analysis: Mathematical Foundations, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Garrelts, H. and Lange, H. (2011), ‘Path dependencies and path change in complex fields of action: climate adaptation policies in Germany in the realm of flood risk management’, Ambio, 40 (2): 200–9.Google Scholar
Garrick, D., Whitten, S. M. and Coggan, A. (2013), ‘Understanding the evolution and performance of water markets and allocation policy: a transaction costs analysis framework’, Ecological Economics, 88: 195–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasso, M. (2010), ‘An ethical approach to climate adaptation finance’, Global Environmental Change, 20 (1): 74–81.Google Scholar
Gupta, J., Termeer, C. J. A. M., Klostermann, J., Meijermink, S., van den Brink, M., Jong, P., Nooteboom, S. G. and Bergsma, E. (2010), ‘The adaptive capacity wheel: a method to assess the inherent characteristics of institutions to enable the adaptive capacity of society’, Environmental Science & Policy, 13 (6): 459–471.Google Scholar
Hallegatte, S. (2009) ʻStrategies to adapt to an uncertain climate changeʼ, Global Environmental Change, 19 (2): 240–7.Google Scholar
Hamlet, A. F. (2011), ‘Assessing water resources adaptive capacity to climate change impacts in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America’, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15 (5): 1427–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heikkila, T., Schlager, E. and Davis, M. W. (2011), ‘The role of cross-scale institutional linkages in common pool resource management: assessing interstate river compacts’, Policy Studies Journal, 39 (1), 121–45.Google Scholar
Heinrichs, D., Aggarwal, R., Barton, J., Bharucha, E., Butsch, C., Fragkias, M., P, Johnston, Kraas, F., Krellenberg, K., Lampis, A., Ling, O. G., Vogel, J. (2011), ‘Adapting cities to climate change: opportunities and constraints’, in Hoornweeg, D., Freire, M., Lee, M. J., Bhada-Tata, P., Yuen, B., (Eds), Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda, Washington, USA: World Bank, pp. 193–224.Google Scholar
Hill, M. (2013), ‘Adaptive capacity of water governance: cases from the Alps and the Andes’, Mountain Research and Development, 33 (3): 248–59.Google Scholar
Hinkel, J.; Cox;, M. Schlüter;, M. Binder, C. and Falk, T. (2015), ‘A diagnostic procedure for applying the social-ecological systems framework in diverse cases’, Ecology and Society, 20 (1): 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huitema, D., Adger, W. N., Berkhout, F., Massey, E., Mazmanian, D., Munaretto, S., Plummer, R. and Termeer, C. J. A. M. (2016), ‘The governance of adaptation: choices, reasons, and effects: introduction to the special feature’, Ecology and Society, 21 (3): 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntjens, P., Lebel, L., Pahl-Wostl, C., Schulze, R., Camkin, J. and Kranz, N. (2012), ‘Institutional design propositions for the governance of adaptation to climate change in the water sector’, Global Environmental Change, 22 (1): 67–81.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, M. A. and Diaz, H., (2013), ‘Water governance in Chile and Canada: a comparison of adaptive characteristics’, Ecology and Society, 18 (4): 61–83.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, M. and Montana, E. (2015) ʻDimensions of adaptive water governance and drought in Argentina and Canadaʼ, Journal of Sustainable Development, 8 (1): 120–37.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, M., Diaz, H., Corkal, D. R. and Warren, J. (2009), ‘Climate change and water governance in Saskatchewan, Canada’, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 1 (2): 118–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC (2013), ‘Summary for Policymakers’. In Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P. M. (eds), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Janssen, M. A. and Rollins, N. D. (2012). ʻEvolution of cooperation in asymmetric commons dilemmasʼ, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 81 (1): 220–9.Google Scholar
Kirchhoff, C. J., Lemos, M. C. and Engle, N. L. (2013), ‘What influences climate information use in water management? The role of boundary organizations and governance regimes in Brazil and the U.S’, Environmental Science & Policy, 26: 6–18.Google Scholar
Klein, R. J. T. and Juhola, S. (2014), ‘A framework for Nordic actor-centered adaptation research’, Environmental Science & Policy, 40: 101–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knieper, C. and Pahl-Wostl, C. (2016), ‘A comparative analysis of water governance, water management, and environmental performance in river basins’, Water Resources Management’, 30 (7): 2161–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kok, M., Lüdeke, M., Lucas, P., Sterzel, T., Walther, C., Janssen, P., Sietz, D. and de Soysa, I. (2016), ‘A new method for analysing socio-ecological patterns of vulnerability’, Regional Environmental Change, 16 (1): 229–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libecap, G. D. (2011), ‘Institutional path dependence in climate adaptation: Coman's “Some unsettled problems of irrigation”’, American Economic Review, 101: 64–80.Google Scholar
Lüdeke, M. K. B., Petschel-Held, G. and Schellnhuber, H. J. (2004), ‘Syndromes of global change: the first panoramic view’, GAIA, 13 (1): 42–9.Google Scholar
Meinzen-Dick, R. (2007). ʻBeyond panaceas in water institutionsʼ, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (39): 15,200–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milman, A., Bunclark, L., Conway, D. and Adger, W. N. (2013), ‘Assessment of institutional capacity to adapt to climate change in transboundary river basins’, Climatic Change, 121 (4): 755–70.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. ([1949]1968), Social Theory and Social Structure, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Meyfroidt, P. (2016), ‘Approaches and terminology for causal analysis in land systems science’, Journal of Land Use Science, 11 (5): 501–22.Google Scholar
Moser, S. C. and Ekstrom, J. A. (2010), ‘A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation’, PNAS, 107 (51): 22,026–31.Google Scholar
Næss, L. O., Bang, G., Eriksen, S. and Vevatne, J. (2005), ‘Institutional adaptation to climate change: flood responses at the municipal level in Norway’, Global Environmental Change, 15 (2): 125–38.Google Scholar
Oberlack, C. (2017), ‘Diagnosing institutional barriers and opportunities for adaptation to climate change’, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 22 (5): 805–38.Google Scholar
Oberlack, C. and Eisenack, K. (2014), ‘Alleviating barriers to urban climate change adaptation through international cooperation’, Global Environmental Change, 24: 349–62.Google Scholar
Oberlack, C., Tejada, L., Messerli, P., Rist, S. and Giger, M. (2016), ‘Sustainable livelihoods in the global land rush? Archetypes of livelihood vulnerability and sustainability potentials’, Global Environmental Change, 41: 153–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, E. (1990), Governing the Commons, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. (2005), Understanding Institutional Diversity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. (2009), ‘A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems’, Science, 325 (5939): 419–22.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. and Gardner, R. (1993) ʻCoping with asymmetries in the commons: self-governing irrigation systems can workʼ, Journal of Economic Perspectives 7 (4): 93–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, E., Gardner, R. and Walker, J. (1994) Rules, Games, and Common-pool Resources, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, E., Janssen, M. A. and Anderies, J. (2007), ‘Going beyond panaceas’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (39): 15,176–8.Google Scholar
Paavola, J. (2007), ‘Institutions and environmental governance: a reconceptualization’, Ecological Economics 63 (1): 93–103.Google Scholar
Paavola, J. and Adger, W. N. (2006) ʻFair adaptation to climate changeʼ, Ecological Economics, 56 (4): 594–609.Google Scholar
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2009), ‘A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes’, Global Environmental Change, 19 (3): 354–65.Google Scholar
Pahl-Wostl, C. and Knieper, C. (2014), ‘The capacity of water governance to deal with the climate change adaptation challenge: using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to distinguish between polycentric, fragmented and centralized regimes’, Global Environmental Change, 29: 139–54.Google Scholar
Pahl-Wostl, C., Lebel, L., Knieper, C. and Nikitina, E. (2012), ‘From applying panaceas to mastering complexity: toward adaptive water governance in river basins’, Environmental Science & Policy, 23: 24–34.Google Scholar
Petschel-Held, G. (2003), Integrative Forschung zwischen Normativität und Unsicherheit, Nomothese und Idiographie in den Nachhaltigkeitswissenschaften. In Gottschalk-Mazouz, N. and Mazouz, N. (eds), Nachhaltigkeit und globaler Wandel Campus, Frankfurt, Germany, New York, USA, pp. 277–97.Google Scholar
Pulwarty, R. S. and Maia, R. (2015), ‘Adaptation challenges in complex rivers around the world: the Guadiana and the Colorado basins’, Water Resources Management, 29 (2): 273–93.Google Scholar
Pulwarty, R. S. and Melis, T. S. (2001), ‘Climate extremes and adaptive management on the Colorado River: lessons from the 1997–8 ENSO event’, Journal of Environmental Management, 63 (3): 307–24.Google Scholar
Ragin, C. C. (1987), The Comparative Method, Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rittel, J. H. W. and Webber, M. M. (1973), ‘Dilemmas in a general theory of planning’, Policy Science, 4 (2): 155–69.Google Scholar
Roggero, M. (2015), Adapting institutions: exploring climate adaptation through institutional economics and set relations, Ecological Economics, 118: 114–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotter, M., Hoffmann, E., Pechan, A. and Stecker, R. (2016), ‘Competing priorities: how actors and institutions influence adaptation in the German railway system, Climatic Change, 137 (3): 609–23.Google Scholar
Rudel, T. (2008), ‘Meta-analyses of case studies: a method for studying regional and global environmental change’, Global Environmental Change, 18 (1): 18–25.Google Scholar
Saleth, M. and Dinar, A. (2008), ‘Linkages within institutional structure: an empirical analysis of water institutions’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 4 (3): 375–401:CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlager, E. and Heikkila, T. (2011), ‘Left high and dry? Climate change, common-pool resource theory, and the adaptability of Western water compacts’, Public Administration Review, 71 (3): 461–70.Google Scholar
Schneider, C. Q. and Wagemann, C. (2012), Set-theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schmid, A. A. (2004), Conflict and Cooperation: Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Shepherd, P., Tansey, J. and Dowlatabadi, H. (2006), ‘Context matters: what shapes adaptation to water stress in the Okanagan?’ Climatic Change, 78 (1): 31–62.Google Scholar
Sietz, D. and van Dijk, H. (2015), ‘Land-based adaptation to global change: what drives soil and water conservation in western Africa?’ Global Environmental Change, 33 (2): 131–41.Google Scholar
Sietz, D., Lüdeke, M. K. B. and Walther, C. (2011), ‘Categorisation of typical vulnerability patterns in global drylands’, Global Environmental Change, 21 (2): 431–40.Google Scholar
Tompkins, E. L. and Eakin, H. (2012) ʻManaging private and public adaptation to climate changeʼ, Global Environmental Change, 22 (1): 3–11.Google Scholar
Vatn, A. (2005), Institutions and the Environment, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.Google Scholar
Villamayor-Tomas, S., Grundmann, P., Epstein, G., Evans, T. and Kimmich, C. (2015) ʻThe water-energy-food security nexus through the lenses of the value chain and the institutional analysis and development frameworksʼ, Water Alternatives, 8 (1): 735–55.Google Scholar
UNEP (2007), Global Environmental Outlook 4. United Nations Environment Programme. Valetta, Malta: Progress Press.Google Scholar
Warren, A. (2002), ‘Land degradation is contextual’, Land Degradation and Development, 13 (6): 449–59.Google Scholar
WBGU (1994), World in Transition: Basic Structure of Global People-Environment Interactions, Bonn: Economica Verlag.Google Scholar
Wilder, M., Scott, C. A., Pablos, N. P., Varady, R. G., Garfin, G. M. and McEvoy, J. (2010), ‘Adapting across boundaries: climate change, social learning, and resilience in the US–Mexico border region’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100 (4): 917–28.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (2010), ‘Transaction cost economics: the natural progression’, American Economic Review, 100 (3): 673–90.Google Scholar
Young, O. R. (2002), The Institutional Dimensions of Environmental Change: Fit, Interplay, and Scale, London, Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar

References of included primary studies

Binder, L. C. W. (2006), ‘Climate change and watershed planning in Washington state’, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 42 (4): 915–26.Google Scholar
Boer, H. (2010), ‘Policy options for, and constraints on, effective adaptation for rivers and wetlands in northeast Queensland’, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 17 (3): 154–64.Google Scholar
Cosens, B. A. and Williams, M. K. (2012), ‘resilience and water governance: adaptive governance in the Columbia River basin’, Ecology and Society, 17 (4): 3.Google Scholar
Cots, F., Tàbara, J. D., McEvoy, D., Werners, S. and Roca, E. (2009), ‘Cross-border organisations as an adaptive water management response to climate change: the case of the Guadiana River basin’, Environment and Planning C, 27 (5): 876–93.Google Scholar
Engle, N. L. and Lemos, M. C. (2010), ‘Unpacking governance: building adaptive capacity to climate change of river basins in Brazil’, Global Environmental Change, 20 (1): 4–13.Google Scholar
Farley, K. A., Tague, C. and Grant, G. E. (2011), ‘Vulnerability of water supply from the Oregon Cascades to changing climate: linking science to users and policy’, Global Environmental Change, 21 (1): 110–22.Google Scholar
Gillon, S., Booth, E. G. and Rissman, A. R. (2015), ‘Shifting drivers and static baselines in environmental governance: Challenges for improving and proving water quality outcomes’, Regional Environmental Change, 16 (3): 759–75.Google Scholar
Hamlet, A. F. (2011), ‘Assessing water resources adaptive capacity to climate change impacts in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America’, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15 (5): 1427–43.Google Scholar
Hill, M. (2013), ‘Adaptive capacity of water governance: cases from the Alps and the Andes’, Mountain Research and Development, 33 (3): 248–59.Google Scholar
Hill-Clarvis, M. and Allan, A. (2014), ‘Adaptive capacity in a Chilean context: A questionable model for Latin America’, Environmental Science & Policy, 43: 78–90.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, M., Diaz, H., Corkal, D. R. and Warren, J. (2009), ‘Climate change and water governance in Saskatchewan, Canada’, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 1 (2): 118–32.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, M. A. and Diaz, H. (2013), ‘Water governance in Chile and Canada: a comparison of adaptive characteristics’, Ecology and Society, 18 (4): 61–83.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, M. A. and Montana, E. (2015), ‘Dimensions of adaptive water governance and drought in Argentina and Canada’, Journal of Sustainable Development, 8 (1): 120– 37.Google Scholar
Kirchhoff, C. J., Lemos, M. C. and Engle, N. L. (2013), ‘What influences climate information use in water management? The role of boundary organizations and governance regimes in Brazil and the US’, Environmental Science & Policy, 26: 6–18.Google Scholar
Kistin, E.J. and Ashton, P. J. (2008), ‘Adapting to change in transboundary rivers: an analysis of treaty flexibility on the Orange-Senqu River basin’, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24 (3): 385–400.Google Scholar
Krysanova, V., Dickens, C., Timmerman, J., Varela-Ortega, C., Schlüter, M., Roest, K., Huntjens, P., Jaspers, F., Buiteveld, H., Moreno, E., de Pedraza Carrera, J., Slámová, R., Martínková, M., Blanco, I., Esteve, P., Pringle, K., Pahl-Wostl, C. and Kabat, P. (2010), ‘Cross-comparison of climate change adaptation strategies across large river basins in Europe, Africa and Asia’, Water Resources Management, 24 (14): 4121–60.Google Scholar
Larsen, S. V. (2011), ‘Risk as a challenge in practice: investigating climate change in water management’, Regional Environmental Change, 11 (1): 111–22.Google Scholar
O'Connor, R. E., Yarnal, B., Neff, R., Bord, R., Wiefek, N., Reenock, C., Shudak, R., Jocoy, C. L., Pascals, P. and Knight, C. G. (1999), ‘Weather and climate extremes, climate change, and planning: views of community water system managers in Pennsylvania's Susquehanna River basin’, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35 (6): 1411–9.Google Scholar
Pittock, J. and Finlayson, C. M. (2013), ‘Climate change adaptation in the Murray-Darling Basin: reducing resilience of wetlands with engineering’, Australian Journal of Water Resources, 12 (2): 161–9.Google Scholar
Pulwarty, R. S. and Maia, R. (2015), ‘Adaptation challenges in complex rivers around the world: the Guadiana and the Colorado basins’, Water Resources Management, 29 (2): 273–93.Google Scholar
Pulwarty, R. S. and Melis, T. S. (2001), ‘Climate extremes and adaptive management on the Colorado River: lessons from the 1997–1998 ENSO event’, Journal of Environmental Management, 63 (3): 307–24.Google Scholar
Shepherd, P., Tansey, J. and Dowlatabadi, H. (2006), ‘Context matters: what shapes adaptation to water stress in the Okanagan?’ Climatic Change, 78 (1): 31–62.Google Scholar
Singh-Peterson, L., Serrao-Neumann, S., Crick, F. and Sporne, I. (2013), ‘Planning for climate change across borders: insights from the Gold Coast (QLD) – Tweed (NSW) region’, Australian Planner, 50 (2):148–56.Google Scholar
Wei, Y., Langford, J., Willett, I. R., Barlow, S. and Lyle, C. (2011), ‘Is irrigated agriculture in the Murray Darling Basin well prepared to deal with reductions in water availability?’ Global Environmental Change, 21 (3): 906–16.Google Scholar
Welsh, L. W., Endter-Wada, J., Downard, R. and Kettenring, K. M. (2013), ‘Developing adaptive capacity to droughts: the rationality of locality’, Ecology and Society, 18 (2): 7.Google Scholar
Wilder, M., Scott, C. A., Pablos, N. P., Varady, R. G., Garfin, G. M. and McEvoy, J. (2010), ‘Adapting across boundaries: climate change, social learning, and resilience in the US–Mexico border region’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100 (4): 917–28.Google Scholar