Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b95js Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-20T17:27:44.070Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mansonella ozzardi and its vectors in the New World: an update with emphasis on the current situation in Haiti

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2017

C.P. Raccurt
C.P. Raccurt*
Affiliation:
Department of Infectious and Communicable Diseases, Quisqueya University, Port-au-Prince, Haïti
*
Author for correspondence: C.P. Raccurt, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) is a little studied filarial nematode. This human parasite, transmitted by two families of dipteran vectors, biting midges (most of them members of the genus Culicoides) and blackflies (genus Simulium), is endemic to the Neotropical regions of the New World. With a patchy geographical distribution from southern Mexico to north-western Argentina, human infection with M. ozzardi is highly prevalent in some of the Caribbean islands, along riverine communities in the Amazon Basin, and on both sides of the border between Bolivia and Argentina. Studies conducted in Haiti between 1974 and 1984 allowed the first complete description of the adult worm and permitted clarification of the taxonomic position of this filarial species. This paper reports the known geographical distribution of M. ozzardi in Neotropical regions of the Americas, and focuses on the current situation in Haiti where this filariasis remains a completely neglected public health problem.

Type
Review Article
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 92 , Issue 6 , November 2018 , pp. 655 - 661
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adami, YL, Moraes, MAP, Lanfredi, RM and Maia-Herzog, M (2008) An atypical microfilaria in blood samples from inhabitants of Brazilian Amazon. Parasitology Research 104, 95–99.Google Scholar
Adami, YL, Rodrigues, G, Alves, MC, Moraes, MA, Banic, DM and Maia-Herzog, M (2014) New records of Mansonella ozzardi: a parasite that is spreading from the state of Amazonas to previously uninfected areas of the state of Acre in the Purus River region. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 109, 87–92.Google Scholar
Aschcroff, MT (1965) A history and general survey of the helminth and protozoal infections of the West Indies. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 59, 478–493.Google Scholar
Bain, O, Mutafchier, Y, Junker, K, Guerrero, R, Martin, C, Lefoulon, E and Uni, S (2015) Review of the genus Mansonella Faust, 1929 sensu lato (Nematoda: Onchocercidae), with description of a new subgenus and a new species. Zootaxa 3918, 151–193.Google Scholar
Basano, S de A, Camargo, J de S, Vera, LJ, Velasques, SN, Ogawa, GM, Medeiros, JF, Fontes, G and Camargo, LM (2011) Investigation of the occurrence of Mansonella ozzardi in the State of Rondônia, Western Amazonia, Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, 600–603.Google Scholar
Basano, S de A, Fontes, G, Medeiros, JF, Aranha Camargo, JS, Souza Vera, LJ, Parente Araújo, MP, Pires Parente, MS, Mattos Ferreira, R de G, Barreto Crispim, Pd and Aranha Camargo, LM (2014) Sustained clearance of Mansonella ozzardi infection after treatment with ivermectin in the Brazilian Amazon. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, 1170–1175.Google Scholar
Basano, S de A, Medeiros, JF, Fontes, G, Vieira, G de D, Camargo, JS, Vera, LJ, Ferreira, R de G and Camargo, LM (2016) Occurrence of Mansonella ozzardi diagnosed using a polycarbonate membrane in a riverside population of Lábrea in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 49, 115–118.Google Scholar
Batista, D, Cerqueira, NL and Moraes, MAP (1960) Epidemiologia da mansonelose em localidade do interior do Amazonas. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira 6, 176–184.Google Scholar
Beaver, PC, Neel, JV and Orihel, TC (1976) Dipetalonema perstans and Mansonella ozzrdi in Indian of Southern Venezela. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 25, 263–265.Google Scholar
Biagi, FF (1956) Observaciones sobre mansonelosis en la Peninsula de Yucatan. I. Frecuencia. Medicina Revista Mexicana 36, 521–526.Google Scholar
Biagi, FF, Tay, J and de Biagi, AM (1958) Observaciones sobre mansonelosis en la Peninsula de Yucatan. V. Culicoides furens como transmitor. Medicina Revista Mexicana 38, 377–379.Google Scholar
Bruijning, CF (1957) Notes on the common species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Surinam in relation to ozzardi filariasis. Documenta de Medicina Geographica et Tropica 9, 169–172.Google Scholar
Brumpt, LC (1949) Présence de Mansonella ozzardi chez une femme de la Guadeloupe. Compte Rendu de la Séance de la Société de Biologie 143, 468–469.Google Scholar
Buckley, JJC (1933) A note on the development of Filaria ozzardi in Culicoides furens Poey. Journal of Helminthology 11, 257–258.Google Scholar
Buckley, JJC (1934) On the development, in Culicoides furens Poey, of Filaria (= Mansonella) ozzardi Manson, 1897. Journal of Helminthology 12, 99–118.Google Scholar
Cameron, JWM (1929) Observations on a parasitological tour of the lesser Antilles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 22, 933–941.Google Scholar
Cerqueira, NL (1959) Sobre a transmissao de Mansonella ozzardi. Note 1 et 2. Jornal Brasileiro de Medicina 1, 885–914.Google Scholar
Chadee, DD, Rawlins, SC, Doon, R and Baboolal, S (1994) Presence of annular rings on Mansonella ozzardi microfilariae. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 356.Google Scholar
Chadee, DD, Tilluckdharry, CC, Rawlins, SC, Doon, R and Nathan, MB (1995) Mass chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine for the control of Bancroftian filariasis: a twelve-year follow-up in northern Trinidad, including observations on Mansonella ozzardi. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52, 174–176.Google Scholar
Courmes, E, Fauran, P and Lespinasse, JP (1968) Contribution à l’étude des filarioses humaines dans le département de la Guadeloupe. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 61, 234–245.Google Scholar
D'Andretta, C Jr, Pio da Silva, CM and Kameyna, F (1969) Ocorrência da mansonelose entre Indios do alto Xingu. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 3, 11.Google Scholar
Daniels, CW (1898) The Filaria ozzardi and their adult forms. The British Guiana Medical Annual and Hospital Reports 10, 1–15.Google Scholar
Daniels, CW (1899) The probable parental form of the sharp-tailed filarial found in the blood of the aboriginals of the British Guiana. British Medical Journal 1, 1459.Google Scholar
Dantur Juri, MJ, Veggiani Aybar, CA, Ortega, ES, Galante, GB and Zaidenberg, MO (2013) Plasmodium vivax and Mansonella ozzardi co-infection in north-western Argentina. Malaria Journal 12, 248.Google Scholar
Eberhard, ML and Orihel, TC (1984) The genus Mansonella (syn. Tetrapetalonema): a new classification. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 59, 483–496.Google Scholar
Faust, EC (1929) Human helminthology. 1st edn. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
Floch, H and Abonnenc, E (1950) Présence de Wuchereria bancrofti, Mansonella ozzardi et Acanthocheilonema perstans en Guyane française. Cahiers Médicaux de l'Union Française 5, 623–626.Google Scholar
Formica, S and Botto, C (1990) Filariasis focus due to Mansonella ozzardi and Mansonella perstans in the Amazon Federal Territory of Venezuela. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 160–165.Google Scholar
Godoy, GA, Volcan, G, Medrano, C, Teixeira, A and Matheus, L (1980) Mansonella ozzardi infections in Indians of the Southwestern part of the state of Bolivar, Venezuela. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29, 373–376.Google Scholar
Gómez, J and Guerrero, R (2000) Environmental factors and the distribution of mansonelliases in southern Venezuela. Parasite 7, 71–76.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, AA, Chadee, DD and Rawlins, SC (1999) Ivermectin treatment of mansonellosis in Trinidad. The West Indian Medical Journal 48, 231–234.Google Scholar
Hawking, F (1979) The distribution of human filariasis throughout the world. Part IV: America. Tropical Diseases Bulletin 76, 693–710.Google Scholar
Hoffman, CC (1930) Nota sobre la existencia de Microfilaria ozzardi en la Peninsula de Yucatan. Anales del Instituto de Biologia Universidad de Mexico 1, 55–57.Google Scholar
Hoffman, WA, Marin, RA and Burke, AMB (1932) Filariasis in Puerto-Rico. The Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine 7, 321–362.Google Scholar
Kozek, WJ and Raccurt, C (1983) Ultrastructure of Mansonella ozzardi microfilariae, with a comparison of the South American (Simulid-transmitted) and the Caribbean (Culicoid-transmitted) forms. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 34, 38–53.Google Scholar
Kozek, WJ, D'Alessandro, A, Silva, J and Navarette, SN (1982) Filariasis in Colombia: prevalence of mansonellosis in the teenage and adult population of the Colombian bank of the Amazon, Comisaria del Amazonas. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31, 1131–1136.Google Scholar
Kozek, WJ, Eberhard, ML and Raccurt, C (1983a) Comparative morphology of Mansonella ozzardi microfilariae from Colombia and Haiti. A light microscope study. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 34, 33–37.Google Scholar
Kozek, WJ, Palma, G, Henao, A, García, H and Hoyos, M (1983b) Filariasis in Colombia: prevalence and distribution of Mansonella ozzardi and Mansonella (= Dipetalonema) perstans infections in the Comisaría del Guainía. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32, 379–384.Google Scholar
Kozek, WJ, Palma, G, Valencia, W, Montalvo, C and Spain, J (1984) Filariasis in Colombia: prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi in the Departamento de Meta, Intendencia del Casanare, and Comisaría del Vichada. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 33, 70–72.Google Scholar
Lage, HA (1964) [Mansonelliasis in indians of the Aruak group of the Icana river region]. Hospital (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) 66, 557–564.Google Scholar
Le Dantec, A (1924) Précis de Pathologie Exotique. Paris, Ed Doin.Google Scholar
Leiper, RT (1913) Observations on certain helminths of man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 6, 265–297.Google Scholar
Lima, NF, Veggiani Aybar, CA, Dantur Juri, MJ and Ferreira, MU (2016) Mansonella ozzardi: a neglected New World filarial nematode. Pathogens and Global Health 110, 97–107.Google Scholar
Low, GC (1902) Notes on Filaria demarquayi. British Medical Journal 1, 196–197.Google Scholar
Lowrie, RC Jr and Raccurt, C (1981) Mansonella ozzardi in Haiti. 2. Arthropod vector studies. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30, 598–603.Google Scholar
Lowrie, RC Jr and Raccurt, C (1984) Assessment of Culicoides barbosai as a vector of Mansonella ozzardi in Haiti. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 33, 1275–1277.Google Scholar
Lowrie, RC Jr, Raccurt, CP, Eberhard, ML and Katz, SP (1983) Assessment of Leptoconops bequaerti as a potential vector of Mansonella ozzardi in Haiti. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32, 1013–1015.Google Scholar
Manson, P (1897) On certain new species of nematode haematozoa occurring in America. British Medical Journal 2, 1837–1838.Google Scholar
Marcos, LA, Arrospide, N, Recuenco, S, Cabezas, C, Weil, GJ and Fischer, PU (2012) Genetic characterization of atypical Mansonella (Mansonella) ozzardi microfilariae in human blood samples from northeastern Peru. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, 491–494.Google Scholar
Marinkelle, CJ and German, E (1970) Mansonelliasis in the Comisaría del Vaupes of Colombia. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 22, 101–111.Google Scholar
Martins, M, Pessoa, FA, de Medeiros, MB, de Andrade, EV and Medeiros, JF (2010) Mansonella ozzardi in Amazonas, Brazil: prevalence and distribution in the municipality of Coari, in the middle Solimões River. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 105, 246–253.Google Scholar
Mazzotti, L (1942) Comprobacion de la existencia de la Microfilaria ozzardi en Mexico. Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, Mexico 3, 223–228.Google Scholar
McCoy, OR (1933) Occurrence of Microfilaria ozzardi in Panama. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 13, 297–306.Google Scholar
McNeeley, DF, Raccurt, CP, Boncy, J and Lowrie, RC (1989) Clinical evaluation of Mansonella ozzardi in Haiti. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 40, 107–110.Google Scholar
Medeiros, JF, Py-Daniel, V, Barbosa, UC and Ogawa, GM (2008) Current profile of Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in communities along the Ituxi river, Lábrea municipality, Amazonas, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 103, 409–411.Google Scholar
Medeiros, JF, Py-Daniel, V, Barbosa, UC and Izzo, TJ (2009) Mansonella ozzardi in Brazil: prevalence of infection in riverine communities in the Purus region, in the state of Amazonas. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 104, 74–80.Google Scholar
Medeiros, JF, Py-Daniel, V and Barbosa, UC (2011) Prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi among riverine communities in the municipality of Lábrea, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, 186–190.Google Scholar
Medeiros, JF, Costa, CA, Lima, AM and Pessoa, FA (2014a) Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in the riverine population of the Tefé River, State of Amazonia, Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 47, 113–115.Google Scholar
Medeiros, JF, Pessoa, FAC and Camargo, LMA (2014b) Mansonelliasis: a Brazilian neglected disease. Revista de Patologia Tropical 43, 1–6.Google Scholar
Medeiros, JF, Rodrigues, MS, Katsuragawa, TH, Costa, CA and Pessoa, FA (2014c) Mansonella ozzardi in the municipality of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil, 60 years after the first report: an epidemiologic study. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 109, 480–483.Google Scholar
Medrano, CE, Volcán, GS and Godoy, GA (1992) [Mansonelliasis in the southeast Venezuelan Orinoquia region]. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical São Paulo 34, 61–70.Google Scholar
Moraes, MAP (1976) Mansonella ozzardi microfilariae in skin snips. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70, 16.Google Scholar
Moraes, MA, Almeida, MM, Lovelace, JK and Chaves, GM (1978) [Mansonella ozzardi among Ticuna Indians of the State of Amazonas, Brazil]. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana 85, 16–25.Google Scholar
Moraes, MA, Shelley, AJ and Luna Dias, AP (1985) [Mansonella ozzardi in the Federal Territory of Roraima, Brazil. Distribution and finding of a new vector in the area of Surumu River]. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 80, 395–400.Google Scholar
Nathan, MB (1978) Culicoides phlebotomus, a vector of Mansonella ozzardi in coastal North Trinidad, West Indies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72, 436–437.Google Scholar
Nathan, MB (1980) Transmission of the human filarial parasite Mansonella ozzardi by Culicoides phlebotomus (Williston) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in coastal North Trinidad. Bulletin of Entomological Research 71, 97–105.Google Scholar
Nathan, MB, Bartholomew, CF and Tikasingh, ES (1978) The detection of Mansonella ozzardi microfilariae in the skin and blood with a note on the absence of periodicity. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72, 420–422.Google Scholar
Nathan, MB, Tikasingh, ES, Nelson, GS, Santiago, A and Davies, JB (1979) The prevalence and distribution of Mansonella ozzardi in coastal north Trinidad, W.I. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73, 299–302.Google Scholar
Nathan, MB, Tikasingh, ES and Munroe, P (1982) Filariasis in Amerindians of western Guyana with observations on transmission of Mansonella ozzardi by a Simulium species of the amazonicum group. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 33, 219–222.Google Scholar
Nelson, GS and Davies, JB (1976) Observations on Mansonella ozzardi in Trinidad. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70, 16–17.Google Scholar
Oliveira, WR (1963) [Filarial infestation in inhabitants of Vila Pereira, Territory of Roraima (Brazil)]. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 5, 287–288.Google Scholar
Orihel, TC (1967) Infections with Dipetalonema perstans and Mansonella ozzardi in the aboriginal Indians of Guyana. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 16, 628–635.Google Scholar
Orihel, TC and Eberhard, ML (1982) Mansonella ozzardi: a redescription with comments on its taxonomic relationships. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31, 1142–1147.Google Scholar
Orihel, TC, Lowrie, RC Jr, Eberhard, ML, Raccurt, C, Kozek, WJ, Tidwell, MA and Tidwell, M (1981) Susceptibility of laboratory primates to infection with Mansonella ozzardi from man. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30, 790–794.Google Scholar
Ozzard, AT (1897) A supposed new species of Filaria sanguinis hominis found in the interior of British Guiana. The British Guiana Medical Annual and Hospital Reports 9, 24–27.Google Scholar
Petersen, JL, Bawden, MP, Wignall, FS, Latorre, CR, Johnson, CM and Miranda, CR (1984) [Mansonella ozzardi in Darién (Panama)]. Revista Medica de Panama 9, 236–246.Google Scholar
Raccurt, CP (1984) Contribution à l’étude de Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) et de ses vecteurs (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) en Haïti. Thesis no. 84.43, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, France.Google Scholar
Raccurt, CP (1999) Filarioses en Haïti: un siècle d'histoire. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 92 355–359.Google Scholar
Raccurt, C, Lowrie, RC Jr and McNeeley, DF (1980) Mansonella ozzardi in Haiti. I. Epidemiological survey. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29, 803–808.Google Scholar
Raccurt, C, Lowrie, RC, Boncy, J and Katz, SP (1982) Mansonella ozzardi in Haiti: 3. A comparison of the sensitivity of four methods in detecting infections. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31, 275–279.Google Scholar
Raccurt, C, Boncy, J and McNeeley, D (1983) Défaut de réponse des microfilaires Mansonella ozzardi au test de provocation par le diéthylcarbamazine. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 76, 178–182.Google Scholar
Raccurt, CP, Brasseur, P and Boncy, J (2014a) Mansonelliasis, a neglected parasitic disease in Haiti. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 109, 709–711.Google Scholar
Raccurt, CP, Brasseur, P, Cicéron, M and Boncy, J (2014b) Epidemiologic survey of Mansonella ozzardi in Corail, Haiti (2014b). The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, 1167–1169.Google Scholar
Rachou, RG (1957) Distribuição geografica das filarioses humanas no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Malariologia e Doenças Tropicais 9, 79–100.Google Scholar
Ramirez Perez, J and Peterson, BV (1981) Estudio del complejo Simulium amazonicum-sanguineum en Venezuela. Descripcion de très nuevas especies. Boletín de la Dirección de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental 21, 151–160.Google Scholar
Ripert, C, Raccurt, C and Douyon, PL (1977) La filariose Mansonella ozzardi en Haïti (Grandes Antilles). Premières données épidémiologiques. Bordeaux Médical 10, 689–696.Google Scholar
Romaña, M and Wygodzinsky, P (1950) Acerca de la transmisió de Mansonella ozzardi (Manson) (Filaria tucumana Biglieri y Araoz). Anales de Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán 3, 29–33.Google Scholar
Sasa, M (1976) Human filariasis. A global survey of epidemiology and control. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Shelley, AJ (1975) A preliminary survey of the prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi in some rural communities on the river Purus, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 69, 407–412.Google Scholar
Shelley, AJ and Coscarón, S (2001) Simuliid blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and ceratopogonid midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in northern Argentina. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 96, 451–458.Google Scholar
Shelley, AJ and Luna Dias, APA (1980) Simulium argentiscutum sp. nov. (Diptera: Simulidae), a member of the S. amazonicum group of species: description of adults, pupa and larva. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 75, 105–111.Google Scholar
Shelley, AJ, Pinger, RR and Moraes, MAP (1982) The taxonomy, distribution, biology, and medical importance of Simulium amazonicum Goeldi (Diptera: Simuliidae) with a review of related species. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology ser. 44, 1–29.Google Scholar
Stafford, JH, Hill, KR and de Montaigne, EL (1955) Microfilariasis in the Turks islands. Report of two cases. West Indian Medical Journal 4, 183–187.Google Scholar
Ta-Tang, TH, Luz, SL, Merino, FJ, de Fuentes, I, López-Vélez, R, Almeida, TA, Lanza, M, Abrahim, C and, Rubio, JM (2016) Atypical Mansonella ozzardi microfilariae from an endemic area of Brazilian Amazonia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 629–632.Google Scholar
Tavares da Silva, LB, Crainey, JL, Ribeiro da Silva, TR, Suwa, UF, Vicente, AC, Fernandes de Medeiros, J, Pessoa, FA and Luz, SL (2017) Molecular verification of the New World Mansonella perstans parasitemias. Emerging Infectious Diseases 23, 545–547.Google Scholar
Tidwell, MA and Tidwell, MA (1982) Development of Mansonella ozzardi in Simulium amazonicum, S. argentiscutum and Culicoides insinuatus from Amazonias, Colombia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31, 1137–1141.Google Scholar
Tidwell, MA, Peterson, BV, Ramirez Perez, J, Tidwell, M and Lacey, LA (1981a) Notas y clavas preliminaries de los jejenes neotropicales de los grupos Simulium amazonicum y S. sanguineum (Diptera : Simuliidae) incluyendo los vectores de Onchocerca volvulus y Mansonella ozzardi. Boletin de la Dirección de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental 21, 77–87.Google Scholar
Tidwell, MA, Tidwell, M and Peterson, BV (1981b) A redescription of the female of Simulium sanguineum Knab and description of the male, pupa, and larva (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83, 13–27.Google Scholar
Vargas, J, Arróspide, N, Gutiérrez, S, Obregón, C, Valencia, P and Mormontoy, H (2015) Mansonelosis por Mansonella ozzardi en voluntarios para despistaje de malaria en la Amazonía peruana. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública 32, 265–271.Google Scholar
Vargas-Herrera, J, Arróspide-Velasco, N, Gutierrez-González, S, Celis-Salinas, JC, Huamaní-Solano, D, Loza-Hermenegildo, L, Elgegren-Lao, J, Armas-Montes, J, BacaPérez, J and Cabezas, C (2013) Reporte de cuatro casos clínicos de filariasis en Alto Nanay, Loreto. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública 30, 506–511.Google Scholar
Veggiani Aybar, CA, Dantur Juri, MJ and Zaidenberg, MO (2016) Mansonella ozzardi in Neotropical region of Argentina: prevalence through time (1986–2010). Acta Tropica 153, 1–6.Google Scholar
Weller, PF, Simon, HB, Parkhurst, BH and Medrek, TF (1978) Tourism acquired Mansonella ozzardi microfilaremia in a regular blood donor. Journal of the American Medical Association 240, 858–859.Google Scholar
Yarzábal, L, Basáñez, MG, Ramírez-Pérez, J, Ramírez, A, Botto, C and Yarzábal, A (1985) Experimental and natural infection of Simulium sanchezi by Mansonella ozzardi in the Middle Orinoco region of Venezuela. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79, 29.Google Scholar