Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T05:11:31.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seroprevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis among patients with leptospirosis in northern Iran: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 July 2021

P. Varzegar ,
M. Bayani ,
N. Kalantari ,
M. Nasiri-kenari ,
B. Amini Navaie ,
A. Mollalo  and
A. Rostami Open the ORCID record for A. Rostami [Opens in a new window]
P. Varzegar
Affiliation:
Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
M. Bayani*
Affiliation:
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
N. Kalantari
Affiliation:
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
M. Nasiri-kenari
Affiliation:
North Research Center of Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
B. Amini Navaie
Affiliation:
North Research Center of Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
A. Mollalo
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Prevention Science, School of Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA
A. Rostami*
Affiliation:
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
*
Author for correspondence: M. Bayani, E-mail: [email protected] A. Rostami, E-mail: [email protected]
Author for correspondence: M. Bayani, E-mail: [email protected] A. Rostami, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Strongyloidiasis and leptospirosis are neglected tropical diseases that have affected many countries across the world. In this study, we evaluated the seroprevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis among patients with leptospirosis in northern Iran. We evaluated 156 laboratory- or clinically confirmed leptospirosis cases. The overall seroprevalence of S. stercoralis was 32.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27.4–36.5%, 50/156). Seropositivity was significantly associated with agricultural activities (odds ratio (OR): 2.84, 95% CI: 1.0–8.77) and gastrointestinal disorders (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1–4.9). Laboratory findings indicated that seropositivity of S. stercoralis was significantly associated with decreased levels of platelet and elevated levels of creatinine, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.05). Our findings suggested a higher exposure to S. stercoralis larvae among patients with leptospirosis. The public health and medical communities may benefit from this research through preventive measures to improve farmers’ knowledge and awareness regarding strongyloidiasis and leptospirosis and the associated risk factors.

Keywords

StrongyloidiasisleptospirosisseroprevalenceIran
Type
Short Communication
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 95 , 2021 , e34
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdollahpour, G, Shafighi, ST and Sattari Tabrizi, S (2009) Serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in cattle in north of Iran, Gilan. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 3, 7–10.Google Scholar
Ahmadi, M, Beigom Kia, E, Rezaeian, M, Hosseini, M, Kamranrashani, B and Tarighi, F (2015) Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasites in rehabilitation centers in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 25, 1–7.Google Scholar
Ashiri, A, Rafiei, A, Beiromvand, M, Khanzadeh, A and Alghasi, A (2021) Screening of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in high-risk patients in Khuzestan Province, Southwestern Iran. Parasites & Vectors, 14, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashrafi, K, Tahbaz, A and Rahmati, B (2010) Strongyloides stercoralis: The most prevalent parasitic cause of eosinophilia in Gilan Province, northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 5, 40.Google ScholarPubMed
Asundi, A, Beliavsky, A, Liu, XJ, Akaberi, A, Schwarzer, G, Bisoffi, Z, Requena-Méndez, A, Shrier, I and Greenaway, C (2019) Prevalence of strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis among migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 7, e236–e248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bharti, AR, Nally, JE, Ricaldi, JN, Matthias, MA, Diaz, MM, Lovett, MA, Levett, PN, Gilman, RH, Willig, MR and Gotuzzo, E (2003) Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3, 757–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buonfrate, D, Requena-Mendez, A, Angheben, A, Muñoz, J, Gobbi, F, Van Den Ende, J and Bisoffi, Z (2013) Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports. BMC infectious diseases, 13, 78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buonfrate, D, Formenti, F, Perandin, F and Bisoffi, Z (2015a) Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 21, 543–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buonfrate, D, Sequi, M, Mejia, R, Cimino, RO, Krolewiecki, AJ, Albonico, M, Degani, M, Tais, S, Angheben, A and Requena-Mendez, A (2015b) Accuracy of five serologic tests for the follow up of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PLoS Neglected Tropical Disease, 9, e0003491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buonfrate, D, Gobbi, F, Angheben, A and Bisoffi, Z (2018a) Strongyloides stercoralis: the need for accurate information. The Lancet, 391, 2322–2323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buonfrate, D, Requena-Mendez, A, Angheben, A, Cinquini, M, Cruciani, M, Fittipaldo, A, Giorli, G, Gobbi, F, Piubelli, C and Bisoffi, Z (2018b) Accuracy of molecular biology techniques for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection—A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Disease, 12, e0006229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, F, Hagan, JE, Calcagno, J, Kane, M, Torgerson, P, Martinez-Silveira, MS, Stein, C, Abela-Ridder, B and Ko, AI (2015) Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Disease, 9, e0003898.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darvish, S, Mohammadzadeh, I, Mehravar, S, Spotin, A and Rostami, A (2021) The association between seropositivity to human toxocariasis and childhood asthma in northern Iran: a case-control study. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 49, 25–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ericsson, CD, Steffen, R, Siddiqui, AA and Berk, SL (2001) Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 33, 1040–1047.Google Scholar
Ghasemian, R, Shokri, M, Makhlough, A and Suraki-Azad, MA (2016) The course and outcome of renal failure due to human leptospirosis referred to a hospital in North of Iran; A follow-up study. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, 7, 7.Google ScholarPubMed
Gorgani-Firouzjaee, T, Kalantari, N, Javanian, M and Ghaffari, S (2018) Strongyloides stercoralis: detection of parasite-derived DNA in serum samples obtained from immunosuppressed patients. Parasitology Research, 117, 2927–2932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grove, DI (1996) Human strongyloidiasis. Advances in Parasitology, 38, 251–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartskeerl, R, Collares-Pereira, M and Ellis, W (2011) Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17, 494–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Javanian, M, Gorgani-Firouzjaee, T and Kalantrai, N (2019) Comparison of ELISA and PCR of the 18S rRNA gene for detection of human strongyloidiasis using serum sample. Infectious Diseases, 51, 360–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalantari, N, Darbandi, Z, Bayani, MA, Sharbatkhori, M, Bayani, M and Ghaffari, S (2019) Prevalence and associated risk factors of Strongyloides sp. infection in diabetic patients in the central part of Mazandaran, northern Iran. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 14, e86569.Google Scholar
Khieu, V, Schär, F, Marti, H, Bless, PJ, Char, MC, Muth, S and Odermatt, P (2014) Prevalence and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis in Takeo Province, Cambodia. Parasites & Vectors, 7, 221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krolewiecki, A and Nutman, TB (2019) Strongyloidiasis: a neglected tropical disease. Infectious Disease Clinics, 33, 135–151.Google ScholarPubMed
Mohammadzadeh, I, Darvish, S, Riahi, SM, Moghaddam, SA, Pournasrollah, M, Mohammadnia-Afrozi, M and Rostami, A (2020) Exposure to Toxocara spp. and Ascaris lumbricoides infections and risk of allergic rhinitis in children. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 16, 1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Nontasut, P, Muennoo, C, Sanguankiat, S, Fongsri, S and Vichit, A (2005) Prevalence of Strongyloides in Northern Thailand and treatment with ivermectin vs albendazole. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36, 442–444.Google ScholarPubMed
Palaniappan, RU, Ramanujam, S and Chang, Y-F (2007) Leptospirosis: pathogenesis, immunity, and diagnosis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 20, 284–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafiei, R, Rafiei, A, Rahdar, M and Keikhaie, B (2016) Seroepidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis amongst immunocompromised patients in Southwest Iran. Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 1, 229–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Requena-Méndez, A, Chiodini, P, Bisoffi, Z, Buonfrate, D, Gotuzzo, E and Muñoz, J (2013) The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: a systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, e2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schär, F, Trostdorf, U, Giardina, F, Khieu, V, Muth, S, Marti, H, Vounatsou, P and Odermatt, P (2013) Strongyloides stercoralis: global distribution and risk factors. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7, e2288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sohail, ML, Khan, MS, Ijaz, M, Naseer, O, Fatima, Z, Ahmad, AS and Ahmad, W (2018) Seroprevalence and risk factor analysis of human leptospirosis in distinct climatic regions of Pakistan. Acta tropica, 181, 79–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spichler, AS, Vilaça, PJ, Athanazio, DA, Albuquerque, JO, Buzzar, M, Castro, B, Seguro, A and Vinetz, JM (2008) Predictors of lethality in severe leptospirosis in urban Brazil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79, 911–914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmann, P, Zhou, X-N, Du, Z-W, Jiang, J-Y, Wang, L-B, Wang, X-Z, Li, L-H, Marti, H and Utzinger, J (2007) Occurrence of Strongyloides stercoralis in Yunnan Province, China, and comparison of diagnostic methods. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 1, e75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilahun, Z, Reta, D and Simenew, K (2013) Global epidemiological overview of leptospirosis. International Journal of Microbiology Research, 4, 9–15.Google Scholar
Yakhchali, M, Rostami, A and Esmaelzadeh, M (2011) Diversity and seasonal distribution of ixodid ticks in the natural habitat of domestic ruminants in north and south of Iran. Revuede Médecine Véterinaire, 162, 229–235.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Varzegar et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Varzegar et al. supplementary material(File)
File 14.7 KB