Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T21:11:21.778Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Studies on Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) and its Development in Simulium Ornatum (Meigen, 1818). 3. Factors Affecting the Development of the Parasite in its Vector*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2009

D. A. Eichler
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT

Extract

1. Observations were made on various methods of infecting S. ornatum with 0. gutturosa, the behaviour of the parasite in its vector, and the maintenance of the vector in the laboratory.

2. S. ornatum reared from pupae brought into the laboratory were successfully infected with 0. gutturosa after feeding on infected cattle. The use of in vitro methods of infection was unsuccessful as microfilariae were ingested but did not undergo larval development.

3. The migratory route of 0. gutturosa microfilariae ingested by S. ornatum was studied and it was found that a mean of only 25% penetrate out of the abdominal midgut. The dimensional changes of 0. gutturosa were noted from the time of ingestion by S. ornatum until the infective stage was reached.

4. 0. gutturosa took 13–15 days to reach the infective stage in S. ornatum when maintained at a constant temperature of 23°C.

5. The development and structure of the peritrophic membrane of S. ornatum are described.

6. Preliminary observations on the seasonal variations of some factors affecting the transmission of O. gutturosa by S. ornatum suggest that microfilariae were only available for ingestion during the period of vector activity, after which they migrated into the deeper regions of the skin of cattle.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bain, O., 1969.—“Morphologie de stades larvaires d'Onchocerca volvulus chez Simulium damnosum et rédèscription de la microfilaire.” Annls. Parasit. hum. comp., 44, 6981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blacklock, D. B., 1926.—“The development of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium damnosum.” Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 20, 148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, J. J. C., 1938.—“On Culicoides as a vector of Onchocerca gibsoni (Cleland and Johnston, 1910).” J. Helminth., 16, 121158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, L., 1957.—“A study of the black-fly, Simulium ornatum Mg (Diptera) with particular reference to its activity on grazing cattle.” Bull. ent. Res., 48, 407424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Leon, R. J. and Duke, B. O. L., 1966.—“Experimental studies on the transmission of Guatemalan and West African strains of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium ochraceum, S. metallicum and S. callidum.” Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 60, 735752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duke, B. O. L., 1962.—“Studies on factors influencing the transmission of onchocerciasis. II. The intake of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae by Simulium damnosum and the survival of the parasites in the fly under laboratory conditions.” Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 56, 255263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duke, B. O. L., 1968.—“Studies on factors influencing the transmission of onchocerciasis. V. The stages of Onchocerca volvulus in wild “forest” Simulium damnosum, the fate of the parasites in the fly and the age-distribution of the biting.” Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 62, 107116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duke, B. O. L. and Lewis, D. J., 1964.—“Studies on factors influencing the transmission of onchocerciasis. III. Observations on the effect of the peritrophic membrane on limiting the development of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in Simulium damnosum.” Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 58, 8388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichler, D. A., 1971.—“Studies on Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) and its development in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, 1818). II. Behaviour of S. ornatum in relation to the transmission of O. gutturosa.” J. Helminth., 45, 259270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichler, D. A. and Nelson, G. S., 1971.—“Studies on Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) and its development in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, 1818). I. Observation on O. gutturosa in cattle in South-East England.” J. Helminth., 45, 245258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gnedina, M. P., 1950.—“[Biology of the nematode Onchocerca gutturosa Neumann (1910), parasitic in cattle].” (In Russian). Dohl. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R., 70, 169171.Google Scholar
Kartman, L., 1953.—“Factors influencing infection of the mosquito with Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy. 1856)..” Expl. Parasit., 2, 2728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurence, B. R., 1966.—“Intake and migration of the microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus (Lcuckart) in Simulium damnosum Theobald.” J. Helminth., 40, 337342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebied, B., 1950.—“Une nouvelle theorie endémiologique: sur It róle de la fonction du parasitisme x mécanisme du vol du vectore comme facteur décisif de l'etablissment du foyer de l'endémicilé de l'onchocercose et de filarioses en général.” Dijon: Imprimèrie Darantière. 54 pp.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J., 1953.—“Simulium damnosum and its relation to onchocerciasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.” Bull. ent. Res., 43, 597644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, J. P., 1968.—“Artificial feeding of Simulium vectors of human and bovine onchocerciasis.” Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 38, 957966.Google Scholar
McMahon, J. P. and Nelson, G. S., 1967.—“Feeding adult Simulium ornatum in the laboratory (Demonstration).” Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 61, 2122.Google Scholar
Mellor, P., 1971.—“A membrane feeding technique for the infection of Culicoides nubeculosus M.G. and Culicoides variipennis sonorensis Coq. with Onchocerca cervicalis Rail. and Henry.” Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 65, 199201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikhailyuk, A. P., 1967.—“[Biology of Onchocerca gutturosa and O. lienalis in the forest steppe zone of the Ukrainian S.S.R.]” (In Ukrainian; Russian summary) Veterinariya, Kiev., No. 2, 6267.Google Scholar
Nelson, G. S., 1960.—“The identification of filarial larvae in their vectors.” Indian J. Malariol., 14, 585592.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, G. S., Amin, M. A., Blackie, E. J. and Robson, N., 1966.—“The maintenance of Onchocerca gutturosa microfilariae in vitro and in vivo.” (Demonstration) Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 60, 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steward, J. S., 1937.—“The occurrence of Onchocerca gutturosa Neumann in cattle in England, with an account of its life-history and development in Simulium ornatum Mg.” Parasitology, 29, 212219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, R. P., Becquaert, J. C., Sandground, J. H. and Munoz, O. M., 1934.—“Onchocercosis, with special reference to the Central American form of the disease.” Harvard University Press, 234 pp.Google Scholar
Supperer, R., 1952.—“Über das Vorkommen de Filaria (s.l.) Onchocerca gutturosa Neumann in Rinden in Österreich und ihre Entwicklung in der Kriebelmücke Odagmia ornata Mg.” Wien. tierärzt. Mschr., 39, 173179.Google Scholar
Vargas, L., 1942.—“Algunas consideraciones sobre el desarrollo de Onchocerca volvulus en los simulidos.” Revta Inst. Sal. Enferm. Trop., 3, 5765.Google Scholar
Wanson, M., Henrard, C. and Peel, E., 1945.—“Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart. Indices d'infection des simulies agressives pour l'homme. Cycle de dévèloppement chez Simulium damnosum Theobald.” Reel. Trav. Sc. med., Congo beige, 4, 122138.Google Scholar
Wegesa, P., 1967.—“Some effects of Onchocerca volvulus infection on Simulium woodi.” Ann. Rep. E. African Institute of Malaria and Vector-Borne Diseases, 66.Google Scholar
Werner, F., Wenk, P. and Scherb, H., 1968.—“Unlersuchungen am Onchocerca flexuosa (Nematoda: Filarioidea) eines Parasiten les Rothirsches Cervus elephas.” Sondersdruck aus Verhondlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft in Innsbruck, pp.540550.Google Scholar